to vacuum is 2.42. Speed of light in vacuum is | itis shifted sideways slightly. Draw a labelled ray 3x 10% avs, diagram to illustrate it. (2020) (ii) Refractive indices of glass, water and carbon 111. Draw a ray diagram in each of the following cases to disulphide are 15, 1.33 and 1.62 respectively. show the formationofimage, whenthe objectis placed: If aray of light s incident in these media at the | (i) between optical centre and principal focus of a ‘same angle (say 0), then write the increasing — convex lens. order of the angle of refraction in these media. (i) anywhere in front of a concave lens. (i) The speed of light in glass is 2* 10% m/s and in| (jj at 2F of a convex lens. water is 2.25 x 10" m/s. ‘State the signs and values of magnifications in the (2) Which one of the two is optically denser and | shove mentioned cases () and (i. (2020) (i) why? | se “i (b) A ray of light is incident normally at the water- 1120) ine ing f lass intertace when it enters a thick glass _ 0s container filled with water. What will happen to 2 renin socaict stad : DGive | (0) Write the relationship among the object distance of the entering 2 = SS (U), image distance (v) and the focal length (f)of a a Spherical tens (i) Spherical mirror (i) The absolute refractive indices of water and a (2 An object is placed at a distance of 10 em from eee renee ‘optical centre of a convex lens of focal length Of light in glass is 2 « 10* m/s, find the speed of 5 cok rm faba ry Ueapeasn io sinus iw Hight in () vacuum and (i) water. (2023) Ei) formation ofimagein thiscase _(2020)(G*) 109.Many optical instruments consists of a number ‘of lenses. They are combined to increase the | ‘magnification and sharpness of the image. The net _ ower (P) of the lenses places in contact is given by | the algebraic sum of the powers of the individual | P,P Py | Sra | ect? i “Thisis also tesmed asthe simple additive property ot | iid the focal length ofthis lens is 10 em, the lens eee ee ones is held at a distance of 5 em from the palm, use the power of lens widely used to design lens systems | foaiennids asec ha poate tun atne ‘of cameras, microscopes and telescopes. These lens {113 Rishi went to a palmist to show his palm. The palmist used a special lens for this purpose. (i) State the nature ofthe lens and reason for its use. (i) Where should the palmist place/hold the lens 0 as to have a real and magnified image of an ‘systems can have 2 combination of convex lenses ~— aoe Solano aaa. | 1M. An object is placed at a distance of 60 cm from a (a) What is the nature (convergentAlivergent) of | concave lens of focal length 30 cm. the combination of a convex ens of power +4 (i)._Use lens formula to find the distance of the and a coneave lens of power -2.02 | Jimage from the lens _ {b) Calculate the focal length of a tens of power (i) List four characteristics of the image (nature, -25D. i position, size, erect/inverted) formed by the lens 6) Drawn. cay diagram: te-show the esture:ard't inthis case position of an image formed by a convex lens | (li) Draw ray diagram to justify your answer of pait of power +0.1 D, when an object is placed at a __ (Dethi 2019) (ae) distance of 20cm from its optical centre. = 125.(a) A 5 em tall object is placed perpendicular to oR the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length {c) How is a virtual image formed by a convex | 20 cm. The distance of the object from the lens lens different from that formed by a concave i 30cm Find the position, nature and size of the lens? Under what conditions do a convex and a image formed. ‘concave lens form virtual image? (2023) (0) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing object 4110.0) State Snes law refraction of light. | distance, image distance and focal length in the (0) When a ray of light traveling in air enters | above case. (412019) ‘obliquely into a glass slab itis observed that the | 116.Analyse the following observation table showing light ray emerges parallel to the incident ray but | variation of image distance (v) with object distance(UW) in case of a convex lens and answer the questions | that follows. without doing any calculations : | (2) What isthe focal length of the conver lens? Give | reason in support of your answer. (0) Write the serial number of that observation | Which is not correct. How did you arrive at this conclusion? i (@) Take an appropriate scale to draw ray diagram for | the observation at 5. No. 4 and the approximate ‘value of magnification. (Delhi 2017) (G) | 4117.Analyse the following observation table showing _ variation of image-distance (v) with object-distance | (Ui case of a convex lens and answer the questions | that follow without doing any calculations. (a) What is the focal length of the convex lens? Give _ ‘reason to justify your answer. | (b) Write the serial number of the observation | which is not correct. On what basis have you arrived at this conclusion? | (€) Select an appropriate scale and draw a ray _ diagram for the observation at S.No. 2. Also find the approximate valve of magnification. | (a12017) 118.