An Algorithm for Calculating

S. A. Klein
Monthly-Awerage Radiation on
Inclined Surfaces
J. C. Theilacker
An analytical method is developed for estimating R, the ratio of the long-term
monthly-average daily radiation on an inclined surface to that on a horizontal
Solar Energy Laboratory surface. This method differs from the Liu and Jordan [1] method in the manner in
University of Wisconsin-Madison which the beam radiation component is determined. The method is applicable for
Madison, Wis. 53706 surfaces of any orientation. R values calculated in this manner and by the Liu and
Jordan method are compared with integrated hourly calculations for 23 years in
Madison, WI, Albuquerque, NM and Miami, FL; the comparisons show that.the
method described in this paper agrees more closely with the integrated hourly
calculations, especially for surf aces facing east or west of south.

1 Introduction
A method of estimating the monthly-average1 solar approximated to be the ratio of the monthly extraterrestrial
radiation incident on surfaces oriented directly towards the radiation on the inclined surface to that on a horizontal
equator has been developed by Liu and Jordan [1]. The surface. This approximation results in the analytical ex-
method was later extended for surfaces facing east or west of pressions for Rb given in equation (8) (for surfaces facing
south by Klein [2]. In this method, HT, the monthly-average directly towards the equator) and equation (11) (for surfaces
daily total radiation incident on an inclined surface, is related facing east or west of south) of reference [2], Liu and Jordan
to H, the monthly-average daily radiation on a horizontal indicate that these expressions for Rb are correct only for
surface, by a factor R. south-facing surfaces during periods of solar equinox (i.e.,
HT = RH (1) March and September). As shown in section 3, this manner of
estimating Rb can result in significant errors in the calculated
R is estimated as the sum of three terms corresponding to the values of R, particularly for surfaces facing east or west of
beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected radiation incident on the south.
inclined surface. Assuming diffuse and ground-reflected The isotropic assumption for the diffuse component
radiation to be isotropic, the Liu and Jordan [1] relationship generally results in a conservative (i.e., low) estimate of the
for R can be written: monthly-average radiation on surfaces oriented directly
towards the equator; for surfaces oriented east or west of
south, the isotropic assumption may result in an overestimate
of the radiation on an inclined surface. The validity of the
isotropic assumption has been questioned by Hay [3]. Hay has
.,(!=«?) (2) developed a model which, like the Liu and Jordan model,
separately considers the beam, diffuse, and ground-reflected
where radiation components. In Hay's model however, a portion of
13 is the tilt of the surface from horizontal the diffuse component is treated as circumsolar, rather than
p is the ground reflectance as isotropic. Ground-reflected radiation is assumed to be
(Hd/H) is the monthly-average diffuse radiation fraction isotropic. Although formulated somewhat differently, Hay,
Rb is the ratio of the average beam radiation on the like Liu and Jordan, calculates the ratio of beam radiation on
inclined surface to that on a horizontal surface an inclined surface to that on a horizontal surface from
geometrical considerations.
In general, Rb is a function of the transmittance of the An alternate means of estimating the beam component was
atmosphere. However, Liu and Jordan suggest that Rb can be proposed by Page [4]. Page developed a table of values of Rb
for five surface orientations and a range of latitudes by in-
tegrating the instantaneous direct radiation incident on in-
Monthly-average refers to the average conditions which occur for a par-
clined and horizontal surfaces over an average day. The in-
ticular month over a long term, such as ten or more years. stantaneous direct radiation intensities were obtained from a
standard radiation curve representative of tropical conditions.
Contributed by the Solar Energy Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF
SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING. Manuscript received by the Solar Energy Division A comparison of values of Rb obtained using the Liu and
May 12,1980; revised manuscript received October 2,1980. Jordan and Page methods appears in reference [2]. A

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering FEBRUARY 1981, Vol. 103/29

