International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
Estimation of Solar Irradiance on Inclined
Surfaces Facing South in Tanta, Egypt
A. Ibrahim
*
,A. A. El-Sebaii** , M. R. I. Ramadan***, S. M. El-Broullesy****
*Physics department, Faculty oI science, Tanta University, Egypt
Corresponding author: - ali02usyahoo.com
*
present address: Northern Border University/Iaculty oI science/physics department/KSA
Received: 11.04.2011 Accepted: 07.05.2011
Abstract-The purpose oI this work is to investigate a computer program by using Pascal language to estimate the solar
irradiance on inclined surIaces. The global solar irradiance on horizontal surIaces is measured Ior Tanta oI latitude (30 47) and
longitude (30 99) during the period (2008-2009). The computer program has been prepared to calculate the monthly average
daily irradiance and hourly solar irradiance on inclined surIaces Irom the measured horizontal global solar irradiance data.
Hourly diIIuse solar irradiance and the average monthly daily diIIuse solar irradiance are estimated using (Miguel et al.|9|)
correlation and (El-Sebaii and et al.|10|) correlation Ior Tanta Egypt, by using a computer programs. The method presented
can be used to estimate hourly, global, diIIuse solar radiation Ior horizontal surIaces and total solar radiation on inclined and
vertical surIaces at diIIerent orientations with greater accuracy Ior any location.
Keywords: Solar radiation, inclined surIaces, tilting angle, diIIuse radiatio, computer program
1. Introduction
A variety oI numerical models Ior calculating
the solar irradiance Ior an inclined surIace are
described and evaluated using data Ior any
location on the land. Where all the hourly
models have a common approach Ior calculating
the direct component oI the solar irradiance
there is a variety oI methods Ior calculating the
diIIuse irradiance based on the portion oI the
sky hemisphere within the Iield oI view oI the
surIace. A less signiIicant distinction between
the models is in the methods used to calculate
the amount oI radiation received as a result oI
reIlection Irom adjacent surIaces. |1|.
The hourly solar radiation data required
Ior solar energy system design evaluation and
perIormance studies is generally not available
Ior a number oI sites especially in remote
locations. As such accurate determination oI
hourly solar radiation data, is important both at
horizontal; surIaces and inclined surIaces. A
model to estimate global solar radiation using
temperature and sunshine hour data has been
developed (Chandel et al. |2|) which is used to
calculate the hourly solar radiation Data. The
hourly solar radiation has also been calculated
using Gueymard |3| daily integration approach
Irom the measured daily solar radiation data.
These two predicted hourly solar radiation data
values are compared with measured hourly
International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
19
values to test the accuracy oI the models. The
total solar radiation on the inclined surIaces and
vertical surIaces Ior diIIerent orientations, have
also been estimated. The estimated values are
Iound to be in close agreement with measured
values. The method presented can be used to
estimate hourly, global, diIIuse solar radiation
Ior horizontal surIaces and total solar radiation
on inclined and vertical surIaces at diIIerent
orientations with greater accuracy Ior any
location.
The solar radiation that reaches the outer
atmosphere is subjected to absorption, reection,
and transmission processes through the
atmosphere beIore reaching the earth`s surIace
|3|. The knowledge oI global solar radiation is
extremely important Ior the optimal design and
the prediction oI the solar energy conversion
system perIormance |4|. The calculation oI
hourly solar radiation on tilted surIaces is
important in many practical applications oI solar
energy. Usually hourly global solar radiation is
measured on a horizontal plane, while radiation
on tilted or variably orientated vertical surIaces
is calculated by means oI empirical models |5|.
To calculate inclined insolation, it is necessary to
know beam and diIIuse components. However,
as most weather stations provide only global
irradiance data on a horizontal surIace, the
diIIuse irradiance on horizontal surIace and
global irradiance on tilted surIaces are not
available Ior almost all locations in the world,
and have to be estimated Irom theoretical models
|6|.