(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of ‘image by a convex lens when an object is placed in front of the lens between its optical centre and principal focus. (©) In the above ray diagram mark the object distance (v) and the image distance (v) with their | proper sign (+ve or ~ve as per the new Cartesian sign convention) and state ow these distances. are related to the focal length (f) of the convex lens in this case. (©) Find the power of a convex lens which forms a real and inverted image of magnification ~1 of an object placed at a distance of 20 em from its optical centre. (Deihi 2016) (E8) 119.(a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image by a concave lens when an object is placed infront of it. (©) Inthe above diagram mark the object distance {u) and the image distance (v) with their proper ‘sign (+ve or -ve as per the new Cartesian sign convention) and state how these distances are related to the focal length ( f ) of the concave lens inthis case. (q) Find the nature and power of a lens which forms 2 real and inverted image of magnification =1 at a distance of 40 cm from its optical centre. ‘(Dethi 2016) 120.(a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens. (b) A divergent lens has a focal length of 20cm. At what distance should an abject of height 4 cm from the optical centre of the lens be placed so that its image is formed 10 em away from the Jens. Find the size ofthe image alsa. (2 Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in above situation. (412016) (in) 121.(a) Define focal length of a divergent lens. (b) A divergent lens has 2 focal length of 30 cm forms the image of an object of size 6 cm on the same side as the object at a distance of 15 ‘em from its optical centre. Use lens formula to determine the distance of the object from the fens and the size of the image formed. (@) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of Jimage inthe above situation. (a1 2016) 1122.AAt what distance from a concave lens of focal length 20cm a6 em tall object be placed so as to obtain its image at 15 em from the lens? Also calculate the size ofthe image formed. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer for the above situation and label it. (Foreign 2016) (ip) 123. At what distance from a concave lens of focal length 25.cma 10 cmtall object be placed so as to obtainits image at 20 cm from the lens. Also calculate the size of the image formed. Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer for the above situation and label it (Foreign 2016) 124.°A convex lens can form a magnified erect as well as ‘magnified inverted image of an object placed in front of it’: Draw ray diagram to justify this statement stating the position of the object with respect to the lens in each case,‘An object of height 4 cm is placed at a distance of | 20cm roma concave lens of focal length 10cm. Use lens formula to determine the position ofthe image formed. (Debi 20159) 1125, The image of a candle flame placed at 2 distance of | 30 em from a spherical lens is formed on a screen | placed on the other side of the lens at a distance of _ 60 cm from the optical centre of the lens. Identify | the type of lens and calculate its focal length. Ifthe | height of the flame is 3 cm, find the height of its image. (Debi 2015)(%) 126 (a) State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the | term absolute refractive index of a medium and write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum. | (0) The absolute refractive indices of two media A» ‘and B are 20 and 1.5 respectively. Ifthe speed cof light in medium Bis 2 x 10° m/s. Calculate the _ speed of light in (vacuum Gi) medium a (ethi 2025) | 1127. What is meant by power of a lens? Define its Si. unit. ‘Youhave two lenses A and Bof focal lengths +10 and | ~10 cm respectively. State the nature and power of ‘each lens. Which ofthe two lenses will form a virtual and magnified image of an object placed 8 cm from the lens? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer. a12015)(6) | 1128. One half of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm is. | ‘covered with a black paper. Can such a lens produce | an image of a complete object placed at a distance of | 30.em from the lens? Draw a ay diagram to justity your answer. Tis anon oir was papal tno | principal axis of a concave lens of focal length 20cm. | The distance of the object from the lens is 15 cm. | Find the nature, position and size ofthe image. 1 2015)(6i) 1129. What is meant by the power of lens ? What's its S.. Unit? Name the type of lens whose power is positive. The image of an object formed by a lens is real, inverted and of the same size as the object. If the image is at a distance of 40 em from the lens, what is the nature and power of the lens? Draw ray diagram tojustify your answer. (Foreign 2015) 190.{a) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses: (optical centre (i) centre of curvature Gi principal axis (iv) aperture (©) principal focus (vi) focal length A converging tens has focal length of 12 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 448 cmon the other side of the lens. (412014) (ia) Explain the following terms related to spherical lenses. 