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Chapter 2 Structure of Atom - Comprehensive Study Guide

This document provides a comprehensive study guide on the structure of the atom, detailing the discovery of subatomic particles (electron, proton, neutron), various atomic models (Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr), and important terms like atomic number and mass number. It also covers electromagnetic radiation, the quantum mechanical model, quantum numbers, shapes of orbitals, and key principles such as the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule. The guide concludes with the Aufbau Principle for filling electron orbitals.

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30 views2 pages

Chapter 2 Structure of Atom - Comprehensive Study Guide

This document provides a comprehensive study guide on the structure of the atom, detailing the discovery of subatomic particles (electron, proton, neutron), various atomic models (Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr), and important terms like atomic number and mass number. It also covers electromagnetic radiation, the quantum mechanical model, quantum numbers, shapes of orbitals, and key principles such as the Pauli Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule. The guide concludes with the Aufbau Principle for filling electron orbitals.

Uploaded by

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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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📘 Class 11 Chemistry Notes

Chapter 2: Structure of Atom – Comprehensive Study Guide


1. Discovery of Subatomic Particles
Electron (e⁻)
Discovered by J.J. Thomson using cathode ray experiment.
Charge: –1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Mass: 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg
Proton (p⁺)
Discovered by Goldstein through canal ray experiment.
Charge: +1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Mass: 1.672 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
Neutron (n⁰)
Discovered by James Chadwick.
Charge: 0 (neutral)
Mass: 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
2. Atomic Models
Thomson’s Model (Plum Pudding Model):
Atom is a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded like raisins in a pudding.
Could not explain the results of later experiments.
Rutherford’s Nuclear Model (Gold Foil Experiment):
Most of the mass and positive charge is concentrated in a small nucleus.
Electrons revolve around the nucleus.
Atom is mostly empty space.
Limitation: Could not explain atomic stability and discrete line spectra.
Bohr’s Model of Atom:
Electrons revolve in fixed orbits (energy levels) without radiating energy.
Energy is absorbed/emitted when an electron jumps between levels.
Energy levels are labeled as K, L, M, etc. or n = 1, 2, 3...
3. Important Terms
Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in an atom.
Example: Z of carbon = 6
Mass Number (A): Sum of protons and neutrons.
A = Z + n⁰
Isotopes: Atoms with same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Example: ¹H, ²H, ³H
Isobars: Atoms with different atomic numbers but same mass number.
Example: ⁴⁰Ca and ⁴⁰Ar
Isotones: Atoms with the same number of neutrons.
Example: ¹⁴C and ¹⁵N
4. Electromagnetic Radiation
Travels in the form of waves (electric and magnetic fields).
Characterized by:
Wavelength (λ) – distance between two peaks
Frequency (ν) – number of waves per second
Velocity (c): c = λ × ν, where c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Wave number (ṽ ): ṽ = 1/λ
Energy (E): E = hν (Planck’s equation)
5. Spectrum of Hydrogen Atom
Line Spectrum: Discrete lines at specific wavelengths.
Hydrogen Spectrum Series:
Lyman: UV region (n₁ = 1)
Balmer: Visible region (n₁ = 2)
Paschen, Brackett, Pfund: IR region
6. Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
Electrons exhibit dual nature: particle and wave.
Described by Schrödinger's wave equation.
Solutions give atomic orbitals – regions where electrons are likely to be found.
7. Quantum Numbers
There are 4 quantum numbers used to describe electron configuration:
Quantum NumberSymbolDescriptionValues
Principal
n
Energy level, size of orbital
1, 2, 3…
Azimuthal
l
Shape of orbital
0 to (n–1)
Magnetic
m
Orientation in space
–l to +l
Spin
s
Direction of spin
+½ or –½

8. Shapes of Orbitals
s-orbital: Spherical
p-orbital: Dumbbell-shaped
d-orbital: Clover-shaped
Orbitals can hold maximum 2 electrons.
9. Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. Each orbital can hold a
maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spins.
10. Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
Electrons fill degenerate orbitals (same energy) singly first, with parallel spins, before pairing begins.
11. Aufbau Principle
Electrons are filled in orbitals in the increasing order of energy:
Example: 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d …

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