Copyright © 1981 by ASME
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 disadvantage of Page's method (aside from its dependence on It should be noted that rSR and tss, the sunrise and sunset
a tropical reference climate) is that information is given in times, will in general differ for horizontal and inclined sur-
tabular, rather than analytical form. faces. Further, the sunrise and sunset times for beam
Collares-Pereira and Rabl [5, 6] describe an analytical radiation on an inclined surface may be different than the
method of estimating the monthly-average daily radiation corresponding values for the diffuse and ground-reflected
incident on an inclined surface between specified times of day. components.
This method can be applied to determine R if the specified If measurements of / are available, IT can be estimated by
times are sunrise and sunset. However, the equations given in separately considering the beam, diffuse, and ground-
reference [6] are not directly applicable for this purpose since reflected radiation components. Assuming diffuse and
the sunrise to sunset period for the beam component of ground-reflected radiation to be isotropic, IT can be ex-
radiation on an inclined surface may be different than that for pressed:
the diffuse or ground-reflected component. Also, expressions
1 + cos/3 \ - cos/3 \
for the time of sunrise and sunset on a surface facing east or IT=(I-Id)Rb+Id (4)
west of south are not given.
+" ( ~2 /
In this paper, a new algorithm for R is formulated for any where Id is the instantaneous diffuse radiation on a horizontal
surface orientation. Values of R calculated from this surface and Rb is the ratio of instantaneous beam radiation on
algorithm are compared with results obtained from Liu and the inclined surface to that on a horizontal surface. As shown
Jordan method (equation (2)), and with results of hourly in Duffie and Beckman [7], Rb is a geometrical variable which
calculations using 23 years of actual radiation data in each of is equal to the ratio of the cosine of the solar incidence angle
three locations. (on the inclined surface) to the cosine of the solar zenith angle.
cos0; Acosco—.B + Csina>
2 Algorithm for R (5)
cos#7 cosco — cosco.
R, the monthly-average ratio of total radiation on an in-
clined surface to that on a horizontal surface, can be found by where
integrating IT, the instantaneous (often approximated with A = cos/3 + tan0 COS7 sin/3 (6)
hourly) radiation on an inclined surface, and /, the in-
stantaneous radiation on a horizontal surface over a period of B = coscos cos/3 + tan<5 sin/3 COS7 (7)
N days. (N should be at least 300 days, corresponding to ten sin/3 sin7
years of data for each month, in order to accurately represent C = (8)
cos<t>
long-term average conditions.)
4> is the latitude (north positive)
6 is the solar declination
Day=l 7 is the surface azimuth angle (i.e., the deviation of the
R-- — (3) normal to the surface from the local meridian with the
'SS
Idt zero point being due south, east negative and west
i™ =
Day ^ li " 'SR positive)

Nomenclature

a = variable defined by equation surface to that on a horizontal

(15) / = instantaneous (or hourly) total surface
a' = variable defined by equation radiation on a horizontal t = time
(21) surface tSR = sunrise time for radiation on
A = variable defined by equation Id = instantaneous (or hourly) an inclined surface
(6) diffuse radiation on a /ss = sunset time for radiation on an
b = variable defined by equation horizontal surface inclined surface
(16) IT = instantaneous (or hourly) /3 = surface tilt from horizontal
B = variable defined by equation total radiation on an inclined 7 = surface azimuth (0 deg =
(7) surface south, 90 deg = west, 180 deg
C = variable defined by equation KT = ratio of monthly-average daily = north)
(8) total to_ extraterrestrial 8 = solar declination
d = variable defined by equation radiation (H/H0) 6j = solar incidence angle of an
(17) N = number of days sufficient to inclined surface
D = variable defined by equation represent long-term average dz = solar zenith angle
(19) radiation distributions p = ground reflectance
G = function defined by equation rd = long-term average ratio of <f> = latitude
(20) instantaneous diffuse to daily w = solar hour angle; 15 deg x
H = monthly-average daily total diffuse radiation (equation (hours from solar noon),
radiation on a horizontal (13)) afternoons positive
surface rT = long-term average ratio of o)j = sunset hour angle on a
Hd = monthly-average daily diffuse instantaneous total to daily horizontal surface (equation
radiation on a horizontal total radiation (equation (14)) (9))
surface R = ratio of monthly-average total o)SR = sunrise hour angle for beam
H0 = monthly-average daily ex- radiation on an inclined radiation on an inclined
traterrestrial radiation surface to that on a horizontal surface (equation (22))
HT = monthly-average daily total surface {HT/H) w ss = sunset hour angle for beam
radiation on an inclined Rb = ratio of monthly-average beam radiation on an inclined
surface radiation on an inclined surface (equation (23))