2.0 (2) Centre of curvature (b) Principat axis {c) Optical centre (@) Principal focus ‘At what distance from a concave lens of focal Jength 20 cm, should a 6 cm tall abject be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? ‘Also determine the size of the image formed. (ai2014) 1182. What is meant by power of a lens? Name and define its Si unit. (One student uses a lens of focal length +50 cm and another of -50 cm. State the nature and find the power of each lens. Which of the two lenses will always give a virtual and diminished image lerespective ofthe position of the object? (Foreign 2014) 9.2 Spherical Mirrors | Em | Which of the following mirror is used by a dentist to | ‘examine a small cavity in a patient's teeth? | (2) Convex mirror i () Plane mirror (€) Concave mirror (8) Anyspherical mirror (Term, 2021-22) 7) Examine the above figure and state which of the following option is correct?{One small box in the figure is equal to 1 cm) {a} The mirror has a focal length of ~6 cm and will ‘produce an image of magnification +1. {b) The mirror has 2 focal length of 3 cm and will produce an image of magnification ~1. (6) The mirror has a focal length of 3 em and will produce an image of magnification +1. (d) The mirror has a focal length of ~6 cm and will | produce an image of magnification ~1. (Term 1, 2021-22) i) Rays from Sun converge at a point 15 em in front of ‘a concave mirror. Where should an abject be placed 0 that size of its image is equal to the size of the | object? (a) 30 cmin front of the mirror {b) 15 cmin front of the mirror {€)_ Between 15 em and 30 cm in front ofthe mirror (4), More than 30 em in front of the mirror | (erm |, 2021-22) While looking at the above diagram, Nalini concluded | the following (The image of the object will be a virtualone. (Gil) The reflected ray will travel along the same path — a5 the incident ray but in opposite direction. (Gi) The image ofthe object willbe inverted {iv This is a concave mirror and hence the focal length willbe negative. | [Which one ofthe above statements are correct? (2) @and Gi) (©) @ and Gin 42) Gi) and Gd) 9. i) and) | (Term |, 2024-22) (ip) | WM mtg) ‘The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be real, inverted and larger than the object. ‘Where is the object placed? (2020-21) | MEM smarts) 6 Rohit wants to have an erect image of an object using a converging mirror of focal length 40 cm. {a} Specity the range of distance where the object ‘can be placed in front of the mirror. Justty. (b) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation in this case. {€) ‘State one use of the mirror based on the above | {kind of image formation. (2022-23) | 9.3 Refraction of Light i 7. Which diagram shows image formation of an object ona screen by a converging lens? 2 Focal length screen (erm 1, 2021-22) (i) Which ofthe following can make a parallel beam of light when light from a point source is incident on it? (a) Concave mirror as well as convex lens. (b) Convex mirror as well as concave lens. (c)_ Two plane mirrors placed at 90° to each others. (d) Concave mirror as well as concave lens. (erm 1, 2021-22) i)or va 220750n “ 15 mata z a) ya lS00xt109 (301-40) Now, magnification (m)=: or Wetem Hence. height of the image formed is 1 cm, 4. (@): When an object is placed between the principal focus and pole of a concave mirror, an enlarged virtual and erect image is formed behind the mirror. 12 The pole of a spherical mirror define the geometrical center of the spherical surface of the mirror. It is the center of reflecting surface of spherical mirror and ties ‘on the surface of spherical mirror. 13 pe uh 414. If the image formed by a spherical mirror is always ‘erect and diminished then it is convex mirror. 15. Four characteristics of the image formed by the ‘given convex mirror are : Virtual (i) Diminished (iv) Image is always formed behind the mirror between pole and focus. 16, Radius of curvature (R) = 30 em, object distance is 12 emin front of the mieror. Thus we can say that object (i) Erect | 18. Concave mirrors are used in the designing of solar | furnaces. | When a solar furnace is placed at the focus of a large concave mirror, it focuses 2 parallel beam of light on the | furnace. Therefore, a high temperature is attained at the point after some time. | 19, Negative sign of magnification indicates that the image is real and inverted. Since the image is real and inverted, the mirror fs concave and magnification of -3 indicates thatthe image is magnified. 20. Focal length of a mirror i given by Focalengtne Badusotes | Since both the mirrors have same radius of curvature, | therefore focal length of the two mitrors willbe same, Le, hat 571 | Since virtual image is always formed by convex mirror. The ‘mirror AB wil always form virtual image. 