In this paper, a computer program by
using Pascal language to estimate the solar
irradiance on inclined surIaces. The global solar
irradiance on horizontal surIaces is measured Ior
Tanta oI latitude ( 1 4 30
o
) during the period
(2008-2009). Also, the programs have been
prepared to calculate the monthly average daily
irradiance and hourly solar irradiance on inclined
surIaces Irom the measured horizontal global
solar irradiance data. The hourly diIIuse solar
irradiance and the average monthly daily diIIuse
solar irradiance will be calculated.
2. Methods of Investigation.
2.1. Measurements of global solar irradiance
In this work, the global solar irradiance
during the 12-month period Irom July 2008 to
July 2009 has been measured by using the
Epply-Precision spectral Pyranometer (E-PSP)
which is situated on the top oI Faculty oI
Science, Tanta University, Tanta oI latitude
( 1 4 30
o
).
2.2. Determination of hourly solar irradiance on
an inclined surface.
Solar hourly irradiance on an inclined
surIace (I
t
) has been calculated and plotted Ior
Tanta through the whole year (2008-2009).
Computer program using Pascal language is
prepared Ior calculating the global hourly solar
irradiance on a tilted surIace, using the
measured data oI global solar irradiance on
horizontal surIace and by using the Iollowing
equations:-
The number oI day light hours is given by,
( ) d j tan tan cos
15
2
1
- =
-
N (1)
Equation (2) represents the hourly clearness
index K
T
|7|:
o
gh
T
I
I
K = (2)
The hourly values oI beam and diIIuse
components oI solar irradiance Irom hourly
global solar irradiance have been calculated by
using Miguel et al. correlation |8,9|:
International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
20
+ - +
-
=
18 . 0
967 . 4 32 . 8 738 . 2 724 . 0
081 . 0 995 . 0
3 2
T T T
gh
d
k k k
k
I
I
>
<
. 76 . 0
, 76 . 0 21 . 0
, 21 . 0
T
T
T
k
k
k
if
if
if
(3)
The beam irradiance incident on a tilted surIace
is given as:
d gh b
I I I - = (4)
The total solar irradiance incident on a tilted
surIace is written as:
( )
d b r d d b b t
I I R R I R I I + + + = (5)
Where R
b
, R
d
, R
r
are known as conversion
Iactors Ior beam, diIIuse and reIlected
components |7|. They are given as:
z
b
R
q
q
cos
cos
= (6)
2
cos 1 b +
=
d
R (7)
+
=
2
cos 1 b
r
r
R (8)
Where r is the reIlectivity oI the ground? In this
work 2 . 0 = r .
The eIIective ratio oI solar energy incident on a
tilted surIace to that on a horizontal surIace, is
gh
t
t
I
I
R = (9)
o
gh
T
Hav
H
Kav = (10)
where
gh
H is the monthly average daily total
solar irradiance on a horizontal surIace.
The monthly average daily diIIuse
component oI solar irradiance has been
calculated by using El-Sebaii and Trabea
correlation |10||15| which is represented by the
Iollowing equation
T
gh
d
Kav
H
H
337 . 1 242 . 1 - = ,RC0.78 (11)
The monthly average daily beam irradiance can
be calculated Irom,
d gh b
H H H - = (12)
II both the diIIuse and ground-reIlected solar
irradiance are assumed to be isotropic, then, in a
manner analogous to Eq. 12, the monthly mean
solar irradiance on a tilted surIace can be
expressed as
gh r d d b b t
H R R H R H H + + = (13)
With
gh
t
av
H
H
R = (14)
where
av
R is the monthly conversion Iactor Ior
average daily total solar irradiance.
3. Discussions of Results
3.1. Determination of hourly solar irradiance on
inclined surface
Fig. 1 till Fig. 4 illustrate the variation oI
hourly values oI solar irradiance on tilted
surIaces I
t
and hourly global solar irradiance on
horizontal surIaces I
gh
with the time oI day
during the period July 2008 to July 2009.
From the results oI these Iigures, it is
evident that in January 2009 there are big
diIIerences between the values oI I
t1
and I
gh1
.
