ADAMAS UNIVERSITY PURSUE EXCELLENCE Laboratory Manual Electrical and Electronics Technology Lab (Electronics Part) Course Code: EEC42201 (LTP: 0-0-3, Credit: 2) Prepared by Ms. Payel Chakraboty, TA Ms. Rupanwita Das Mahapatra, Asst. Professor Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering School of Engineering & Technology ADAMAS UNIVERSITY Barasat, Kolkata- 700 126 & scanned with OKEN ScannerDepartment of Hlectronies & Con ADAMAS tion Engineering 1. The experiments have been designed to be performed within the 3-hour laboratory time. 2. Tosuccessfully complete the experiment in one lab turn, come prepared to the laboratory. 3. Read the experiment in advance. 4, List and collect the components for the experiment. 5, Be sure that the specifications and values of the components are as per design. 6. Follow the experimental steps judiciously 7. Record stepwise observations using proper test instruments, 8. Get the observation signed by the instructor. 9, Always take safety precautions while performing expersments 1 Electrical and Flectronies Tecimology (Eleetronies Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner8. ADAMAS Veparnient of Hlectonies & Connmunication Engineering List of Eaperiments: arization of bread board and electronic BIT ete. 1b | Familiarization with Resistor of Various Wattages, 5 te | Familiarization with Capacitor 8 ta__| Familiarization with diode 10 Je | Familiarization with BJT. R aq_| Fatiliaiaton with Multimeter and measuring instruments suchas o CRO and multimet-r. 2b | Familiarization of Function generator 16 2¢_| Famtiriation of CRO 8 3 | Study the V-I characteristic of PN junction diode and find knce voltage. 2 4g _ | Sty the input and output characteristic of bipolar junction transstor a (BIT): (Common emitter (CE) configuration) Stuy the transfer and drain characteristic of junction feld-etTet 5 | transistor JFET), hence determine the drain resistance, trans-conductance a7 factor, amplification factor. 6 ‘Study the transfer and drain characterise of MOSFET, hence de:mine the drain resistance, transconductance factor, amplification factor a 2 lectrieal and Blectn louy (Eleetronies Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner—" Depastment of Electronics & Communication Fngincering XPERIMI NO: L(A) Name of the Ex} periment: Objective: (a) To know the internal connection of bread board {b) To leam how to make a circuit on bread board Familiarization with bread board Theory: ‘A breadboard is a circuit which if of a temporary nature used for the purpose of testing and ‘potryping cic 11s easy to prototype circuits wit he help of breadboards because itis fast ‘nd easy. Breadboards are generally used to test circuits. ‘As this device have holes in it, in order (o form a circuit, wires are inserted simply inside the holes. ‘The advantage of using a breadboard for testing is that connection can be changed if they are wrong, Also the parts ofthe circuit do not get damaged and can easily be reused. “The diagram below shows how the holes ofa breadboard are connected. The bottom and the top rows are connected horizontally across as the red and the blue line denotes. The power supply is ‘connected to both the blue and red rows. The other rows are connected in a vertical manner which ‘consists of five rows each without any links across the center. In this way there are separate blocks ‘of connections to each of the ICs pin. Now this was the conneetion in a small breadboard. In case “of large breadboards, there are breaks half way in he top and the bottom rows of the power supply. Itis always better to link across the gap before you start building circuit. Ifyou do not fink it then that part of the circuit will not have any power supply. Electrical and Electron wology (Electronies Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner>, | nent of Hleetronies & Communication Engineering XPERIMENT Ni tion with Resistor of Various Wattages Familiar Name of the Exper Objective: (a) Identify carbon resistors of various wallages. {b) Calculate resistance value and tolerance by colour code. {6) Measure the value of resistance by mltimeter, {4 Compare the measured value and the calculated value. Theory: “resistor may be defined as an electronic component which is manufactured with a specified resistance. (The property by virtue of which it opposes the flow of current is called amount of ‘it controls the flow of current. A resistor conduets current in both directions. resistance. syn Relations between voltage, current and resistance: V=LR Where V is the voltage across the resistor