23. Convex mierors always form diminished, virtual and erect images. | 22. Positive value of the magnification indicates that | image's virtual and erect. (Since the image is magnified, the mirror is concave. | Gi) The objects between pole and focus ofthe mirror as. shown25, A concave mirror can produce a magnified image of ‘an object when object is placed: (2) Inbetween its pole and its focus, (2) inbetween its focus and its centre of curvature. Difference between these two images: The image produced in first case will be virtual and erect. The image produced in second case will be real and _ inverted. 26. The position of the object should be between PandF 2. () Convex mirror (il) Between infinity and the pole of the mirror. 28. () Concave mirror because the image is real, inverted. i) Objects placed at C. a 29. (9 Concave mirror (il) Object is placed beyond C. N 30, Here, object distance. u= -20em 1. () Principal focus : It is the point on the principle axis where rays incident parallel to the principal axis ‘appear to diverge after reflection. Gd) Focal length : The distance between the pole of ‘mirror and the principal focus is called focal length. 32. Given: hy =3em,f=-12em, Us-Bomv=?, ha? (0) Using miror formula, 2 | So, the distance of image from the mirror is 36 em. po A oy HS he pg es oe, | So, the height of image is 6 em. 33. (Ray of light passing through centre of curvature of concave mirror. after reflection retraces its path, Ai) Ray of light parallel to the | principal axis is incident on a convex mirror after reflection ‘appear to diverge from the principal focus of a convex mirror, (Gi) Ray of ight passing through focus of aconcave mirror | after reflection will emerge parallel tothe principal axis 34. Given, f= ~15em,u=-10cm. ‘Thus, the object is placed between the principal focus and pole of the mirror. | (@)_ The position of the image will be behind the mirror. | (0) The size of the image will be highly enlarged. (The nature of the image will be virtual and erect.35. (a) To get an enlarged, real and inverted image of lan object by a concave mirror, we must placed on the ‘object between the center of curvature and focal point of the mirror. (b) anobject is placed at the centre of curvature of the mirror then, we get the magnification m = ~1. 36. Focal length of concave mirror (f) = ~20.em Object is put from the concave mirror = 4 cm ‘We require two times magnified virtual image of the object m=~2 So, —“=-2 : es Using miro formula, $+ Pat ; 24 multiply by -vto both sides pM, 190% we hi vu 20° 20 We know that m: 60), 20 ya s0em u v 97. Given. f=~20em,v=-30em,u=? ‘The size of the image is 2¢m. '> Fora concave mirror focal length is always negative while for a convex mirror it is positive. 38. Given, Object distance, u = - 30 em, image size, h’ =? ‘As the image formed is real, therefore the mirror is | concave. |The height of the image is 48 em. | The image formed is enlarged and inverted. | 29. Given, object distance, u = ~15.em, | Object height, h = 4 em, focal length, f distance, v=? 10 em; image In order to obtain a sharp image of the object on the screen, screen should be placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of the mirror. Avs, magnification, mata oe Me E30) op ppg OD 475) a5) Thus, the height of the image is 8 em. 2 Do not sive any sign convention to unknown ‘quantity. The sign will popup automatically in the final result. 40. The path of the rays are shown in figure. | 44. Since, the image formed by the mirror is real ‘and inverted, therefore the mirror is concave and ‘magnification of the miror will be ™ wot meatal ve ote ie, object and image both | are formed atthe centre of “eurvature, Le, 40m from | themirror. Now, ifthe objectis moved 20 cm towards the mirror, the object will be at the focus of the mirror and therefore the image will be formed at infinity. 42 Since. the image formed is real and inverted, the mirrors concave. Magniticationma = =2— > v=2u Now, ifv=~30em then u =~ 15.em ‘As focal length of the mirror is If the object is shifted 10 em towards the mirror, then the ‘object is between principal focus and the optical centre and the image formed will be virtual and erect. 42. If the image formed by a spherical mirror is always ‘erect and diminished then itis convex mirror. Convex mirrors are widely used as rear view mirrors in cars, motorcycles ete. It produces an erect image that is smaller in size than the object hence giving a wide view 44. We use two rays of light, one passing through the centre of curvature of 2 concave mirror, and another is parallel to the principal axis. After reflection, the ray passing through the centre of a concave mirror is reflected back along the same path and the ray parallel to the principal axis will pass through the principal focus. u=-15cm,f=-10em From ray diagram, v= -30 em, Le, beyond C Nature of image is rea, inverted and magnified. '> Generally we think that, right hand side is always the positive direction of sign convention. This is not +0, the positive direction of sign convention should ‘be taken in the direction of light propagation. 45. (a) @ 46. (a) Concave mirror (0) Magnification, ma=% or v=u =. Distance of the image from the object is, v- u=0 (Q)_Asthe image's formed at centre of curvature ie, v R. focal length of the mirror, 1. 