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 oi is the'hour angle which is 15 deg x (hours from solar setting the numerator of equation (5) to zero (corresponding
noon), afternoons positive, mornings negative) to a solar incidence angle of 90 deg) and solving for w. A
cos is the sunset hour angle, defined by equation (9). quadratic equation results, giving two values for co which must
ois = arcos( - tan0tan5) be within ±co s (the period between sunrise and sunset on a
(9)
horizontal surface). The signs of coSR and coss are affected by
The denominator of equation (3) is the product of H, the the surface orientation
monthly-average daily total radiation on a horizontal surface,
and N, the number of days. As indicated by Collares-Pereira wSR I = MINj 03S,\ arcos(AB
and Rabl [5], evaluation of the numerator of equation (3) is
facilitated by exchanging the order of the integral and the
summation. Substituting equation (4) for IT, equation (3) can + CyJA2~B2 + C2)/ (A2 + C 2 )l] (22)
be rewritten as
r'ssr - „ T /1+cos/3 \ -/1- C °S|3\~) "- lcoSRl if ( / l > 0 a n d f i > 0 ) o r ( ^ > B )

R= W
SR:
H
(10) + I wSR I otherwise
where the bars above / and Id indicate long-term average
values of these quantities obtained by summing / and Id (for a
I coss I = MINj ois,\ arcos(^45
specified time of day) over N days and then dividing by N.
Liu and Jordan [8] and Collares-Pereira and Rabl [9] have
- C\/A2-B2 + C2)/ (A2 + C 2 )l ] (23)
shown that Id and I can be related to the long-term average
daily diffuse radiation, Hd, and the daily total radiation, H,
"+ lo) ss l i f ( ^ > 0 a n d B > 0 ) o r ( / 4 > f i )
through the following relations.

h — rdHd (11) ^ss -

I=rTH (12) I OJSS I otherwise

where
Depending on the surface orientation and time of year, the
rd = —— [ cosoi - cosco„ ] (13) sun may rise and set on an inclined surface once, twice, or not
" 24d at all. For example, a north-facing vertical surface at 45 deg N
rT= (a + bcosu)rd (14) latitude will receive no direct beam radiation (D = 0) during
January. During July, beam radiation will rise on this north-
with
facing surface at about 4:30 AM and set at 7:30 AM; it will
a = 0.409+ 0.5016 sin(c^ - 60 deg) (15) rise a second time at 4:30 PM and finally set at 7:30 PM. In
b = 0.6609 - 0.4767 sin(co, - 60 deg) (16) this case, D is found to be 0.074 by summing the radiation
incident on the surface during the morning and afternoon
7T
d=smois (17) periods, as indicated in equation (19). If this surface were
180- co.cosco. facing south, rather than north, it would be irradiated by
Substitution of equations (11) through (17) into equation (10) direct beam radiation from 7:30 AM to 4:30 PM in July and D
and integration over the period(s) between sunrise and sunset would be 0.19. The algorithm given by equations (18) through
results in the following relation for R. (23) will result in an appropriate value of R in all of these
situations. In addition, the algorithm is valid for negative
,_D+£(!±3!)+,(!^-) „„ latitudes (southern hemisphere) and for surface tilts greater
than 90° or less than 0 deg.
where A simpler algorithm can be derived for surfaces oriented
directly toward the equator (in the northern hemisphere). In
fMAXf 0,G(«ss,«!»)) ifo) s s >w S R this case
D-- cos(<j> — (3)

MAX{0,[<7(w s s ,-a) s ) + G(a)s,coSR)]j ifw S R >w s s

R-
d cos ^ [( -^) ( s i n w ; -T^o c o ; c o s c o / )
) fl

(19) + y V"1'Too + s i n " 5 ( « W - 2 c o s a > / ) j j

+
G(w
11 C/bA
C/bA
«^)=2dK^--a^(w,-W2)T80
\ v % f(i±^)-(i^) <M»
where
+ {a'A— 65)(sino) 1 -sin<o2)
ois = arcos( - tan(</> — /3)tan6) (25)
-a'C(cosco! -cosa> 2 )
us' = min(o)s,a!s") (26)
+ —-(sinoijcosco! -sinw 2 cosco 2 ) (In the southern hemisphere, replace (0 — /3) with (0 + /3).)

bC
(sin 2 ^! -sin 2 oj 2 )j (20)

*The quantity within the square root will be negative if the surface orien-
a' =a- (21) tation is such that the solar incidence angle is less or greater than 90 deg at all
H
times; wgR and w ss should be set to -o>s and +u$, respectively, under these
The sunrise and sunset hour angles, coSR and wss, are found by circumstances.

