NCERT In Short

Class:-11(sci.) Sub:-MATHS
Ch:-2 Relations
And
Functions

Example 1 If (x + 1, y – 2) = (3,1), find the values of x and y.

Solution Since the ordered pairs are equal, the corresponding elements are equal.
Therefore x + 1 = 3 and y – 2 = 1.
Solving we get x = 2 and y = 3.

Example 2 If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {r}, form the sets P × Q and Q × P. Are these two products equal?
Solution By the definition of the cartesian product,
P × Q = {(a, r), (b, r), (c, r)} and Q × P = {(r, a), (r, b), (r, c)}
Since, by the definition of equality of ordered pairs, the pair (a, r) is not equal to the pair (r, a), we
conclude that P × Q ≠ Q × P.
However, the number of elements in each set will be the same.

Example 3 Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {3,4} and C = {4,5,6}. Find

(i) A × (B ∩ C) (ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(iii) A × (B ∪C) (iv) (A × B) ∪(A × C)
Solution (i) By the definition of the intersection of two sets, (B ∩ C) = {4}.
Therefore, A × (B ∩ C) = {(1,4), (2,4), (3,4)}.

(ii) Now (A × B) = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3), (3,4)}

and (A × C) = {(1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6)}
Therefore, (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}.

(iii) Since, (B ∪C) = {3, 4, 5, 6}, we have

A × (B ∪C) = {(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5),
(3,6)}.

(iv) Using the sets A × B and A × C from part (ii) above, we obtain
(A × B) ∪(A × C) = {(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5),
(3,6)}.

Example 4 If P = {1, 2}, form the set P × P × P.

Solution We have, P × P × P = {(1,1,1), (1,1,2), (1,2,1), (1,2,2), (2,1,1), (2,1,2), (2,2,1), (2,2,2)}.

Example 5 If R is the set of all real numbers, what do the cartesian products R × R and R × R × R
represent?
Solution The Cartesian product R × R represents the set R × R={(x, y) : x, y ∈R} which represents
the coordinates of all the points in two dimensional space and the cartesian product R × R × R
represents the set R × R × R ={(x, y, z) : x, y, z ∈R} which represents the coordinates of all the points
in three-dimensional space.
Example 6 If A × B ={(p, q),(p, r), (m, q), (m, r)}, find A and B.
Solution A = set of first elements = {p, m}
B = set of second elements = {q, r}.

EXERCISE 2.1

1. If [ x
3 ]( )
2 5 1
+1 , y− = ,
3 3 3
, find the values of x and y.

2. If the set A has 3 elements and the set B = {3, 4, 5}, then find the number of elements in (A×B).
3. If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}, find G × H and H × G.
4. State whether each of the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, rewrite the
given statement correctly.
(i) If P = {m, n} and Q = { n, m}, then P × Q = {(m, n),(n, m)}.
(ii) If A and B are non-empty sets, then A × B is a non-empty set of ordered pairs (x, y) such
that x ∈A and y ∈B.
(iii) If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, then A × (B ∩ φ) = φ.
5. If A = {–1, 1}, find A × A × A.
6. If A × B = {(a, x),(a , y), (b, x), (b, y)}. Find A and B.
7. Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Verify that
(i) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C). (ii) A × C is a subset of B × D.
8. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Write A × B. How many subsets will A × B have? List them.
9. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2. If (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B, find A
and B, where x, y and z are distinct elements.
10. The Cartesian product A × A has 9 elements among which are found (–1, 0) and (0,1). Find the set
A and the remaining elements of A × A.

Example 7 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define a relation R from A to A by

R = {(x, y) : y = x + 1 }
(i) Depict this relation using an arrow diagram.
(ii) Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.
Solution (i) By the definition of the relation,
R = {(1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6)}.
The corresponding arrow diagram is shown
in Fig 2.5.
(ii) We can see that the domain ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5,}
Similarly, the range = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
and the codomain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

Example 8 The Fig 2.6 shows a relation

between the sets P and Q. Write this relation (i) in set-builder form, (ii) in roster form. What is its
domain and range?
Solution It is obvious that the relation R is “x is the square of y”. Fig 2.6
(i) In set-builder form, R = {(x, y): x is the square of y,
x ∈P, y ∈Q}
 (ii) In roster form, R = {(9, 3), (9, –3), (4, 2), (4, –2), (25, 5), (25, –5)}
The domain of this relation is {4, 9, 25}.
The range of this relation is {– 2, 2, –3, 3, –5, 5}.
Note that the element 1 is not related to any element in set P.
The set Q is the codomain of this relation.

Example 9 Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
Solution We have,
A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}.
Since n (A×B ) = 4, the number of subsets of A×B is 24. Therefore, the number of relations from A into
B will be 24.
Remark A relation R from A to A is also stated as a relation on A.