25cm (8) Objects placed at C. 47. (i) Thisis a concave mirror. | (il) The image is real and inverted and of same size. Gil) Asma ma = -te sue w v Hence, object is located at centre of curvature ie, at distance of 40 cm from the pole of the mirror. (iv) Object is placed at C. 48. (i) The mirror is concave mirror. 5 Gil) Distance of the image from the mirror = ~ 30¢mvat2% 10" mis | 8 Snel law of refraction: The rato of sine of angle of axto® incidence to the sine of the angle of refractions constant, For medium B, tgs => 133= "2° mys ‘sind Ye Stl cconstant=p p= 225% 10" m/s ar Hence, speed of light in medium A is 2x 10" m/s and in | where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of medium Bis 225 x 108 mvs. ‘refraction 76. (The comet poston ot AB to otan mages | Sneed ina = image on screen is when the object is placed between 2F and saneS, ‘77. (bl: As per the arrangement, an optical device to folie de ueperimecl OF Nght is aly 0 be | 8S. Given, refractive index of air to glass = 1.50 fens. Speed of ight inthe glass, v=& 78. (c) Converging point, f= 20cm ‘Where, ¢ = speed of light, n = refractive index Power P=? aah As we ko that, (vet oy e200 ms 1 1 Power otlens—— 4 oat 86. Given object sistance, = = 25 em in m7 Tn Renata? 2 Pi: Pag he Oe ‘Using lens formula, As juf < if] " ‘The object is placed between F and optical centre of lens. Hence, power of convex lensis #5D. | Thus the four characteristics ofthe image formed by the 79. (Given, converging lens image is three times | convex ens are: ‘magnified, focal length, f = 30cm. (i) Erect, (i) Virtual, (ili) Enlarged image, (iv) Image is ‘AS we know, when a convex lens forms a magnified and formed on the same side of the lens as the object. ‘eal image, then the image is inverted Le, magnification 57 power isthe degree of convergence or divergence of ‘must be negative. rays achieved by a lens Therefore, magnification, m= -3 | itis defined a the reciprocal ofits focal length, 11a 1 Using ens forma, $e le pat wraps Stas ae nt.f-&) as: nian veititicm | Positive sign (6) of power indicates thet tensa commexond e f = ‘negative sign {-) of power indicates that lens is concave. get 5, ganane | If focal length (is expressed in metres then. power is Ses ar expressed in dioptres. The SI unit of power is dioptre. “Thus, object istance is at ~€0 em from the lens. | Thus, 1 dioptre i the power of lens whose focal length is Ametre 1D= 1m? 80, [c):The concave lens of very short focal length causes a higher divergence than the one with a longer focal length. So, assertion (A) is true. ‘The power of lens is inversely proportional to its focal length. So, Reason (R) is false. 81. ch: The SLL unit of power of fens is ‘Dioptre: So, assertion (A) is true. The power of a concave lens is negative and that of a | convex lens is positive. So, reason (R) is false. i 82. Itgives us the idea about the speed of light in the aie and in the glass. ' It means that speed of light is 15 time more in air than the speed of light in the glass. 183. Power is the degree of convergence or divergence of | light rays achieved by a lens. tis defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. fe, pad where, is the speed of light in vacuum and vis the speed 7 of light in medium.aise erent tet focal 100 eI gn fe Tew ** lens "75" Now, u= -50 em. f= 25 em ‘As the object is placed at 2F, so image is also formed at 2F and of same size as that of object. The image is real and inverted also. fi: TS x U=-ve,v= ve and f= +ve 9. Given:hy= 10¢m,u =~ 25 em, f= +15.cm aise * Height of image = 15 cm, image distance = 37.5 an ‘92. ‘The ability of a lens to converge or diverge the rays | flights called power of lens. tis the reciprocal of focal length of tens. pa Tem)" Fem Its Sl units dioptre. Mf f=-10em PaO, 6 1 10 So, lens is concave in nature. u=-20em.=~10an [AS the object placed beyond F image is virtual and thus magnification is +ve. 23. (a) Here, alcohol is optically denser medium as its refractive index is higher than that of water. When we compare the two media, the one with larger refractive | index s called the optically denser medium than the other as the speed of light is lower in this medium. (b) Since light is travelling from water (rarer medium) |. to alcohol (denser medium), a ae it slows down and bends MH PA wot towards the normal where i= angle of incidence and r= angle of refraction. According to Snell's lave, Rh a Haat 5 2S 10225 Sir ater sin i= 1.0225 « sinr Given refractive inex of medium x with respect toy. 2 "s ar8 | Refractive index of medium 2 with respect tox. yee? i hy 8 | Now speed of light in x= 3 108 mvs ‘Speed of light in y. v= ? spatottgiiny __%y_ Speed offightinx "3x20" mvs vyaFxantot extol ms "he 95. (a) Wehave used a converging lens. | (0) The characteristics ofthe image formed |) Itisceat, Gi) Itisinverted | Gi) itis enlarged | (2 We get the magnification of object. m= - 1 at the | position 2F. | 96. Focal length of convex lens (f1= 20m | Real image formed ata distance, (v) = 30 cm | Height of image (h,) = 4.em Vanes Mates | Lens formula, 2-22 ae From. e-t tine 2M yetem Hence, height of image of object is 2m. 97. Given, a2, wnat | Magnification, meat 2, 2h = value