and I is current flowing througk: resistor. The basic unit of resistance is ohm. (0) ‘Types of Resistors: RESISTOR FIXED a oe HOTO ARIST pe ae ae steers Fas tee whe rorhnacten bes : eae 1 See pein OT Carbon composition resistor “These resistors are made by mixing granules of earbon with an insulating binding material and molded in the form of rods to yivedesied value of resistznce. They resistance element is enclosed in a plastic ease for insulation and mechanical "te strength. Two ends of carbon resistance are joined with meal cups and wo leads of tinned wire. ‘The carbon composition resistors vary from | 2 40 22 MO. jable resistor 3 Electrical and Electronics Technology (Llectronies Part) & scanned with OKEN ScannerADAMAY ‘A vaviable resistor allows more “fresistance, When resistance increas + that is allowed to flow in a circuit variable resistors. The resistive material ontrol over | Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering tent flow by changing the amount ina variable resistor, he amount of current i decreases, Two basic components make up ep the first component and is called the Mfunent, The second component, called the wiper or brush, is used 10 set the fesistance, and is often controlled with a knob or sliding switch, Sino [__ Apparatus name Type Quantity Range 1 Resistors Carbon 100101 Ma Composition | z Multimeter 1 [7 tt40ma Safety Precautions: (a) Carefully handle the component. {b) Power supply of kit and other related equipment should bein off condition while preparing circuit Procedure: 1, Resistor colour code guides ee | ist 4- Band Code ath Bad olor | tat Band] Zod Band) rane [semen ern treme] range 5 Yellow 4 [3 white ‘Gold Sliver Electrical and Electronics Technology ( Grd Rand Decimal Multiprior] Tororance No 100,090,000. 7-000,000,000 a ‘oi = 10% S208 “2540 218% 5- Band Code 6 Electronies Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner> ones & Comm & Department of El mnication Engineering Resistor ms 200 Ka t 10% Fust Band Rod second and whack © Muttipier Band Yellow Tolerance Band Silver Qa 10,00 10% | rerneremeeses 1nd Is ays placed to the right We rasa trom tne left to right Equation 20 ¥ 10,000 = 200,000 1,000 = 1K. Resistor = 200 Ke whith 2. 10% Tolerance Steps 1, Takea carbon resistor 21 Note down the colour code in specified table. 3 Find range ic. minimum and maximum accepted value. ‘4, Measure value by multimeter Procedure of measuring resistance by muhimeter. 4) Set the multimeter in appropriate obmic range +h) Connect the red and black probes across resistor. ) Note down the reading through multimeter, ) Repeat the same for different samples. 5. If value is within range, then i is acceptable. Observation pe pe Resistance Nomi | uppe | Le». | measure | Remark Sample al | or | or | by Multi Type & Value | Limit | Li meter Wattage Calculation: Conclusion: va 7 and blectionics technology (Hievtronies Bat) & scanned with OKEN Scannerication Fingincering &. Den f. Hof Plectronies & Cov AAMAS EXPERIMENT NO. Name of the Experi miliarization with Capacitor Objective: {a) To familiarize with diferent capacitors {b) To verify the capacitance vale by measuring the actual (DMM). Jue with Digital Multimeter Theory : = capacitor isthe one which stores charge in the diclecti ‘pacior consists simply of two conductors separated by an insulor. Tre appied voltage pus charge in the capacitor. The accumulation of esx resus 4 build up potent difference atoss the epactors plats, When the capacitor eu ds the applied voltage, Feo more charging. The charge remains capacitor with or withou! rae applied voltage: The apaitor discharges when a conducting path is provide across the plates, without ata, then the capacitor ean serve asa temporarily vollage source to produce diseharye Jhihe discharge path, The capacitor discharges continuously until the eapacitor voltage drops to Jaro or is equal {0 the applied vollage:The amount of charge Q stored in the eapacttor is thus irctly proportional tothe applied voltage, Quy acy Where Q is the charge stored in the diclecti¢ in coulombs (Cy. ‘Vis the vollage across the plates of the capacitor Cis the capacitance in fara When Q= t coulomb and V = I voll then C= 1 farad. “Thus, when 1 coulomb charge is stored inthe dielectric with a pol capacitance is 1 farad ie between the [Link] a of | volt, the Types of Capacitors: 1 cedmac wea cube pabtn nichwsna adn Ceramic Capacitor: These capacitors are made by capacitor have a very hi a capacitors for the same capacitance value, The leakage t ceramic capacitors is very high and thank as bypass d tubu