The sky is cloudy that leads to increasing the
diIIuse component which increases the values oI
I
t1
. These results agree with previous work |11,
International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
21
12|. AIter solar noon, both oI them have the
same values. In February 2009, there are Iew
diIIerences between the values oI I
t2
and I
gh2
.
AIter solar noon, both oI them have nearly the
same values. In March 2009 there are Iew
diIIerences between the values oI I
t3
and I
gh3
all
the day. In April 2009 there are Iew diIIerences
between the values oI I
t4
and I
gh4
. AIter solar
noon, both oI them have the same values. In May
and June 2009 there are some diIIerences
between the values oI hourly solar irradiance on
tilted surIaces and hourly global solar irradiance
on horizontal surIaces all the day.
It is also noticed that in July 2008,
August 2008 and July 2009 there are Iew
diIIerences between the values oI hourly solar
irradiance on tilted surIaces and hourly global
solar irradiance on horizontal surIaces. AIter
5pm, the diIIerences between these values
become large. In September 2009, there are
some diIIerences between the values oI I
t9
and
I
gh9
. AIter 5pm, both oI them have the same
values. In October and November 2008 there are
large diIIerences between the values oI hourly
solar irradiance on tilted surIaces and hourly
global solar irradiance on horizontal surIaces.
AIter 3pm there are Iew diIIerences between
these values. In December 2008, there are large
diIIerences between I
t12
and I
gh12
, while aIter
solar noon, there are some diIIerences between
the values.
Fig.1. to Fig.4, illustrate the maximum
hourly solar irradiance on a tilted surIace Iacing
south is 1152.97 Wm
-2
in March. The minimum
hourly solar irradiance on a tilted surIace Iacing
south is 223.69 Wm
-2
in December.
Also, it is clear that the solar irradiance
measurements are strongly aIIected by clouds.
SurIace measurements oI the diIIuse component
oI solar irradiance are particularly sensitive to
cloud amount. The clouds are divided into (i) a
cloudless day and (ii) an overcast morning and
an aIternoon with broken clouds. In many cloudy
days, the conditions varied throughout the day
Irom overcast in the morning, with cloud
gradually breaking up throughout the aIternoon
to the early evening when the clouds are cleared
completely.
During the overcast sky conditions, the
values oI I
gh
are small compared to the clear sky
case and almost equal to diIIuse solar irradiance,
which Iluctuates more in the clear sky case.
During the aIternoon the cloud becomes broken.
The values oI I
gh
are greater than diIIuse solar
irradiance when the sun is directly visible. When
cloud obscures the sun, however, the values oI
I
gh
are reduced and matched the diIIuse solar
irradiance. These results agree with those
reported in the literature |13|. It is also obvious
that in summer (July, August and September),
there are little diIIerences between values oI I
t
and I
gh
. During summer season, the clouds are
much less.
Finally, it is concluded that the eIIects oI
optically dense clouds on solar irradiance levels
can cause almost total reduction in the direct
component and an appreciable increase in diIIuse
component oI solar irradiance |14|.
Time of the day
08:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 04:00:00 PM
I
g
h
,
I
t
(
W
m
-
2
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
I
gh1
I
t1
I
gh2
I
t2
I
gh3
I
t3
Fig. 1: Hourly solar irradiance on tilted surIace I
t
and
global solar irradiance on horizontal surIace I
gh
with time
oI the day in winter (January-1, February-2 and March-3
oI 2009).
International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
22
Time of the day
8:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 4:00:00 PM
I
g
h
,
I
t
(
W
m
-
2
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
I
gh4
I
t4
I
gh5
I
t5
I
gh6
I
t6
Fig. 2: Hourly solar irradiance on tilted surIace I
t
and
global solar irradiance on horizontal surIace I
gh
with time
oI the day in spring (April-4, May-5 and June-6 oI 2009).
Time of the day
08:00:00 AM 10:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 02:00:00 PM 04:00:00 PM 06:00:00 PM
I
g
h
,
I
t
(
W
m
-
2
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
time vs Igh7 2008
time vs It7 2008
time vs Igh8 2008
time vs It8 2008
time vs Igh9 2008
time vs It9 2008
time vs Igh7 2009
time vs It7 2009
Fig. 3. Hourly solar irradiance on tilted surIace I
t
and
global solar irradiance on horizontal surIace I
gh
with time
oI the day in summer (July-7, August-8 and September-9
oI 2008 and July-7 oI 2009).