Ex(-12)—8 cm + Using lens formula, |. Focal length of the convex lens = 4.8 em90. (a) Laws of refraction of light : (The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all ie in the same plane. (i) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, forthe light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snel’ law of refraction. sing SR econstant, where i is the angle of incidence and ris the angle of refraction. ‘This constant value is called refractive index of the second ‘medium with respect to the first when the light travels from first medium to second medium. ¥ = constantengs Zt nis the absolute refractive index ofthe medium cis the velocity of fightin vacuum and vs the speed of light in 2 Biven medium, then n= cv 99. Powers the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens {tis defined a8 the reciprocal ofits focal length, le Pat Positive sign(+) of power indicates that lens is convex and negative sign (-) of power indicates that lens is concave. If focal length Ui expressed in metres. then, power is expressed in dioptres. The SI unit of power is dioptre. ‘Thus, dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is Ametre.10= 1m Given that, Focal length of lens Af, = +40.em Focal length of ens 8, fg = -20.¢m Lens Ais converging. Lens Bis diverging. 100 100 Power of lens A #1029100. 4250) Tine)” 40 Power oflensB=—100_. 100, 5D iglinen” =20" 200.(a) ()_ Ray diagrams of an object placed between F, and ‘optical centre O of lens can be drawn as follows: (])Theimage formed is virtual and erect. |) Image is formed in front of the lens. | Gi) Image formed is enlarged. | 104.2) 3 (0) Refractive index of glass ws ari, 8%" Now, refractive index of air wit glass willbe 102 Magnification of ~1 indicates that the image is real | and inverted and is of the same size as of the object. | The object must be at 2f and image also at 2f on the other side. Tota distance between image and object | Also, 4f= 60 em = f= 15em | If object is moved 20 em towards the lens, then the ‘object will be between focus and optical centre of the Jens and image formed willbe vitual and erect and on > When [mj > 1, the image would be magnified | > When [mj < 1, the image would be diminished | When |m = 1, the image would be of same size as the | objet103.(a) Distance between the optical centre and the focus of the lens is known as the focal length of the lens. (b) Given, f=-30cm.v=~ 15em.h=Sem From the lens formula, ate Object should be placed 30 cm from the optical centre. BP as Wat) or tras na a Size of image formed is 25 «m 104.Concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image for all positions of the object. Focal length ofthe concave lens, = -20 em 229m 1 1p 22.0 fine) 20m 105 aw otra tte (The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal the interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. Gil) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media. Ths Seo tno mS of acon, sei ‘nr where | is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of tescton The contant sale ele refractive index of he ‘second medium with respect to the first when the light Mave Nom es mesrnowcon nom sii re nite ohte rfactor he median isthe velocity of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in a Brenan hen = Power of thelens,P = = constant, Yt ® ‘The speed of fight in vacuum = 3 « 10* m/s. ‘The speed of light in medium = 1.4 « 10* m/s 1 Absohte refractive index = Speedoflightinvacuum.,,. 3x10Pm/s oo 44 Speedoflightinmediam "” 14x10 mvs 106. Laws of refraction of fight: (The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media atthe point of Incidence, all ein the same plane. (id) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant, for the light of a given colour and forthe given pair of media. This laws also known as Snel’ law of refraction. siod Pe nconstant where I is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of | refraction. This constant values called refractive index ofthe second medium with respect to the frst when the light travels from first medium to second medium. sot Sinn "vp Uf nisthe absolute refractive index ofthe medium cis the velocity of light in vacuum and vfs the speed of ight in a given medium, then n = ev The speed of light in vacuum = 3% 108 ms Absolute refractive index = 15 The speed of fight in a medium = Speedoflightin vacuum | 3%108 m/s ‘Absolute reractiveindex” 15 1207.Given, u = ~40 em, v= 40 em 422 1°00" “Type of lens: Conver lens Focal length = 20m Nature of the image willbe virtual and erectf the candle flame is shifted 25 em towards the lens. o 3 comtantangye tt = 2x10" mis = f=20en 108.) Given refractive index uy = 242, | speed of light €= 3» 108 ms As, nt vee, | As tens ve AO at 299 108 1.24 208 ms(i) Given p= 15, thy = 133, og 162 | ‘According to Snel’ law, w= | : sine sine | # 50, Were. He, Hy «Hy 50, fa, >> he (ii). Given’: v= 2% 108 mvs, vy= 2.25 x 108 ms (a) The medium in which the speed is maximum, itis rarer and minimum itis denser. ‘So, glass is denser than water. (3A water rarer than gas, 30 when a ray of Tht | travels from rarer medium to denser medium, the ray _ ‘bends towards the normal. on Gi Given: HSH $ ver 2* 10° ms @ mE me} x2x10" avs: ¢= 3 x 10" mis w vgn IO 225 10h vs 109.