EXERCISE 2.2

1. Let A = {1, 2, 3,...,14}. Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(x, y) : 3x – y = 0, where

x, y ∈A}. Write down its domain, codomain and range
2. Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5, x is a natural number
less than 4; x, y ∈N}. Depict this relationship using roster form. Write down the domain and the
range.
3. A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}. Define a relation R from A to B by R = {(x, y): the difference
between x and y is odd; x ∈A, y ∈B}. Write R in roster form.
4. The Fig2.7 shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. Write
this relation
(i) in set-builder form (ii) roster form. What is its domain and
range?
5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}. Let R be the relation on A defined by {(a,
b): a , b ∈A, b is exactly divisible by a}.
(i) Write R in roster form
(ii) Find the domain of R
(iii) Find the range of R.
6. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by R = {(x, x + 5) : x ∈{0, 1, 2, 3, 4,5}}.
7. Write the relation R = {(x, x3) : x is a prime number less than 10} in roster form.
8. Let A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
9. Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a,b): a, b ∈Z, a – b is an integer}. Find the domain and
range of R.

Example 10 Let N be the set of natural numbers and the relation R be defined on N such that R = {(x,
y) : y = 2x, x, y ∈N}.
What is the domain, codomain and range of R? Is this relation a function?
Solution The domain of R is the set of natural numbers N. The codomain is also N. The range is the set
of even natural numbers.
Since every natural number n has one and only one image, this relation is a function.

Example 11 Examine each of the following relations given below and state in each case, giving
reasons whether it is a function or not?
(i) R = {(2,1),(3,1), (4,2)}, (ii) R = {(2,2),(2,4),(3,3), (4,4)}
(iii) R = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,4), (4,5), (5,6), (6,7)}
Solution (i) Since 2, 3, 4 are the elements of domain of R having their unique images, this
relation R is a function.
(ii) Since the same first element 2 corresponds to two different images 2 and 4, this
relation is not a function.
(iii) Since every element has one and only one image, this relation is a function.

Example 12 Let N be the set of natural numbers. Define a real valued function
f : N → N by f ( x )=2 x+1 . Using this definition, complete the table given below.

Solution The completed table is given by

Example 13 Define the function f : R → R by y= f ( x)= x 2 , x ∈R . Complete the Table given below
by using this definition. What is the domain and range of this function? Draw the graph of f .

Solution The completed Table is given below:

Domain of f ={ x : x ∈R }. Range of f ={ x 2 : x ∈R }. The graph of f is given by Fig 2.10

Example 14 Draw the graph of the function f : R → R defined by f ( x )= x 3 , x ∈R .
Solution We have
f (0)=0 , f (1)=1 , f (−1)=−1 , f (2)=8 , f (−2)=−8 , f (3)=27 , f (−3)=−27 , etc.
Therefore, f ={( x , x 3 ): x ∈ R}.
The graph of f is given in Fig 2.11.

1
Example 15 Define the real valued function f : R − {0 } → R defined by f (x)= , x ∈R − {0 } .
x
Complete the Table given below using this definition. What is the domain and range of this function?

Solution The completed Table is given by

The domain is all real numbers except 0 and its range is also all real numbers except 0. The graph of f
is given in Fig 2.12.
Example 16 Let f ( x ) = x 2 and g ( x )−2 x+1 be two real functions. Find

( f +g )( x ) , ( f − g)( x ) , ( fg )( x) , ( gf )( x ).
Solution We have,
( f +g )( x ) = x 2 +2 x+1 , ( f − g)( x) = x 2−2 x−1 ,

x2
( fg )( x ) = x 2 (2 x+1) = 2 x 3+ x 2 , () f
g
(x)=
2 x+1
,x ≠−
1
2

Example 17 Let f ( x ) = √ x and g ( x ) = x be two functions defined over the set of non-negative

real numbers. Find ( f +g )( x ) , ( f − g)( x ) , ( fg )( x) and ()f

g
( x) .

Solution We have

( f +g )( x ) = √ x + x , ( f −g )( x ) = √ x − x ,
3 1

()f
( x) = √ = x 2 , x ≠ 0
x −
2
( fg ) x = √ x ( x) = x and
g x

EXERCISE 2.3

1. Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If it is a function, determine its
domain and range.
(i) {(2,1), (5,1), (8,1), (11,1), (14,1), (17,1)}
(ii) {(2,1), (4,2), (6,3), (8,4), (10,5), (12,6), (14,7)}
(iii) {(1,3), (1,5), (2,5)}.
2. Find the domain and range of the following real functions:
(i) f ( x ) = −|x| (ii) f ( x ) = √ 9− x 2
3. A function f is defined by f ( x )=2 x – 5. Write down the values of
(i) f (0) , (ii) f (7) , (iii) f ( – 3)
4. The function ‘t’ which maps temperature in degree Celsius into temperature in degree
9c
Fahrenheit is defined by t (c )= +32.
5
Find (i) t (0) (ii) t (28) (iii) t ( – 10) (iv) The value of C, when t (C )=212 .
5. Find the range of each of the following functions.
(i) f ( x )=2 – 3 x , x ∈R , x>0
(ii) f ( x )= x 2 +2 , x is a real number.
(iii) f ( x )= x , x is a real number.
 Miscellaneous Examples

