Tissue

Tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a  Through the process of differentiation,
specific function in the body. meristematic tissues convert into permanent
tissue.
Importance of Tissues
Characteristics
 It causes division of labour in multicellular
organisms.  Occurrence: Roots, stem, leaves, etc.
 It decreases workload on individual cells.  Shape: Round or oval or elongated, polygonal, or
 The organization of tissues into organs and systems even irregular.
leads to improved body organization.  Cell wall is thin or thick with large central vacuoles.

Functions: Permanent tissues in plants perform a

 Basic unit of life- Cell
variety of essential functions, including support,
 Group of cells -Tissue
storage, conduction, and protection.
 Group of tissues- Organs
 Group of organs - Organ System Cambium: A thin formative layer between xylem and
 Group of organ system- Organism phloem of most vascular plants that gives rise to new
cell and in responsible for secondary growth.

Plant Tissue

Plant tissues are of broadly classified into two types:

Meristematic Tissue and Permanent Tissue.

Meristematic Tissue
These tissues made up of cells that can divide continuously,
helping in Plant growth. Meristematic Tissue
Types of meristematic tissue
Characteristics
 Occurrence: Growing regions of plant (root, shoot, Type Location Function
etc.). Apical Present at Increase
 Shape: Spherical, oval, or rectangular. meristematic shoot, apex length of root
 Cells are small and thin, with dense cytoplasm and and root apex and shoot
large nuclei.
 Intercellular spaces and vacuoles are absent.
 They are active cells. Lateral Beneath the Increase
 Cell wall is made up of cellulose. meristematic bark thickness of
root and
Protoderm is a part of apical meristem found in root and stem.
shoot and gives rise to epidermis.
Intercalary At the base of Increase in
Permanent Tissue meristematic leaves or length of
internodes. leaves and
 These are non-dividing cells that have attained internodes.
maturity and perform specific functions.

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 Tissue

Types of Permanent Tissue Protective Tissue (part of simple tissue)

1. Simple Permanent Tissue: These tissues are also  Protective tissues in plants are specialized tissues that
known as homogenous tissues. They are made up of a form the outermost layers of the plant body, serving to
single cell type, usually with the same origin, structure, shield it from various external factors like mechanical
and function. damage, pathogens, and water loss.
(a) Parenchyma Tissue  In plants, protective tissues include the epidermis and
cork.
Occurrence: Throughout the plant body, particularly in soft
parts like the cortex and pith of roots and stems, leaf (a) Epidermis
mesophyll, and within vascular bundles. They are living  The outermost layer of cells covering plant organs.
cells.  Occurrence: Occurs in outermost layer of all the plant
parts. E.g. leaves, flowers, stem and roots.
Functions:
Functions:
 It acts as a food storage tissue. In some cases, it
contains chlorophyll, thus called Chlorenchyma.  It protects all parts of plants.
 When loosely packed, intercellular spaces are present  Plants of dry habitats have thicker epidermis.
called Aerenchyma provides buoyancy to parts and  Plants growing in desert have cuticle (waxy coverings).
helps them to float. Layer of cutin is called cuticle. Cutin is a waxy material
and water resistant. It also aids in protection against
(b) Collenchyma Tissue
water loss, injury and invasion of fungi.
 Occurrence: In leaf stalks, stem of dicots epidermis  Epidermal cells of the root’s forms hair like structure.
bundle of dicot leaf. Long hair like parts increase absorption on surface area
 Cells are living, elongated, irregularly thickened at of roots.
corner.  In leaves, epidermal cells form stomata that are
 There is very little intracellular space in between the guarded by Guard cells. Guard cells are kidney shaped
cells. structures that regulate gaseous exchange in plants.

Functions: Cork

 Cork cell forms the external protective tissue of

 They act as mechanical tissue and thus provide
plants. These cells and compactly arranged, with their
mechanical strength to plants.
walls coated in suberin.
 They provide flexibility (bending of parts). Ex. Tendrils
 Occurrence: Outer covering of stem and tree trunks,
and stems of climbers.
Functions:
C). Sclerenchyma
 It provides protection to mature roots and shoots.
 Occurrence: In stems, around vascular bundles, in leaf  Suberin acts as protective barrier for the plants. The
veins, and in the hard coverings (E.g. Bark, husk of suberin do allow the water and gases to go outside of
coconut) the cork cells.
 These are dead tissues, very hard and rigid in texture.
 They provide toughness to the tissue

Functions
These provide mechanical support and rigidity to the plant.
Sclereids are responsible for hardness of seeds and the shell
of walnut.