(a) Given: P;=4D,P)=-2D P=hi+P:=40-20 Se the lense converpint in nature, ) P=-25D 100 100 Pareet 725° 7jeqy = fe 40cm () P=0.1D,u=-20em 100 100 Perea 2 Otepe fat000n ‘As object placed between focus and optical centre, so image is vial, erect and magnified and behind the lens. oR (€)_ The virtual image formed by convex lens is enlarged and beyond the focus but the virtual image formed by | the concave lens is smaller in size and between focus and | optical centre. Sea ie ak ste os wink ined ‘between focus and optical centre. Conve lens aways forms virtualimage respective to | the position of object. 110.(@) According to Snell's law of refraction, the | product of refractive index of sine of angle of incidence ‘at a point in a medium is constant. It implies that ‘when light travels from medium 1 to medium 2, then nysini= nine i) 121.) _Whenanobjectis placed between; and optical centre, O of a convex lens, it forms a virtual and erect image. The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as follows: {In case (), the magnification, m is given by, mata apositive rar ive, the image formed virtual and erect.le, the image formed is virtual and erect. | > For convex lens, focal length is () positive andimage distance(u) is positive for real image and negative for virtual image. i 112.) (@ Power is the degree of convergence or | divergence of light rays achieved by a lens. | Itis defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. (il) Principal focus : Incident rays parallel to principal axis, after reflection either converge to as appear to | diverge from a fixed point on the principal axis known as | principal focus of the spherical mirror. | {b) (Fora spherical lens, according to lens formula, | distance and wis the object distance. (ii) For a spherical mirror, according to mirror formula, where f is the focal length of the mirror. v is the image distance and uis the object distance. {c) Given focal length, i vu | i f= +15 cm (convex lens) and u = -10em | 213.() The lens used here is a convex lens and it is | Used as a magnifying glass because at close range, Le. when the object is placed between optical centre and principal focus it forms an enlarged. virtual and erect image of the object. | (i) When this lens is placed such that the object is | between the centre of curvature and the principal focus, _ the palmist obtain areal and magnified image. (ii) Given, focal length f= 10 em and u = -5 em According to lens formuta, 114.0) Given, f= -30.cm,u=-600m, v=? Using enor, 2a 11a a ee ee (i) (a) The image is virtual in nature. (b) The image is formed at a distance of 20 cm on the evento toncme oe () Magnification, ma. Here, =~ 20¢m;u=-60em or 2a 4,2 ve 20,1 So, maBa5a+03 Since, value of magnification is less than 1, therefore the image is diminished. (@)_ The plus sign for the magnification shows that the image is erect. iy ‘> Magnification of concave fens is always less than 1 because it always forms diminished image. 115,(a) Given, h=5em,f=20¢m,u=-30em ris Using lens formula, £— = 1-243 1 Ste Sd = v=c0m . 136.(a)_ When an abject placed at 2F trom a convex lens, then its image is formed on the other side ofthe lens at the same distance from the lens. Thus from 5. No) we cansay that 2 favi2afaQasssem “Thus, the focal length is + 15 em. (b) In this case SNo. (6) is incorrect 2s the object egrets | distance is between focus and pole, for such case, the ‘Thus, the image will be formed at 10cm on the same side | image formed is virtual and on the same side as the of the palm and the size of the image will be enlarged. | object, hence image distance is negative.(€)_ The appreximate value of magnification for object distance -20 em and image distance + 60 em is -3. 127.(a) When an object is placed at 2F from the convex Jens, then its image is formed on the other side of the lens at the same distance from the lens. Thus from S.No. (3), we can say that fata 2.200n 272 (&)_ In this case, S. No. (6) is incorrect as the object distance is between focus and optical centre for such ‘cases, the image formed is virtual and image distance is The approximate value of magnification for object distance ~60 cm and image distance +30 cm is -1/2. 2118.(a) When an object is placed between F; and optical centre, O of 2 convex lens, it forms a virtual and erect image. The ray diagram for this situation can be drawn as follows: = t= Bem =10em=01m Power of thelens, Pah aPegyO=100 therefore the lens is convex. "Now magnification of the lens is 1120.(a) Optical centre is the central part of the fens {through which a ray of light passes without suffering any eviation. It is usually represented by the letter O. (0) Given: f=~20em.h=4em,y=~ 10m From lens formula,t—2 = t 121 (a) Distance between the principal focus and the optical centre is known as the focal length of the lens. (0) Given, f= -30cm,v=~15em.h=6cnoe © gn jhart 20, 2108 “1s or vqt5xi0! ms “A 127. Power's the degree of convergence or divergence of | light rays achieved by a lens. It is defined as the reciprocal ofits focal length. 