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Structure of Atom Notes

The document outlines the structure of the atom, beginning with the historical development of atomic theory by Democritus and Dalton, followed by the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's, and introduces the quantum mechanical model along with key concepts such as quantum numbers and rules of orbital filling. The document also highlights important formulas related to atomic structure and summarizes the drawbacks of earlier atomic theories.

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9 views2 pages

Structure of Atom Notes

The document outlines the structure of the atom, beginning with the historical development of atomic theory by Democritus and Dalton, followed by the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons. It discusses various atomic models, including Thomson's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's, and introduces the quantum mechanical model along with key concepts such as quantum numbers and rules of orbital filling. The document also highlights important formulas related to atomic structure and summarizes the drawbacks of earlier atomic theories.

Uploaded by

vinaykrishna0909
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Structure of Atom – Class 11 Kerala Board (2025)

1. Introduction
- Matter is made of atoms. Idea of atoms → proposed by Democritus, explained scientifically by
Dalton (1808).

Dalton’s Atomic Theory:


1. Matter is indivisible atoms.
2. Atoms of an element identical.
3. Atoms cannot be destroyed/created.
4. Compounds = fixed ratios.
5. Reactions = rearrangement of atoms.
Drawbacks: No subatomic particles, isotopes unexplained.

2. Discovery of Subatomic Particles


Electron – J.J. Thomson (1897): Cathode rays = electrons, charge/mass ratio 1.758×10^11 C/kg.
Millikan measured charge = –1.602×10■¹■ C. Mass ≈ 9.1×10■³¹ kg.
Proton – Goldstein (1886): Canal rays = protons. Mass ≈ 1.67×10■²■ kg, charge +1.602×10■¹■
C.
Neutron – Chadwick (1932): Neutral, mass ≈ 1.67×10■²■ kg.

3. Atomic Models
Thomson’s Model: Positive sphere with embedded electrons. Failed for scattering experiment.
Rutherford’s Model (1911): Alpha scattering → nucleus is small dense core. Failed (stability
problem).
Bohr’s Model (1913): Electrons in fixed orbits. Energy levels E = –13.6 Z² / n² eV. ∆E = hν. Failed
for multi-electron atoms.

4. Atomic Spectrum
Hydrogen spectrum: Lyman (UV), Balmer (Visible), Paschen/Brackett/Pfund (IR).
Rydberg Formula: 1/λ = R(1/n■² – 1/n■²), R = 1.097×10■ m■¹

5. Quantum Mechanical Model


de Broglie (1924): λ = h/mv.
Heisenberg Uncertainty: ∆x·∆p ≥ h/4π.
Quantum Numbers: - n: principal (size) - l: azimuthal (shape: s,p,d,f) - m: magnetic (orientation) -
s: spin (+½, –½).
Shapes: s = spherical, p = dumbbell, d = clover.

6. Rules of Orbital Filling


Aufbau Principle: increasing energy order.
Pauli Exclusion: no 2 electrons same 4 quantum numbers.
Hund’s Rule: degenerate orbitals filled singly first.

7. Electronic Configuration
Example: O (Z=8) = 1s² 2s² 2p■.
Na (Z=11) = [Ne]3s¹

8. Important Formulas
E■ = –13.6 Z²/n² eV
r■ = n²h² / 4π²me²Z
v■ = Ze² / (2ε■h·n)
λ = h/mv

9. Drawbacks Summary
- Dalton: indivisible atom assumption wrong.
- Thomson: no stability.
- Rutherford: electron collapse problem.
- Bohr: failed for multi-electron atoms.
- Quantum mechanical: most accurate.

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