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 3 Results and Discussion Table 1 A values for vertical surfaces in Madison, Wis. (Lat. 43 deg N)
Y = 0° Y = + 90°
Two methods for estimating R (equation (2) and equation
K
(18)) have been described. Both algorithms rely on a number T
of assumptions concerning the long-term average
R2
*3
R
18 *2 V R
3~
R
18

distributions of radiation. Both algorithms assume that JAN 0.44 1.83 1.72 1.73 0.81 0.70 0.69 0.71
FEB 0.49 1.40 1.39 1.33 0.78 0.69 0.70 0.68
radiation is symmetrically distributed about solar noon, and •WR 0.50 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.73 0.63 0.66 0.64
*PR 0.47 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.68 0.57 0.51 0.60
that diffuse and ground-reflected radiation are isotropic. The •WY 0.51 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.65 0.55 0.57 0.59
only difference between the two algorithms is in the manner in JUN
JUL
0.53
0.55
0.41
0.43
0.42
0.45
0.42
0.45
0.64
0.65
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.55
0.58
0.59
which the beam radiation component is treated. The Liu and \UG 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.57 0.67 0.55 0.57 0.60
SEP 0.52 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.71 0.58 0.61 0.62
Jordan method assumes that Rb can be estimated as the ratio XT 0.50 1.24 1.21 1.19 0.76 0.63 0.66 0.66
of monthly-average extraterrestrial radiation on the inclined 10V 0.39 1.59 1.57 1.50 0.78 0.67 0.70 0.68
DEC 0.38 1.85 1.77 1.73 0.80 0.68 0.71 0.71
surface to that on a horizontal surface. This manner of
calculating Rb neglects the fact that the long-term average
ratio of instantaneous beam to extraterrestrial radiation
varies with the time of day, as indicated by equations (13) and
(14). The algorithm given by equation (18) uses this in-
formation. Table 2 f? values for vertical surfaces in Albuquerque N.Mex. (Lat. 35
Both algorithms require an estimate of Hd/H, the monthly- clegN)
average diffuse radiation fraction. Experimental results have Y = 0° Y = + 90°
shown that Hd/H is related to KT, the ratio of average daily K
T
total to extraterrestrial radiation. Correlations of Hd/H to
R
2 R
3 *18 R
2 V V R
18