1 te, Pat Positive sign (+) of power indicates that lens is convex and | negative sign (-) of power indicates that lens is concave. If focal length (f| is expressed in metres, then, power is expressed in dioptres. The SI unit of power is dioptre. Thus, 1 dioptre is the power of fens whose focal length is ‘metre. 1D = 1m Given that, Focal length of lens A, fy = +10.cm Lens formula: 2-44 Nature of image: Virtual, erect and enlarged Position of image : In front of lens 60 cm from the lens ‘Size of image : Four times of object, ie., (4x 4)cm= 16cm 1.29 Power's the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays achieved by a lens. Its defined as the reciprocal ofits focal length, 1 le Pat Positive sign (+) of power indicates that lens is convex and | negative sign (-) of power indicates that lens is concave. | Iefocal tength (fis expressed in metres, then, power is | expressed in dioptres. The SI unit of power is dioptre. | Thus, 1 dioptre is the power of lens whose focal length is | Lmetre1D= 1 mt | Convex lens has positive power. Since the image of an object formed by a lens is real inverted and of the same size as the object. Given, Size of object = Size of image and ht = -h i -h Magnification, m= a—Pant ‘ere ares a oo oo | Fecablength of thetens, Fa 2-2 ta Boa 20 f+ f=20em= 100" Power ofthe lens, P= = 02% psp ee ian 20 130,(a) (9) Optical centre : The centre point of a lens is known as the optical centre. It always lis inside the lens. | Aight beam passing through the optical centre without | any deviation. Gi) Centre of curvature : It is defined as the | centre of the sphere of which the lens is originally a part | of Since, the spherical lens consists of two spherical | Surfaces, the lens has two centre of curvature, |i) Principal axis : A straight line passing through the | optical centre and principal focus of a spherical lens. This | line is called the principal axis. | (iv) Aperture : The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical lens is called its aperture. LW) Principal focus : A number of rays parallel to the | principal axis are falling on a fens. | These rays, after refraction from the lens, are appearing | to converge to or diverge from a point on the principal | axis. This point on the principal axisis called the principal | focus ofthe lens. | (vi) Focal length : The distance between the optical centre | and the principal focus of a spherical lens is called the | focal length. Its represented by the letter f.(iv) (a): For lesser refractive index, angle of refraction ¢ ® (c): Refractive index, "=~ increases and hence lateral shift decreases. (0.80) Larger the value of n, smaller is the value of v. 17. () (@): Convex tenses Ct) “Therefore, var > Vaanr > Vom is the decreasing order of | (i) (0): Power, P= A/f ae eR aS, (0.80) | So, Py= Uf, and Pa= Mt soon Awe OF incidence on emispherical STE | Now, Py/Pa=4/1. hence (MMM) = 4/2 ‘LL (e:Given, P= -40D et fae a | (Gi) (al: Magnification of a lens is given by rato of height As, ra 4 = = f=-25an (0.80) of image to eight of object. a) (is) (@): Magnification of a lens m= viu Negative sign of focal length indicates that lens is concave. 12. (a):Magnification of a lens, 6 y mae 0 | (0) (@:Not-so-thicklenses would not makethe telescope where v and udenotesimage distance and object distance _ Very heavy and they will so allow considerable amount fics a lis reipartbolk of light to pass through them. a) sm=~3:v= 80cm: u=? | 18 Bothare concave. A plano-concave lens also diverges {0.20) the parallel rays falling on it. Therefore the lens can be plano-concave too. rt 13. (6): Ray while traveling from medium 3 to medium 19. Rays of light passing through optical centre goes out 4, doesnt undergo any deviation. Therefore, refractive | with any deviation. a) index for medium 1 and medium 3's same. a. a 95. tnm Wied scat ner |Z Ste ate dant, = -25 em than medium 1. Hence, option (a) is correct. (080) Fromlenstormula be 3-25 2014 14. (b) Refractive index of glass wt alcohol = Rlofplasswet air _ 165, “Rlofalcohotwart.air "136" em 45. te) Using ens formula, La | Objectatstance, u==Z> em. ee: etiot sg rvs toa cy Now, magnification max! Aid) Since, her least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm. ee therefore she would not be able to read the book placed “ {080} | at adistance 10.m from her eyes. v () This is because the leat distance of distinct vision is 16, (0) (0):For aparaltel sided glass block, emergent rays | 25 em. ir are parallel but laterally shifted to incident rays. (080) 21 (a) Convex lens used in projector es WW {e):Using Snetts law of refraction, S201. M2. (b) Negative as the image is real and inverted. @ sine Wy Sevan Fonsndse or (= 30° toa) (iid): As refractive index of glass is greater than that of air, So, ar is optically rare than glass. ‘We know, refractive index = Speedo ight in vacuum Speed of light in medium Hence, (i) is correct. Therefore, we can say that light will travel slower in medium then air or vacuum. | Hence. (iv) is incorrect. (080) From given values, statement (v) can be proved.