Complex Permanent Tissue:

These tissues are made up of various cell types that work

together as a unit to perform a specific function

Types:
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 Tissue

(a) Xylem (Conducts water One-way conduction)  Cell forms continuous sheet and are tightly packed with
no intercellular space.
 It transports water and nutrients from the roots to
 All epithelial tissues are separated by others through
the leaves of the plant through transpiration pull.
basement membrane.
 It provides support to the plants.
 Function: it protects the body from injury or damage.
 It is composed of Tracheid, vessels, xylem fibres, and
 There are two types of epithelial tissues: Simple
Xylem parenchyma.
epithelial and Compound epithelial tissue.
 Only xylem parenchyma is a living tissue.
Simple Epithelial Tissue
(b) Phloem (Conducts food Two-way conduction)
 Occurrence: Lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes.
 It translocated the prepared food from the leaves to
 Structure: It is composed of a single layer of cells.
different parts of the plant. It is composed of Sieve
 Simple epithelial tissue is further divided into three
tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and
types: Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar.
phloem fibre (provides rigidity and support),
 Only phloem fibre is a dead tissue. Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Occurrences: Lines blood vessels, air sacs of the lungs

(alveoli), and body cavities like the peritoneum.

Structure: Cells are extremely thin and flat with irregular

shape.

Types of Squamous Epithelial Tissue

1. Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Occurrence: Mouth and oesophagus (food pipe).

ANIMAL TISSUE Characteristics:

 They are single layer of cells, flattened with irregular

boundaries.
 They form delicate lining

Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

 Occurrence: Skin
 Characteristics
 Cells are arranged in layers.
 Prevents wear and tear.

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Occurrence: Salivary glands, sweat glands, thyroid glands,

lining of kidney tubules.

Structure: Cells have cube-like structure (height and width

 Animal tissue is group of similar cells with specific of the cells are equal)
function working together to form body structure. (c) Columnar Epithelial Tissue
 Animal tissue can be broadly classified into four main
type Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, and Nervous Occurrence: Lining of intestine, stomach and gallbladder.
tissue.
Structure: The cells are pillar like, tall, and wide in
Epithelial Tissue appearance. Their nuclei are located at the base.

 Occurrence: Widespread throughout the body. Ciliated Epithelial Tissue

 Characteristics:
Occurrence: Respiratory tract, urinary tubules or kidney.
 It acts as covering or protective tissue in animal body

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 Tissue

Structure: Cells are cuboidal/columnar in shape with hair- They are unbranched.
like projections on their free surface called "cilia", which
Function: Muscle peristalsis (a wave-like movement)
facilitates movement (particularly movement of fluids).
Cardiac Muscle
Function: Movement of mucus, urine, etc. through rhythmic
beating of cilia. Occurrence: Heart.

Characteristic

 Cardiac muscle fibres are long, cylindrical in shape.

 Each fibre in uninucleate and branched.
 Striations are present.
 Cardiac muscles do not fatigue.
 They are involuntary muscles (not under our
control).

Functions

 They perform contraction and relaxation in wall of

Muscular Tissue heart.
 They help to pump and distribute blood to the
Structures body.
 It is composed of muscle cells or muscle fibres.
 Muscle fibres are elongated and large in size.
Contractile proteins are present in the fibres (important
for movement of body).
 Function: Contraction and relaxation, responsible for
body movement. Muscular tissue is further divided into
three
Connective Tissue
Types: Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, and Cardiac
muscle. Occurrence: Tendons, cartilage, adipose tissue, ligaments,
dermis, etc.
1. Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics:
 Occurrence: Skeletal part of the body (containing
bones).  It connects various body parts.
 Characteristics  The cells are embedded in an intracellular matrix, this
 Muscle fibres are elongated, unbranched and matrix may be jelly (cartilage), fluid (blood), dense or
cylindrical in shape. rigid (bone).
 They are fast in nature.  It acts like a binding, supporting and packing material.
 They are voluntary muscles. Each cell is multinucleated  It prevents organ from getting displaced by body
(many nuclei) with striations (dark and light band) movements.
These cells are easily fatigue. Connective tissue is further divided into two types: Areolar
Function: They help in body movement and maintaining connective tissue and Adipose connective tissue.
posture.

2. Smooth Muscle

Occurrence: In organs like intestine, uterus, blood vessels,

stomach, bronchi, iris.

Characteristics:

The nucleus is located at the centre of each cell.

Cells are non- striated. slow in growth and do not fatigue

easily. They are involuntary muscles (not under our control).