KT have been developed by Liu and Jordan [8], Page [4], JAN 0.64 1.63 1.55 1.66 0.77 0.66 0.66 0.68
Tuller [10], Collares-Pereira and Rabl [9], and others. These FEB 0.67 1.23 1.20 1.18 0.73 0.64 0.64 0.65
1AR 0.68 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.69 0.60 0.62 0.61
correlations are not in good agreement; it is not possible at m 0.71 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.66 0.55 0.58 0.59
this time to determine which of these correlations will result in "IAY 0.73 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.63 0.51 0.56 0.57
JUN 0.74 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.62 0.50 0.55 0.56
the most reliable estimates of R. The Liu and Jordan JUL 0.70 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.62 0.47 0.55 0.56
AUG 0.70 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.65 0.50 0.56 0.58
correlation is used in the results which follow. SEP 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.55 0.60 0.60
XT 0.71 1.11 1.07 1.07 0.72 0.61 0.64 0.64
Long-term measurements of radiation data on both in- 0.67 1.54 1.48 1.47 0.76 0.66 0.67 0.67
clined and horizontal surfaces are not available in sufficient m
JEC 0.63 1.76 1.68 1.67 0.78 0.66 0.67 0.69
quantity at this time to permit an evaluation of the R
algorithms described in sections 1 and 2. Even if such data
were available, the advantage of estimating the beam
radiation component as described in section 2 would be
masked by uncertainties in the diffuse and ground-reflected Table 3 R values for vertical surfaces in Miami, Fla. (Lat. 25.8 deg N)
components. Y = 0° Y •= + 90°
The advantage of the algorithm in section 2 is best shown K
T
by comparison of the results of both algorithms with values of R
2 h R
18 R2 R
3'
R
3 R
18
R determined from numerical integration of equation (3) JAN 0.51 1.16 1.08 1.10 0.68 0.59 0.59 0.60
(which defines R). Twenty-three years of hourly radiation FEB 0.54 0.92 0.88 0.88 0.66 0.57 0.58 0.59
MAR 0.56 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.55 0.56 0.57
measurements in Madison, Wis., Albuquerque, N. Mex., and APR 0.57 0.41 0.43 0.42 0.62 0.52 0.53 0.55
Miami, Fla. were used for this purpose [11]. Quarter hour HAY 0.53 0.31 0.33 0.32 0.61 0.51 0.54 0.54
JUN 0.48 0.30 0.31 0.30 0.60 0.48 0.54 0.54
time steps were used in the integration to minimize the effect, JUL 0.50 0.30 0.32 0.31 0.60 0.48 0.54 0.54
observed by Hay, of a "poorly defined" day length. AUG
SEP
0.49
0.49
0.38
0.55
0.41
0.56
0.38
0.56
0.61
0.63
0.48
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.55
0.56
Radiation on the inclined surface was estimated using OCT 0.52 0.82 0.78 0.79 0.65 0.55 0.57 0.58
NOV 0.52 1.10 1.0? 1.04 0.67 0.58 0.58 0.60
equation (4) with the ground reflectance set to 0.2. It should DEC 0.52 1.25 1.15 1.18 0.69 0.59 0.59 0.61
be noted that only total radiation data on the horizontal
surface were available; the hourly diffuse radiation fraction,
Id/I, was estimated using the Liu and Jordan [8] correlation. the values of R computed using equation (18) are always
The hourly diffuse fraction correlation is analogous to (but closer to unity than those computed from equation (2) in all
different from) the monthly-average diffuse radiation three locations; i.e., Rls is lower than R2 during the winter
fraction. The hourly and monthly-average diffuse radiation and slightly higher during the summer. During the equinox
correlations should be related as indicated in equation (27). months (March and September), the values of R2 and RIS are
The two Liu and Jordan correlations are consistent in this nearly identical as expected since an examination of equation
manner provided that the long-term distribution (i.e., the (8) of reference [2] and equation (24) shows that the beam
relative numbers of poor, average and excellent days) of radiation component for both algorithms reduces to [cos(</> —
radiation is consistent with the Liu and Jordan distribution @)/cos4>][l-Hd/H} for surfaces facing directly toward the
given in Fig. 9 of reference [8]. equator during the equinox (5 = 0). In general, the agreement
between values of RiS and R3 is better than that between R2
and R3.
Hd _ ±*S J'SR
day-l J
'SR \ // The algorithms given by equation (2) and equation (18)
(27) both assume that radiation is symmetrically distributed about
H ~ solar noon. As a result, these algorithms result in the same
Idt values of R for surfaces facing east as they do for surfaces
d „a „y -=il J""SR
'SR
facing west. The effect of asymmetry can be seen in Tables 1-3
The alternative methods of calculating R are compared in by comparing values of ^3+ and ^3" , the values of R deter-
Tables 1, 2, and 3 (Madison, Albuquerque, and Miami) for mined by numerical integration of equation (3) for the west
vertical surfaces facing south, west, and east. (The subscripts and east facing surfaces, respectively. In all three locations,
associated with R in the column headings identify the values of ^3+ and Rj are nearly identical for November
equation used to calculate R.) For the south-facing surfaces, through March. In Albuquerque and Miami, however, there

