# Machine Learning: Foundations and Applications
**Author:** Johny F.Q.
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## Introduction
Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of Artificial Intelligence that enables systems
to learn from data and improve performance without explicit programming.
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## Types of Machine Learning
1. **Supervised Learning**
- Uses labeled datasets.
- Examples: Linear regression, decision trees.
2. **Unsupervised Learning**
- Finds hidden patterns in unlabeled data.
- Examples: Clustering, dimensionality reduction.
3. **Reinforcement Learning**
- Agents learn by interacting with an environment and receiving feedback.
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## Key Concepts
- **Training and Testing**: Splitting data to build and evaluate models.
- **Overfitting**: Model fits noise instead of the pattern.
- **Bias and Variance**: Trade-offs in model complexity.
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## Applications
- Image recognition
- Natural language processing
- Financial forecasting
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## References
- Bishop, C.M. (2006). *Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning*. Springer.
- Stanford University CS229 Course Notes. Retrieved from
https://cs229.stanford.edu/