Time of the day
8:00:00 AM 10:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 2:00:00 PM 4:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM
I
g
h
,
I
t
(
W
/
m
2
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Igh10
It10
Igh11
It11
Igh12
It12
Fig. 4. Hourly solar irradiance on tilted surIace I
t
and
global solar irradiance on horizontal surIace I
gh
with time
oI the day in autumn (October-10, November-11 and
December-12 oI 2008).
Table 1 shows the eIIective ratio
t
R oI
solar energy incident on a tilted surIace to that
on a horizontal surIace in winter and spring.
From the results oI Table 1, it is clear that the
sunset times in January, February, March, April,
May and June are 6PM, 6PM, 7PM, 7PM, 7PM
and 7PM, respectively.
Table 2 shows the eIIective ratio oI solar
energy incident on a tilted surIace to that on a
horizontal surIace
t
R in summer and autumn. It
is obvious Irom the results oI Table 2 that the
sunset times in July, August, September,
October, November and December are 8 PM, 8
PM, 6 PM, 6 PM, 6 PM and 6 PM, respectively.
The results oI Table 1 and Table 2 indicate that
in winter and autumn, the sun leaves early an
hour or more than in summer and spring. The
numbers oI day light hours in July and August
are about 13.8 hours and the numbers oI day
light hours in October, November, December,
January and February are 11.2 hours. The day
light hours in March, April, May and June are
12.8 hours. The number oI day light hours varies
in every season because the distance between the
sun and the earth also varies. The number oI day
light hours in every month in this year has been
calculated by using Eq (1).
The monthly average clearness index
T
Kav
and Rav Ior the months Irom August 2008
to July 2009 are illustrated in Table 3.
International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
23
Table 1.
t
R (The eIIective ratio oI solar energy incident on a tilted surIace to that on a horizontal surIace)
values in winter and spring Ior a day / every month Irom Sunrise to Sunset
Winter & Spring Jan.
18
Feb.
17
Mar.
16
April
15
May
15
June
12
Time
t
R
1
t
R
2
t
R
3
t
R
4
t
R
5
t
R
6
8 AM 1.89 1.47 1.184 0.981 0.904 0.885
9 AM 1.57 1.35 1.169 1.02 0.93 0.898
10 AM 1.46 1.3 1.163 1.039 0.958 0.927
11 AM 1.41 1.14 1.16 1.048 0.972 0.941
12 noon 1.03 1.24 1.159 1.051 0.978 0.946
1 PM 0.98 0.95 1.16 0.95 0.973 0.941
2 PM 0.97 0.95 1.16 1.009 0.958 0.923
3 PM 0.97 1.03 1.159 0.95 0.927 0.888
4 PM 0.971 1.43 1.163 0.947 0.866 0.82
5 PM 2.382 1.19 1.154 0.897 0.785 0.672
6 PM - - 1.066 0.883 0.327 0.201
7 PM - - - - - -
Table 2.
t
R (The eIIective ratio oI solar energy incident on a tilted surIace to that on a horizontal surIace) values in
summer and autumn Ior a day in every month Irom sunrise to sunset
Summer & Autumn
(2008)
July
17
Aug.
16
Sep.
15
Oct.
15
Nov.
14
Dec.