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 Tissue

Areolar connective tissue Functions:

Characteristics:  It prevents body from mechanical shock

 It acts as an insulator,
 It is a type of loose connective tissue that provides
 E.g. Camel hump.
support, protection, and cushioning for various
structures in the body. Skeletal Connective Tissue
 It's characterized by a loosely arranged network of
 Skeletal connective tissues are connective tissues
fibres and cells within a
with unique structure and functions beyond basic
 semi-fluid matrix, making it flexible and adaptable.
support and connection.
 It is broadly divided into: Loose connective tissue and
 They are broadly classified as: Cartilage and Bones.
Dense connective
1. Cartilage
1.Loose Connective Tissue  Occurrence: Ear pinna, nose tip, trachea, larynx, bone
surfaces at joints.
 Occurrence: Between skin and muscles, in space
inside organs, in bone marrow. Characteristics

Structure:  They are widely spaced-out cells.

 Matrix is gel-like and slightly elastic.
 It is characterized by loose gel like matrix consisting of
 Cartilage is flexible in nature.
cell fibre and ground substance.
 Function: It supports and provides flexibility of body.
2. Dense Connective Tisane
2. Bones
 Characteristics: It has a high proportion of fibres,
Characteristics
primarily collagen.
 Bones are hard and rigid, strong
1. Tendons
Functions:
 It is a fibrous tissue with great strength and limited
flexibility.  It forms a framework that supports the body
 It connects Muscle to Bones.  It provides shape to body and protects the vital organs
like brain, lungs.
2. Ligaments
3. Fluid Connective Tissue
 It has considerable strength despite containing a
small amount of matrix. It connects different part of the body and maintains
 It connects Bones to Bones. continuity They are broadly classified as: Blood and Lymph.

Blood

2. Adipose Connective Tissue

 Occurrence: Below the skin (individuals with more Plasma

body fat have m adipose tissue), in between internal
 It is the yellow in colour.
organs
 It consists of 92% water and 8% proteins, salt and
 Structure: Cells are round, oval shaped. There is an
hormones.
aggregation of fat (adipocytes).
 When clotting proteins are removed from blood, the
clear liquid that remains after is called Serum.

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 Tissue

Solid Part of Blood  Occurrence: Found in Brain, Spinal cord. Nerves.

 RBC Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes Anatomy of a Neuron

 Normal range: 4.3 to 5.5 million per cubic millimetre.
 A neuron is the basic structural and fundamental unit.
 Colour Red in colour due to presence of Heme (Fe) has
 system. It is specialized to transmit nerve impulses.
high affinity towards oxygen.
Neuron is the longest cell in the human body.
 Shape: Biconcave, disc-shaped.
 Lifespan and Formation: Bone marrow (at birth) having Parts of Neurons
a lifespan of 120 days.
 Function: It transports oxygen to whole body. 1. Cell Body (Soma)
 Mature RBC's have no nucleus in them.
 It contains the nucleus and cytoplasm and control the
 Graveyard of RBC: Spleen.
activities of the neuron.
Study of Blood: Hematology
2. Dendrites
WBC (White Blood Cells)/ Leukocytes
 cell body that receives signals from Short, branched
 Normal ranger 5000-8000 per cubic millimetre. other neurons or sensory cell.
 WBCs protects our body from infection (provides our  It carries Board the cell body.
body a defence mechanism).
3.Axon
 Formed in: Bone marrow having life span of 13-20 days.
 Shape: Round/Irregular in shape. It carries impulses away from the cell body to other neurons
or effectors.
Types: Monocytes. Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils,
Eosinophils.

Platelets/Thrombocytes

 Normal range: 7,50,000-1,50,000 per cubic millimetre

of blood.
 Shape: Irregular shape
 Formed in Bove marrow having life span of a 7-10
days
 Function: They are essential for preventing and
stopping blending by farming coagulation.
 Low platelet count leads to thrombocytopenia
(happens in case of dengue) and a very high platelet
count leads to called thrombocytosis.
Transmission of Neuron Impulses
2. Lymph
 A stimulus is received by the dendrites.
Structure  An electrical impulse travels through the cell body
 It is a colourless fluid. and axon at the axon terminals; the impulse
 RBC and blood proteins are absent in lymph triggers the release of neurotransmitters.
 Lymph is similar to blood plasma contains proteins,  Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and pass the
salt, glucose, and water. signal to the or effector (like a muscle or gland).
 It is slightly yellow in colour.  This leads to a response.
 Function:
 Lymph plays a crucial role in maintaining bodily fluid
balance and supporting the immune system.

Nervous Tissue

 Neural tissue or nervous tissue is a specialized tissue

found in the nervous system.
 It is responsible for receiving stimuli, transmitting
signals, and coordinating responses throughout the
body.
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