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 are significant differences between the values of R for the east Table 4 Intermediate results in the calculation of ft
and west facing surfaces during April through October. In Y = OP Y=180° Y « 90°
both locations, values of R{ are higher than i?3+ , indicating
A Equation (6)". 0.933 -0.933 0.0
that there is more solar radiation in the morning than in the B Equation (7)~_ 0.388 -0.388 0.0
afternoon. c Equation (8)
Equation (22)]
0.0
-65.4
0.0
65.4
1.37
0
"SR
Tables 1-3 also show that, for the east and west facing U
SS Equation (23)] 65.4 -65.4 111.2
surfaces, the agreement between j?18 and i?3~ (or J?3+) is D
R
Equation (19)]
Equation (18)]
0.180
0.44
0.071
0.34
0.32
0.59
significantly better than that between R2 and R{ (or Rf) for «T HJ/m2-day] 9.72 7.57 13.0
all months in all three locations. These results indicate that the
estimation of Rb as the ratio of monthly average ex-
traterrestrial radiation on an inclined surface to that on a
horizontal surface can be significantly in error for surfaces surfaces. Also given in Table 4 are the resulting values of R
facing east or west of south. and HT, the monthly-average daily radiation on the inclined
surfaces.
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
The widespread utilization of solar energy will depend on
computationally simple, yet accurate design methods, such as The research of which this study is a part has been finan-
the /-chart [12], Solar Load Ratio [13], and utilizability [6,14] cially supported by the Department of Energy, Contract #EY-
methods. These design methods require, as input data, 76-S-02-2588.A003.
estimates of HT, the monthly-average daily radiation on
inclined surfaces. A method for calculating HT on a surface References
of any orientation is presented in this paper. This method
differs from the Liu and Jordan [1,2] method in the manner in 1 Liu, B.Y.H. and Jordan, J.C., "Daily Insolation on Surfaces Tilted
Towards the Equator," Trans. ASHRAE, 1962, pp. 526-541.
which the monthly-average beam radiation is determined; the 2 Klein, S.A., "Calculation of Monthly Average Insolation on Tilted
method presented here yields values of HT which agree more Surfaces," Solar Energy, Vol. 19, 1977, pp. 325-329.
closely with integrated hourly calculations, especially for 3 Hay, J.E., "Calculation of the Monthly Mean Solar Radiation for
surfaces facing east or west of south. Horizontal and Inclined Surfaces," Solar Energy, Vol. 23,1979, pp. 301-307.
4 Page, J.K., "The Estimation of Monthly Mean Values of Daily Total
Short-Wave Radiation on Vertical and Inclined Surfaces from Sunshine
5 Example Records for Latitudes 40° N-40"S," Proceedings of the UN Conference on New
Sources of Energy, paper no. 35/5/98, 1961.
Estimate the monthly-average daily radiation incident on 5 Collares-Pereira, M., and Rabl, A., "Derivation of Method for
vertical surfaces oriented south, north and west for July in Predicitng Long-Term Average Energy Delivery of Solar Collectors," Solar
Energy, Vol. 23,1979, pp. 223-233.
Madison, Wis. The monthly-average daily radiation on a 6 Collares-Pereira, M., and Rabl, A., "Procedure for Predicting Per-
horizontal surface, H, is 22.1 MJ/m2-day. The ground formance of Solar Collectors," Solar Energy, Vol. 23, 1979, pp. 235-253.
reflectance is 0.2. 7 Duffie, J.A., and Beckman, W.A., Solar Engineering of Thermal
The monthly-average daily extraterrestrial radiation, H0 is Processes. Wiley Interscience, 1980.
8 Liu, B.Y.H., and Jordan, R.C., "Availability of Solar Energy for Flat-
found to be 40.1 MJ/m2-day from either equation (3) or Plate Solar Heat Collection," Chapter 5, Applications of Solar Energy for
Table 1 of reference [2]. KT is the ratio H/H0 or 0.55. The Heating and Cooling of Buildings, ASHRAE GRP 170,1977.
monthly-average diffuse fraction is then 0.33 using the Liu 9 Collares-Pereira, M., and Rabl, A., "The Average Distribution of Solar
and Jordan relationship given in equation (10a) of reference Radiation - Correlations Between Diffuse and Hemisperhical and Between
Daily and Hourly Insolation Values," Solar Energy, Vol. 22, No. 2,1979.
[2]. 10 Tuller, S.E., "The Relationship Between Diffuse, Total, and Extra-
The average solar declination, 8, is 21.2 deg in July. The terrestrial Radiation," Solar Energy, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1976.
latitude, </>, is 43 deg for Madison. From equation (9), the 11 SOLMET, Hourly Solar Radiation-Surface Meteorological Observations,
sunset hour angle, ws is then 111.2 deg. From equations (15), NOAA, volume 2, TD-9724, 1979.
12 Beckman, W.A., Klein, S.A., and Duffie, J.A., Solar Heating Design,
(16), (17), and (21), a = 0.800, b = 0.289, d = 1.634, and a' Wiley-Interscience, 1977.
= 0.472. 13 Balcomb, J.D., and McFarland, R.D., "A Simple Empirical Method for
The remainder of the calculations are affected by the Estimating the Performance of a Passive Solar Heated Building of the Thermal
orientation of the surface. The calculation order, equation Storage Wall Type," Proceedings of the 2nd National Passive Solar Con-
ference, Philadelphia, Pa., Mar. 16-18, 1978.
numbers, and values of intermediate variables are sum- 14 Klein, S.A., "Calculation of Flat-Plate Collector Utilizability," Solar
marized in Table 4 for the south, north, and west facing Energy, Vol. 21, 1978, pp. 393-402.

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering FEBRUARY 1981, Vol. 103 / 33

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