oni citeuit ‘and coupling capacitor in ek 8 Hlectrical and Electronics Technology (Eleetronies Port) & scanned with OKEN Scanner8 Dern ication Fnincering Blectrolytic Capacitor: caeitors are made up of metal plate, which have definite polarity separated bya thin metal ase delete as sbown in fig, The metal oxide is a conductive compound having dielectric oatant between 8 and 25, The metal oxide film is deposited on one of the metal plates. This plate sereava positive electrode. The electrolyte used is either in a liquid from oF inthe from ofa paste, ‘ahich saturates a paper oF a gage: ; : When a voltage of correct polarity is applied to a capacitor, a very thin insulating layer of oxygen ‘atoms forms between the ‘anode and the oxide layer. A reversal of polarity removes the insulating ner, thereby allowing very high currents, Thus electrolytic capacitors are often known as polarized capacitors, They must be connected ina circuit according to the ‘plus’ (+) and ‘minus’ {() marking on the body ofa capacitor. epee Awe Fi (A) 7 Cate i (42) Aveo | | JA“. eatnoae . Dieleesic ayer — A Sere Ale ove lver Apparatus Used: 2 Sino | Apparatus name Type Quantity Range 1 Capacitors = 2. Multimeter ie Safety Precautions: (a) Carefully handle the component. (b) Power supply of kt and other related equipment should be in off condition while preparing circuit Procedure: I. First find the value of capacitor from the printed value on it 2. Set the multimeter to the correct capacitor range. 3. Discharge the capacitor through shorting the leads. 4, Insert the leads of the capacitor into the socket for capacitor and note down the value that appears on multimeter display. Observation Table: SNo| Capacitor Type Capacitor ‘Actual capacitance as | Remark Value Printed_| displayed by multimeter 1_| Bleetrolytie a 2_| Ceramic Conclusion: 9 hnelogy (Electronics Part) Hlectrical and Electronics T & scanned with OKEN Scanner1d) EXPERIMENT NO: Name of the Experiment: Fanilivization with diode Objective: “a To identify the anode and cathode terminals of p-n j {b) To check whether the diode is ok. or not Theory: When p-type and n-type seiniconductor is diffused with eaclrother, then diode is formed. 1 offers very low resistance in forward biased condition and offers very high resistance in reversed biascd condition. Construction of diode and symbol is shown in the figure. In symbol the arrow indicates the direction of current flow. When battery positive terminal is ‘connected to the p-side of diode and negative terminal of battery is connected tothe n-side of diode itis called forward biased. In reversed biased, negative terminal of battery is connected to the p- side diode and positive terminal of battery is connected to the n-side of diode. L 4 E Forcand Bie Reverse bias ‘Sometime the symbol is printed on body and it clearly indicates cathode and anode. ‘Apparatus name Quantity ~ _Range Diodes (Junction & Zener) 2 Multimeter 1 aa Safety Precaution: (a) Carefully handle the component. (b) Power supply of kit and other related equipment should be in off condition while preparing circuit the body of diode; through symbol we can id printed on the body of diode. 2. Ifsymbol isnot printed then we can Loca fy the anode and cathode if symbol is ode and wode through multimeter, 10 Hlectronies Part) Plectrical and Electronivs Te nology & scanned with OKEN ScannerAAMAS Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Set the meter in resistance measurement mode. Now connect the ted probe (vo) and black probe (COM) ofthe multimeter across the two terminals of diode. 4. Check whether the resistance is high or low. 5 Reverse the leads of diode and check whether the resistance high or low. iin both measurements, the resistances of diode are same i¢., both readings are of high value or low value then diode is defective. 7, Ifthe diode is O.K. it offers low resistance in forward biased condition and offers very high resistance in reversed biased condition. Locate anode and cathode through meter probe connection ic, if resistance is low (forward biased condition) red probe is connected to anode and black probe is connected to cathode of diode. Observation Table: Diode sample Forward biased | Reverse biased | Remark specs.