10
July
17
2009
Time
t
R
7
t
R
8
t
R
9
t
R
10
t
R
11
t
R
12
t
R
7
8 AM 0.925 0.945 1.005 1.369 1.775 2.088 0.919
9 AM 0.937 0.96 1.088 1.289 1.512 1.654 0.925
10 AM 0.945 0.983 1.101 1.257 1.421 1.519 0.941
11 AM 0.96 0.999 1.106 1.243 1.384 1.465 0.954
12 noon 0.966 1.013 1.11 1.239 1.373 0.977 0.958
1 PM 0.961 1.015 1.104 1.23 1.384 1.053 0.955
2 PM 0.945 1.003 1.099 1.166 1.316 1.406 0.939
3 PM 0.912 0.979 1.088 1.15 0.979 1.312 0.905
4 PM 0.848 0.928 1.05 1.04 1.189 1.203 0.84
5 PM 0.704 0.804 0.974 0.974 0.986 2.35 0.695
6 PM 0.201 0.201 - - - - 0.201
7 PM - 0.945 - - - - 0.919
8 PM - - - - - - -
3.2. Monthly average daily solar irradiance on
tilted surfaces
Fig.5. illustrates the variation oI average
monthly daily solar irradiance on a tilted surIace,
average monthly global solar irradiance, the
average monthly oI daily beam, daily diIIuse and
reIlected component oI solar irradiance on a
tilted surIace Iacing south during a whole year in
Tanta equals the latitude oI Tanta. It is obvious
that the value oI the ground reected component
International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
24
oI solar irradiance may be neglected compared to
the beam and diIIuse components. The
maximum value oI
t
H has been obtained as
29.25 (MJ/m
2
day) during March. The minimum
value oI
t
H has been determined to be 15.54
(MJ/m
2
day) during January.
Month
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
H
d
,
H
b
,
H
r
,
H
g
h
,
H
a
v
o
,
H
t
(
M
J
m
-
2
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
H
d
H
b
H
r
H
gh
Hav
o
H
t
Fig. 5. The average monthly solar irradiance on tilted
surIace H
av
, average monthly global solar irradiance H
gh
,
the average monthly oI beam H
b
, diIIuse H
d
and reIlected
H
r
components oI solar irradiance on tilted surIace Ior the
months oI the years (2008-2009)
Table 3. The monthly average clearness
index
T
Kav and R
av
Ior the months Irom August
2008 to July 2009
Month Year
T
Kav R
av
August 2008 0.659 0.955
September 2008 0.654 1.066
October 2008 0.705 1.246
November 2008 0.761 1.474
December 2008 0.644 1.457
January 2009 0.56 1.322
February 2009 0.536 1.185
March 2009 0.796 1.173
April 2009 0.566 0.984
May 2009 0.698 0.906
June 2009 0.713 0.865
July 2009 0.689 0.886
4. Conclusions
The global solar irradiance on horizontal
surIaces has been measured. Computer programs
have been prepared to calculate the monthly
average daily solar irradiance and hourly solar
irradiance on inclined surIaces Irom the global
solar irradiance. The hourly diIIuse solar
radiation and the average monthly daily diIIuse
solar irradiance are estimated using Miguel et al.
correlation and El-Sebaii and Trabea correlation
Ior Egypt, respectively. From the obtained
results, it may be concluded that the maximum
hourly solar irradiance on a tilted surIace Iacing
south is 1152.97 Wm
-2
in March and the
minimum hourly solar radiation on a tilting
surIace Iacing south is 223.69 Wm
-2
in
December. The value oI the ground reIlected
component may be neglected compared to the
beam and diIIuse components. The maximum
value oI
t
H is 29.25 (MJ/m
2
day) during March.
The minimum value oI
t
H is 15.54 (MJ/m
2
day)
during January. Also, the eIIective ratio oI solar
energy incident on a tilted surIace to that on a
horizontal surIace and the monthly average
clearness index
T
Kav and R
av
Ior the months
Irom August 2008 to July 2009 were estimated.
Appendix A
I
o,
the extraterrestrial radiation on a
horizontal surIace Ior a period deIined by hour
angles
1
w and
2
w which deIine an hour (where
2
w is larger) |7|:
=
365
360
cos 033 . 0 1
3600 12 n
G I
sc o
p
( )
( )
-
+ - d j
w w p
w w d j sin sin
360
2
sin sin cos cos
1 2
1 2
(A1)
Where G
sc
is the solar constant (normally taken
as1367W/m
2
), n is the day oI the year
The monthly average daily
International Journal oI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
A.Ibrahim, A.El-Sebaii, M.R.I.Ramadan, S.M.El-Broullesy Author et al. ,Vol. 1, No.1, pp.18-25 ,2011
25
extraterrestrial radiation on a horizontal surIace
Hav
o
=
365
360
cos 033 . 0 1
3600 24
av
sc o
n
G Hav
p
+ d j
pw
w d j sin sin
360
2
sin cos cos
s
s
(A)
where
av
n is average day oI the month and
s
w is
the sunset hour angle, in degrees.