Example 18 Let R be the set of real numbers. Define the real function
f : R → R by f ( x)= x+10
and sketch the graph of this function.
Solution Here f (0)=10 , f (1)=11 , f (2)=12 ,... , f (10)=20 , etc., and
f ( – 1)=9 , f ( – 2)=8 , ... , f ( – 10)=0 and so on.
Therefore, shape of the graph of the given function assumes the form as shown in Fig 2.16.

Example 19 Let R be a relation from Q to Q defined by R = {(a,b): a,b ∈Q and a – b ∈Z}. Show that
(i) (a,a) ∈R for all a ∈Q
(ii) (a,b) ∈R implies that (b, a) ∈R
(iii) (a,b) ∈R and (b,c) ∈R implies that (a,c) ∈R

Solution (i) Since, a – a = 0 ∈Z, if follows that (a, a) ∈R.

(ii) (a,b) ∈R implies that a – b ∈Z. So, b – a ∈Z. Therefore, (b, a) ∈R
(iii) (a, b) and (b, c) ∈R implies that a – b ∈Z. b – c ∈Z. So, a – c = (a – b) + (b – c) ∈
Z. Therefore, (a,c) ∈R

Example 20 Let f = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, –1), (–1, –3)} be a linear function from Z into Z. Find f ( x ) .
Solution Since f is a linear function, f ( x )=mx+c . Also, since (1, 1), (0, – 1) ∈R,
f (1)=m+c=1 and f (0)=c=– 1 . This gives m = 2 and f ( x )=2 x – 1 .

x 2+3 x+5
Example 21 Find the domain of the function f ( x ) = .
x 2 −5 x+4

Solution Since x 2 – 5 x+4=( x – 4)( x – 1) , the function f is defined for all real numbers except at
x = 4 and x = 1. Hence the domain of f is R – {1, 4}
Example 22 The function f is defined by

⎧ 1− x , x<0
f (x) = ⎨ 1 , x=0
⎩ x +1 , x>0

Draw the graph of f ( x ) .

Solution Here, f ( x )=1 – x , x<0 , this gives
f ( – 4)=1 –( – 4)=5;
f ( – 3)=1 –( – 3)=4 ,
f ( – 2)=1 – (– 2)=3
f ( – 1)=1 – ( – 1)=2 ; etc ,
and f (1)=2 , f (2)=3 , f (3)=4
f (4)=5 and so on for f ( x )= x+1 , x>0.
Thus, the graph of f is as shown in Fig 2.17

Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 2

⎧ x 2 ,0≤ x≤3
1. The relation f is defined by f ( x ) =⎨
⎩ 3 x , 3≤x≤10

⎧ x 2 , 0≤x≤2
The relation g is defined by g ( x) =⎨
⎩ 3 x , 2≤x≤10

f (1.1)− f (1)
2. If f (x )=x 2 , find .
(1.1−1)

x 2+2 x+1
3. Find the domain of the function f ( x ) = .
x 2 −8 x+12

4. Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by f ( x ) = √( x−1) .

5. Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by f ( x ) = |x−1| .

6. Let f =
[( x,
x2
1+ x) ]
: x ∈R be a function from R into R. Determine the range of f .

7. Let f , g : R→ R be defined, respectively by f ( x )= x+1 , g ( x)=2 x – 3 . Find f + g,

f
f – g and .
g

8. Let f = {(1,1), (2,3), (0,–1), (–1, –3)} be a function from Z to Z defined by f ( x )=ax+b , for
some integers a, b. Determine a, b.
9. Let R be a relation from N to N defined by R={(a ,b): a , b∈N and a=b2 } . Are the
following true?
(i) (a ,a)∈R , for all a∈N (ii) (a ,b)∈ R ,implies (b , a)∈R
(iii) (a , b)∈ R ,(b , c)∈R implies(a , c)∈ R.
Justify your answer in each case.
10. Let A ={1,2,3,4}, B = {1,5,9,11,15,16} and f = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)} Are the
following true?
(i) f is a relation from A to B (ii) f is a function from A to B.
Justify your answer in each case.
11. Let f be the subset of Z × Z defined by f =(ab , a+b): a , b∈Z . Is f a function from Z to
Z? Justify your answer.
12. Let A = {9,10,11,12,13} and let f : A→N be defined by f (n) = the highest prime factor of n.
Find the range of f .