CHAPTER TISSUE

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 Tissue: A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to
perform a particular function.

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
The growth of plants occurs only in certain specific regions. This is because the
dividing tissue, also known as meristematic tissue, is located only at these points.
Depending on the region where they are present, meristematic tissues are classified
as apical, lateral and intercalary.

Type Location Function

Apical Growing tip of shoot Increase the length of stem

Meristem and root. and root.
Intercalary At the base of leaves Increase the length of
Meristem and internode internode or leaf.
Lateral On the side of stem and Increase the girth of stem and
Meristem root. root
(Cambium)

PERMANENT TISSUE
• The permanent tissues are formed from those meristematic cells which have
lost their capability to divide.
• The division & differentiation of the cells of meristematic tissues give rise to
permanent tissues.
• They have definite shape, size and thickness. The permanent tissue may be dead or
living.
• As a result of cell differentiation, the meristematic tissues tend to form different type
of permanent tissues complex forms to perform specialized functions.

Depending upon the structure and composition the permanent tissue is classified
into two types:
(A) Simple Permanent Tissues (Supporting tissue)
(B) Complex Permanent Tissue
(A) Simple Permanent Tissues:

• These are made up of one type of cells which are similar structurally and
functionally. These are supportive in function and are of three types:

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• Parenchyma:-
• It is basic (simple) type of packaging tissue.
• Has relatively unspecialised living cells.
• Thin cell wall and large intercellular spaces between the cell.
• It stores food and provide support to plant.
• Found in soft parts of plants.
• Parenchyma contains chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis it is called
chlorenchyma.
• In aquatic plants, parenchyma has large air space to provide buoyancy to plants and
exchange of gases it is called aerenchyma.
• Collenchyma: Contains elongated living cells irregularly thickened at the corners.
Intercellular space is less. Provide flexibility and mechanical support to leaves and
stem and allow easy bending without break. Found in leaf stalks below the
epidermis.
Sclerenchyma: Consist of long, narrow, thick walled dead cell.
• Cell wall contains lignin which act as cement and harden them.
• Intercellular space absent.
• It provides strength and rigidity to plant and make them hard and stiff.
• Present around vascular bundles, in leaf veins, in the hard covering of seed, husk of
coconut and nuts.
Protective Tissues: These tissues are primarily protective in functions. They
Consist of;
(i) Epidermis
• Epidermis forms one cell thick outermost layer of various body organs of plants
such as leaves, flowers, stems and roots.
• Epidermis is covered outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a water Proof layer of waxy
substance called as cutin which is secreted by the epidermal cells provide protection
against loss of water and provide protection against loss of water and invasion by
microbes.
• Cells of epidermis of leaves are not continuous at some places due to the presence
of small pores called as stomata.
• Each stoma is guarded by a pair of bean-shaped cells called as guard cells. These
are the only epidermal cells which possess chloroplasts, the rest being colourless.
(ii) Cork or Phellem
• In older roots and stems, tissues at the periphery become cork cells
or phellem cells.
• Cork is made up to dead cells with thick walls and do not have any intercellular
spaces.

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 • The cell walls in cork deposit waxy substance called as suberin.
• The cells of cork become impermeable to water and gases due to the deposition of
suberin.
• The cork cells are without any protoplasm but are filled with resins or tannins.
Functions of Cork:
Cork is protective in function. Cork cells prevent desiccation, infection
and mechanical injury. Imperviousness, lightness, toughness,
compressibility and elasticity make the cork commercially valuable.
(B) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
• They are made up of more than one type of cells.
• Xylem and phloem are examples.
• Both are conducting tissue and form vascular bundles.
• They made possible survival of vascular plant in terrestrial environment.
Xylem
• It consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem fibre and xylem parenchyma.
• Contains thick cell walls.
• Except xylem parenchyma all are dead Cells.
• Xylem fibre are provide support.
• Parenchyma store food and do sidewise conduction.
• Tracheids and vessels are tubular structure which conduct water and minerals
vertically.
Phloem
• Made up of four elements sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem
parenchyma.
• Except phloem fibre all are living cells.
• Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls.
• Phloem transport food.
• Phloem transport is bidirectional.