References
|1| J. E. Hay; D. C. McKay " Estimating Solar Irradiance
on Inclined SurIaces: A Review and Assessment oI
Methodologies, International Journal of Sustainable
Energy, Volume 3, Issue 4 & 5, 1985, Pp: 203 240.
|2| S. S. Chandel, R. K. Aggarwal and A. N. Pandey,
'New Correlation to Estimate Global Solar Radiation
on Horizontal SurIaces Using Sunshine Hour and
Temperature Data Ior Indian Sites, Solar Energy
Engineering Journal, Vol. 127, No. 3, 2005, pp. 417-
420. doi:10.1115/1.1877512
|3| C. Gueymard, 'Prediction and PerIormance
Assessment oI Mean Hourly Global Radiation,
Solar Energy, Vol. 68, No. 3, 2000, pp. 285-303.
|4| El-Sebaii A. A. and Trabea, A. A. "Estimation oI
Global Solar Radiation on Horizontal SurIaces over
Egypt", Egypt. J. Solids, Vol. (28), No. (1), (2005)
|5| M. Cucumo, A. De Rosa, V. Ferraro, D. Kaliakatsos,
V. Marinelli, Experimental testing oI models Ior the
estimation oI hourly solar radiation on vertical
surIaces at Arcavacata di Rende, Solar Energy 81
(2007) 692695.
|6| J. D. Mondol,, Y. G. Yohanis, B. Norton, Technical
Note Solar radiation modelling Ior the simulation oI
photovoltaic systems, Renewable Energy 33 (2008)
11091120.
|7| J. A. DuIIie, W. A. Beckman, solar engineering oI
thermal processes, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1980).
|8| A. M. Noorian, I. Moradi, G. A. Kamali, Evaluation
oI 12 models to estimate hourly diIIuse irradiation on
inclined surIaces, Renewable Energy 33 (2008)
14061412.
|9| De Miguel, A., Bilbao, J., Aguiar, R., Kambezidis,
H., and Negro, E. 2001. DiIIuse solar irradiance
model evaluation in the north Mediterranean belt
area. Solar Energy 70: 143-153.
|10| El-Sebaii, A.A. and Trabea, A.A. "Estimation oI
horizontal diIIuse solar radiation in Egypt, Energy
Conversion and Management 44 (2003) 24712482.
|11| A. Orsini, C. Tomasi, F. Calzolari, M. Nardino, A.
Cacciari, T. Georgiadis, Cloud cover classiIication
through simultaneous ground-based measurements oI
solar and inIrared radiation, Atmospheric Research
61 (2002) 251275.
|12| L. Gu, J. D. Fuentes, M. Garstang, J. T. da Silva, R.
Heitz, J. Sigler, H. H. Shugart, Cloud modulation oI
surIace solar irradiance at a pasture site in southern
Brazil, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 106
(2001) 117129.
|13| R. Giles Harrison, N. Chalmers, R. J. Hogan,
Retrospective cloud determinations Irom surIace
solar radiation measurements, Atmospheric Research
90 (2008) 5462.
|14| K.O. Ogunjobi, Y.J. Kim, Z. He, InIluence oI the
total atmospheric optical depth and cloud cover on
solar irradiance components, Atmospheric Research
70 (2004) 209227.
|15| A. A. El-Sebaii, F. S. Al-Hazmi, A. A. Al-Ghamdi
and S. J. Yaghmour, 'Global, Direct and DiIIuse
Solar Radiation on Horizontal and Tilted SurIaces in
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Applied Energy, Vol. 87, No.
2, 2010, pp. 568-576.
