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? Structure of Atom - JEE Level Notes (With Formulae)

This document provides comprehensive notes on the structure of the atom, covering subatomic particles, atomic models, and key theories such as Bohr's model and the quantum mechanical model. It includes essential formulas, quantum numbers, electronic configuration rules, and concepts like the photoelectric effect and mass-energy relation. Additionally, it outlines the spectral series for hydrogen and the implications of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

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28 views5 pages

? Structure of Atom - JEE Level Notes (With Formulae)

This document provides comprehensive notes on the structure of the atom, covering subatomic particles, atomic models, and key theories such as Bohr's model and the quantum mechanical model. It includes essential formulas, quantum numbers, electronic configuration rules, and concepts like the photoelectric effect and mass-energy relation. Additionally, it outlines the spectral series for hydrogen and the implications of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

Uploaded by

vanshika.010609
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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🌟 Structure of Atom – JEE L evel Notes (with Formulae )

1. Subatomic Particles

Particle Charge (C ) Mass (kg )

Electron –1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ 9.1 × 10⁻³¹

Proton +1.602 × 1.672 × 10⁻²⁷

10⁻¹⁹

Neutron 0 1.675 × 10⁻²⁷

2. Atomic Models

Thomson Model

●​ Plum pudding model

●​ Failed to explain nucleus and stability

Rutherford’s Model

●​ Gold foil experiment

●​ Atom is mostly empty space

●​ Nucleus is dense and positive

●​ Drawbacks: Could not explain electron stability & spectra

3. Bohr’s Model (for H-like species )


Postulates:

●​ Electrons revolve in discrete orbits.

●​ Angular momentum:​

mvr = n(h / 2π )

●​ Energy of nth orbit:​

E = –13.6 × (Z² / n²) eV

●​ Radius of nth orbit:​

r = 0.529 × (n² / Z ) Å

●​ Velocity:​

v = 2.18 × 10⁶ × (Z / n ) m/s

4. de Broglie Hypothesis

●​ Matter has wave nature​

λ = h / mv ​

(h = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s)

5. H eisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

Δx × Δp ≥ h / 4π

●​ Cannot know position and momentum simultaneously with precision.

6. Quantum Mechanical Model

●​ Based on Schrödinger’s wave equation

●​ ψ ² gives probability density of finding an electron

●​ Orbitals are regions with high probability, not fixed paths


7. Quantum Numbers

Quantum No. Symbol Meaning Values

Principal n Size and energy level 1, 2, 3, …

Azimuthal l Shape of orbital 0 to (n –

1)

Magnetic m Orientation –l to +l

Spin s Spin direction +½ or –½

Subshells:

●​ s: l = 0 → 1 orbital → max 2 electrons

●​ p: l = 1 → 3 orbitals → max 6 electrons

●​ d: l = 2 → 5 orbitals → max 10 electrons

●​ f: l = 3 → 7 orbitals → max 14 electrons

8. Electronic Configuration Rules

1.​ Aufbau Principle :​

Fill orbitals with lowest energy first​

(n + l ) rule​

If same (n + l ), lower n first​

2.​ Pauli’s Exclusion Principle :​

No two electrons can have same four quantum numbers​


3.​ Hund’s Rule :​

Pairing starts after all orbitals are singly filled in a subshell​

Example: ​
Z = 20 → 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²

9. Hydrogen Spectrum

Spectral Series:

●​ Lyman: n₁ = 1 (UV)

●​ Balmer: n₁ = 2 (Visible )

●​ Paschen: n₁ = 3 (IR )

Wave number ( ṽ ): ​
ṽ = R (1/n₁² – 1/n₂²) ​

R = 1.097 × 10⁷ m⁻¹

10. Photoelectric Effect

E = h ν = W + KE ​
Where:

●​ E = photon energy

●​ W = work function

●​ KE = kinetic energy of ejected electron

11. Mass-Energy Relation


E = mc² ​
1 amu = 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg = 931 MeV

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