(itany) resistance | resistance "1 Electrical and Electronics Technology (Electronics Part) & scanned with OKEN Scannera Department of Hectronies & Communication Engineering, icon Transistor mniliarization with Bipolar J same of the Expe Objective: Mee identify the emitter, base and collector (without wsing any instrument) rsistors have thre terminals (except high frequency and power transistor). In high frequency transistor additional forth pin is found which is called shicld. This terminal is usually rere tothe body of transistor. Power transistor has two tenminal an body of transistor acts onlcetor, Bipolar transistor had different packaging and styles and diferent orientation of temninals, Some ofthe common are given below. ‘AIL bipolar + Planner Transistor “These transistors have a semicircular shape and the terminals are oriented in cRe straight line as in figure. To identify base, emitter and collector hold the transistor asin figure keeping number facing toward you (generally numbsrs tne written in flat face). Leftmost terminal is collector, (o transistor. Some ‘Common transistors are given below. Examples are BEL 157,BELIS8, 'L- 198,and BEL 147 ete. ‘© Transistors of metallic tips In some metallic body transistors, there is metallic tip tha is placed close to the emitter terminal as shown in figure. The middle terminalis the base and the left is collector. Examples are: BD115, 2N2905, CL100, SK 100, BC19, BOIO9, 2502193, 28C21 31, 2SC1820 ete. c CBE apis Apparatus Used: Sino ‘Apparatus name ‘Quanti Ri 1__| Transistors (CL100 & 2N3906) 2 oe 2 Multimeter 1 = 12 Electrical and Electronics Technology (Electronics Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner8 ADAMAS Safety Precau (a) Carefully handle the component. (b) Power supply of kit and other related equipment should be in off con iret, Procedure: 1. Note the type and number of the ta jon white preparing, or. 2) Mold the transistor in such a way thatthe portion of the transistor on which the number is ‘written faces towards you and the temminals remains at the lower side, 3. Write down your observation in specified table. SI] Typeofthe No. | _ transistor ‘Transistor IC number Diagram showing orientation of terminals Hlectrical and Eee 1B ies Technology (ectronies Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner8. Apantas Department of Hlectronies & Commun EXPER NO: 2 (a) Name of the Experiment: Famitiovization with Multi Objective: stan procedure by using multimeter, ¥ with AC/DC current measurement procedure by using multimeter. with AC/DC voltage measurement procedure by using multimeter, igital multimeter: A digital multimeter isa multipurpose meter through which Ditlerent meacurement are done more accurately We shall get accurate reading Trough L.C.D displays. A standard DMM ean measure resistance voltage, current, Capacitance current gain of transistor, checking of diode transistor frequency etc. Measurement of resistance: On a typical DMM there are six ranges 200,2k. 20k, 2000k, 2M & 20m Ohm. To measure resistance set the selector switch in appropriate range & measure the resistance. Appropriate range will give better accuracy. Procedu 1. Select the range 2, Inset the small pin of the black probe in coin plug 3, Insert the small pin ofthe red probe in VOplug, 4. Touch the other ends of probe across the resistance to be measure. Measurement of AC/DC currem: Procedure: 1. At first set AC oF DC selector switch for measurement of AC or DC Measurement 2. Set the range. ( 10 micro aap, 2mA, 20m‘, 2COMA and 114.) 3. Insert the Black probe in cosa plug & red probe in appropriate pin- ply ior current Measurement of ACDC Voltage: DMM will indicate wrong polarity (-sign) ifby mistake probes are attached to wrong polarity for DC vollage measurement. Proced 1. At first set AC/DC selector switch in AC/DC position depending on the type of measurement. 2 Set the selector switch in appropriate range (for DC, ranges are 200mV. 2 mV, 20mV and 1000 volt and for AC ranges 750 volt) 3 Insert mn plug and red probe in V ohm pin pw: buzzer is provided for continuity tes 2, Set the selector switch in continuity test. 3. Insert the black probe in common socket and red probe in V ohm socket. 4. Check the continuity by attaching the other end ofthe probes totes points 5. Ithe resistance is below 30 oli, the meter yive buzzer sound. uu Plectreal and Electronics Technology (Electronies Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner8. ADAMAS Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering 6, Depending upon features available with DMM we can also test diodes, transistors and measure frequency. ‘Sino. Apparatus name ‘Quantity Range Multimeter Safety Precaution: (a) Carefully idle the component (b) Power supply of kit and other related equipment should be in off condition while preparing circuit. 15 Hcctrical and Electronics Technology (Electronics Part) & scanned with OKEN Scanner