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 1. Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
• It is the covering or protective tissue of animals.
• Made up of tightly packed cell which form continuous layer with no intercellular
spaces.
• Separated from underlying tissue by fibrous basement membrane.
• The permeability of epithelial cells regulates the exchange of material between
body and environment.
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Type of
Characteristics Location Function
epithelium
Lung’s alveoli, Protection, Exchange of
Squamous Cells are thin Blood Vessels, substances between
epithelium and flat. Oesophagus blood and cells and at
Lining of mouth alveoli
Flat cells
Stratified arranged in
Squamous many layers to Skin Protection
epithelium prevent wear
and tear.
Tall pillar like
Columnar Inner lining of Absorption and
cells. Nucleus at
epithelium intestine, secretion
the base

Ciliated Pushes the mucus

Tall cells with
columnar Respiratory tract forward to clear
cilia
epithelium respiratory tract

Kidney tubules,
Cuboidal
Cube cells ducts of salivary Mechanical support
epithelium
glands.
Epithelial cells
folds inward
and form
Goblet cells are
Glandular multicellular
present in mucus Secretion
epithelium gland, acquire
membrane
additional
specialisation as
glands
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• It connects various tissues in an organ.
• Loosely packed Cells are embedded in matrix.
• Matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.

BLOOD

 Matrix is fluid called plasma.

 Plasma contains protein, salts and hormones.
 Plasma RBC, WBC and PLATELETS are suspended.
 Blood transport materials to different parts of body.

BONE

 Bone Is Strong and Nonflexible Tissue.

 Matrix Is Hard.
 It Is Made Up of Salts of Calcium and Phosphorus.
 Matrix Contains Bone Cells or Osteocytes.
 Bone Form Skeleton That Supports Body and Anchors the Muscle.

LIGAMENT AND TENDONS

 Ligament is very elastic and have little matrix.

 Ligament connect bone to bone.
 Tendons are fibrous tissue less flexibility but great strength.
 Connects muscles to bones

CARTILAGE

 Matrix is solid composed of sugars and protein.

 Cells (chondrocytes) are widely spaced and present in matrix.
 Cartilage is softer than bone due to presence of sugar and protein.
 It is found in nose, ear, trachea, larynx and smoothens the bone surface at
joint.
AREOLAR TISSUE

 Matrix is semifluid containing different types of cells and fibers.

 It holds organs in place and provide support to them.
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 Found between skin and muscles, around blood vessels, nerves and in
 bone marrow.
 It helps in repair of tissues.

• ADIPOSE TISSUE
• It contains fat cells called adipocyte.
• Cells are filled with fat globules.
• Found below skin and between internal organs.
• It stores fat and also act as insulator.

MUSCULAR TISSUE
• It consists of elongated muscle cells called muscle fibre.
• Muscle contains contractile proteins which contract and relax.
• It brings movement in body.

TYPE OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

STRIATED /SKELETAL MUSCLES
• Structure-Long, cylindrical, unbranched, multinucleated muscle cells with alternate
light and dark band or striations.
• Location-Present in limbs, mostly attach to bones so also called skeletal muscles.
• Function-Help in body movement, they move as per our will so called voluntary
muscles.

SMOOTH / UNSTRIATED MUSCLES

 Structure-Long, Spindle shaped, Uninucleate cells, having no Striations
 Location- Found in alimentary canal, Blood vessels, Iris of eye, in ureters, bronchi
of lungs
 Function-Movement of food in alimentary canal and internal organs, they are
involuntary muscles.

CARDIAC MUSCLE
 Structure-Cylindrical, branched and uninucleate muscle cells with striations.
 Location-Wall of heart
 Function-Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart throughout life they are
involuntary muscles.

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 NERVOUS TISSUE
• They are highly specialized tissue due to which the animals are able to perceive
and respond to the stimuli.
• Their functional unit is called as nerve cell or neuron.
• Cell body is cyton covered by plasma membrane.
• Short hairy like extensions rising from cyton are Dendron which are further
subdivided into dendrites.
• Axon is long, tail like cylindrical
process with fine branches at the end
Axon is covered by a sheath.
• Nerve Ending of one neuron is very
closely placed to the dendrons of another neuron to carry impulses from one to
another neuron in the form of electrochemical waves.This close proximity is called
as synapse.

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