MODULE 1: COMPUTER
UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS OF
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Lecturer: M.S. Phạm Thanh Tùng
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CONTENT OF THE LECTURE
DATA AND INFORMATION OPERATING SYSTEM
1 DATA AND INFORMATION 5 OPERATING SYSTEM
DATA MEASUREMENT UNIT
2 DATA MEASUREMENT UNIT
HARDWARE
3 HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
4 SOFTWARE
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DATA AND INFORMATION
Data
❑ Data is a collection of raw elements that have not been processed and
arranged to make sense.
❑ Data can be expressed in forms such as text, figures, sounds, images, ...
❑ Data when “put into” the computer will be encoded into a series of binary
numbers (bits).
For example, the number of visitors to a website in a month; list of goods
in stock for one week; measured values of precipitation and temperature
for each month of a year.
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DATA AND INFORMATION
Information
❑ Information is knowledge gathered through study or research.
❑ Information is often presented through words, body language and ideas.
❑ Information is the result of processing (analyzing and interpreting) data.
❑ Information is the representation of data with a specific context (place or
time).
For example, the number of visitors to a website in a month; list of goods
in stock for one week; measured values of precipitation and temperature
for each month of a year.
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DATA MEASUREMENT UNIT
Bit (Binary Digit)
❑ The smallest unit of data measurement is the bit, denoted b.
❑ A bit has a value denoted by 0 or 1.
Unit Symbol Value in binary system Value in decimal system
byte B 8 bit 8 bit
kilobyte, kibibyte kB, KiB 103 B 210 B
megabyte, mebibyte MB, MiB 106 B 220 B
gigabyte, gibibyte GB, GiB 109 B 230 B
terabyte, tebibyte TB, TiB 1012 B 240 B
petabyte, pebibyte PB, PiB 1015 B 250 B
exabyte, exbibyte EB, EiB 1018 B 260 B
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COMPUTER
What is a computer?
❑ A computer is a device that is
capable of storing, retrieving
and processing data.
❑ Types of computers include:
supercomputer, server,
personal computer (PC),
mobile device, embedded
computer.
❑ A computer system includes
hardware and software.
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HARDWARE
What is Hardware?
❑ Hardware is the physical components of the computer such as devices and
electronic components that make up the computer
For example: keyboard, mouse, screen, main board.
❑ Basic functional blocks of computer hardware:
✓ Input/output block
✓ Storage block
✓ Central processing block
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HARDWARE
Architecture model of computers: Von Neumann architecture
CPU
CU ALU
Input devices Output devices
Registers
Memory Unit
Secondary
Memory
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HARDWARE
Input device
❑ Input devices are peripheral devices that help users “import" data into the
computer.
keyboard mouse scanner webcam microphone
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HARDWARE
Output device
❑ Output devices are peripheral devices that help "export" information from
the computer to the user.
monitor projector printer speaker headphones
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HARDWARE
Storage device
❑ Storage devices are electronic devices and components used to store data
in computer systems.
❑ Storage devices are also called memory, and are divided into two main
groups:
✓ Primary memory (Internal memory or Main memory)
✓ Secondary memory (External memory)
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HARDWARE
Main memory
❑ Main memory consists of two main types: ROM and
RAM.
❑ ROM is read-only memory. Data recorded or stored
in this type of memory cannot be modified or
erased, so it is used to store data of the BIOS (Basic ROM
Input Output System) program.
❑ RAM is random-access memory. Data can be read
and written while the computer is running. If the
power to RAM is turned off, all data in it will be
erased. RAM
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HARDWARE
Secondary memory
❑ Secondary memory is devices used to store data for a long time.
HDD SSD USB flash drive microSD CD/VCD/DVD
(hard disk drive) (solid state drive) (universal serial bus) (secure digital) (compact disc,
video compact disc,
digital versatile disc)
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HARDWARE
Central Processing Unit
❑ The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a component known as the “brain” of
the computer, which will execute the commands of a computer program.
❑ The CPU includes the following components:
✓ Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU): performs arithmetic and logic
calculations.
✓ Control Unit (CU): control the execution of instructions from the
computer's instruction set.
✓ Register: contains instructions and data being processed.
✓ In addition, the CPU also has cache memory.
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SOFTWARE
What is Software?
❑ Software is a set of instructions, data
or programs to control a computer.
❑ Software is divided into two main
types including system software and
application software.
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SOFTWARE
Classification of Computer Software
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SOFTWARE
System Software
❑ System software is a program that sets up a working environment for other software.
These programs must run continuously because they must provide services to the
requests of other software without knowing in advance when those requests will
appear.
❑ System software is software designed to operate computer hardware and provide a
platform for running application software.
❑ Types of System Software include:
✓ Operating system
✓ Language translator
✓ Library program
✓ Utility program and Device driver
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SOFTWARE
System Software
❑ Operating System is a set of programs and is considered the interface between
application software and computer hardware.
❑ Utility programs are programs with limited capabilities and few features. They are often
operated by users to keep the computer system running smoothly.
For example: memory management, file/folder management, processor/task management,
error detection protection/support (notification), scheduling
❑ Translator software are programs used to translate high-level languages into machine
language (machine code).
❑ Library program is a collection of compiled subroutines.
For example, providing functions and procedures when writing programs (batch code in
Windows OS): Dynamic Link Library (DLL).
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SOFTWARE
Application Software
❑ Application software is a set of instructions or programs that run on system
software to perform a task requested by the user.
❑ Application software is classified based on user object and scope of use.
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SOFTWARE
Application Software
❑ Types based on user objects include: Freeware, Shareware, Open-source, Closed source
and Proprietary Software.
❑ Types based on scope of use include:
✓ General-purpose software is software that can be used for many different tasks,
and is not limited to a specific function.
For example: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheet Software, Presentation Software,
Multimedia Software, Web Browsers, Educational Software, Graphics Software, Simulation
Software.
✓ Special-purpose software is software that only executes a specialized task.
For example:Calculator, Snipping Tool, Media Player
✓ Custom software or bespoke software is software designed specifically for each
user with a specific purpose.
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OPERATING SYSTEM
What is the operating system?
❑ An operating system is a system software that
acts as an interface between application
software and computer hardware, controlling
the operation of programs on the computer.
❑ The functions of the Operating System include:
✓ Manage hardware devices
✓ Control communication between hardware
devices
✓ Control communication between
application programs and hardware devices
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OPERATING SYSTEM
Common operating systems
❑ Operating systems on computers in general
For example: Windows, macOS, Linux (Red Hat, Fedora, Debian, Ubuntu, Mint, Kali)
❑ Operating system on mobile devices (smartphones)
For example: Android (Linux kernel), iOS (XNU kernel), Windows Phone (Windows NT
kernel)
❑ Specialized operating system: Embedded operating system on embedded
computers (devices).
For example: RTOS, Embedded Linux
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