Lesson 1: Communication, types, process, elements
COMMUNICATION
● It came from the Latin word “Communis” which means to share
● It is a process of exchanging messages, ideas, feelings, expressions, or information between
two or more people
Types of Communication
Oral or Describes any type of interaction that makes Ex. Meetings, Discussions,
Verbal use of spoken words or verbally transmitting a Speeches.
message.
Non-Verbal An integral part of communication. It is the use Ex. Facial Expressions,
of gestures, tone of voice, expressions, and Gestures, Eye Contact, Touch
body posture to send a message.
Written The exchange of information, ideas, or Ex. Emails, Text, Letters,
messages through written language. Reports, Memo
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
● Stimulus - motivates an individual to communicate with another. It may be an objective,
emotion, idea, need, or act.
● Responses - These are the reactive actions from another being on the stimulus that reached
him
● Sender -> Encoding -> Message -> Decoding -> Receiver -> Feedback
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Sender The individual who initiates interpersonal communication or message.
Message It is the information that is sent or expressed by the sender.
Channel Medium of communication that is used to convey messages such as auditory,
visual, and tactile senses.
Receiver The person to whom the message is sent.
Feedback/Effect The response the receiver has on the message that has been delivered to it.
Noise Any barrier preventing an effective communication process.
Lesson 2: Models of Communication and its types
COMMUNICATION MODEL
● A Communication Model is a pictorial representation of the communication process, ideas,
thoughts, or concepts through diagrams, etc. They can be considered to be systematic
representations of the process that help us understand how communication can be carried out.
● A process has identified elements, and to comprehend it, each of the elements must be
properly understood in themselves and in relation to other elements
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS
Linear This single-directional process occurs
(One-way when a sender passes along a message
communication without any feedback or response from
or Direct) the receiver.
Ex. TV Broadcasts, Radio Broadcasts,
Lectures, Church Services,
Letters/Memos
Interactional Characterized by a continuous cycle of
(Two-way sending and receiving messages, with
communication) each source taking turns as both sender
and receiver.
Transactional A simultaneous flow of
communication between the sender and
receiver of information. There's
overlap in the encoding and decoding
of information. While the sender is
completing a sentence the receiver is
already thinking of what to say next.
THE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
● Scholars say that this model of communication has been useful in the field, except for its
omission of an important detail and lack of provision for feedback or effect. Indeed, without
feedback or analysis of impact, we cannot confirm if the receiver understood the message or
not.
● SMCR, Lasswell’s, Shannon-Weaver, Schramm’s
1. Lasswell’s Model of Communication
● Harold Lasswell authored the Propaganda Techniques in the World War, a dissertation on the
effect of propaganda on people during World War.
● Laswell identified five common variables in the communication process. These variables are
the building blocks for his well-known statement.
● Ex. News Report, Political Speech, Advertisement, Social Media Post
★ Laswell's Key to Understanding Communication
○ Control Analysis - the study of factors that initiate and guide the act of communication to
explore issues of control.
○ Content Analysis - the study of the message
○ Channel data analysis - covers the study of how information travels. They look into radio,
press, film, and other channels of communication
○ Audience Analysis - research made on the followers of media
○ Effect Analysis - study of the impact of information related to an audience.
2. Shannon-Weavers Theory of Communication
● Known as the “Mother of All Models”
● Originally entitled Mathematical Theory of Communication, was initially a model intended
for technical communication, and was conceptualized in 1948.
★ Information source or Sender - originator of the message, selects the desired message.
★ Transmitter or Encoder - the machine that converts messages to signals like waves or binary
data. Transmits messages through cables or satellites.
★ Decoder - the reception place of the signal that converts the signal to a message that is
comfortable and understandable for the receiver.
★ Destination or Receiver - the one who gets the message
★ Noise
3. Schramm’s Model of Communication
● Schramm effectively modified the SMCR Theory when he introduced the concept that only
the shared or common information is actually communicated to another party.
● Schramm's contribution to communication theory included the concept that each person has a
field of experience that controls one's understanding of anything.
Lesson 3: Intercultural Communication
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
● It is defined as the sharing of information on different levels of awareness between people
with different cultural backgrounds.
● Communication between people of different cultures, backgrounds, or social groups.
Factors that may affect intercultural communication
Cultural Identity Values, attitudes, beliefs, and traditions a person absorbed from the place where
he was born and reared up.
Racial Identity How a person’s membership in a particular race affects how they interact with
people from other countries.
Social Class Division of society in which the person belongs. These are large group of
people who occupy a similar position in an economic system.
Gender Identity How the person sees and accepts the role of men and women in society.
○ Role Identity - part or character a person plays in his life (full-time
mom, house-husband, or employer)
Age The age group of a person belongs and the gaps created by differences in age
groups.
Religion Organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most often relate to the belief and
worship to Gods.
Clothing How people present themselves and how they dress up.
Gesture
Lesson 3: Function of Communication
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION
Regulatory or Control To control one’s action action or behavior.
Ex. Making requests, giving Orders
Social Interaction Communication between two or more individuals. It primarily aims to
establish relationships or bonds between individuals.
Motivation To encourage, persuade, or convince people to accomplish a target goal.
Information To make people aware or to share knowledge.
Emotional Interaction To express feelings and emotions to others
Lesson 4: Speech Context and Speech Styles
SPEECH CONTEXT
Speech Context Context
Where the communication happens and how the An important concept in communication. This
message is relayed throughout the whole refers to external and personal or public
communication process. People communicate considerations that help people understand the
with each other with varying numbers of true meaning of any utterance or discourse. It is
participants, channels, and contexts. the basic understanding of the situation in which
the communication takes place.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
● Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Mass, Public
1. Intrapersonal - Communication that centers on one person who acts both as speaker and
receiver.
★ 2 Types: Solo Vocal Communication & Solo Written Communication
★ Advantages:
○ It is an instrument in building and maintaining your concept of yourself.
○ It allows you to stay calm in unwanted situations
○ It helps you to think before you act or say something.
○ It can be a helpful tool for mental work.
2. Interpersonal - Direct face-to-face exchange between the speaker and the listener. A
Communication between and among people.
- Ex. Panel Discussion, Lectures, Symposium, Forum, Round Table
★ Types:
○ Dyad Communication - Between two people who engage in face-to-face interaction for
purposes of social facilitation or fulfillment or the exchange of ideas and information.
○ Small Group (5-10 people) - Usually five to ten people exchanging ideas. This form of
communication aims to solve group issues, plan, or talk about a serious topic.
3. Public - It involves communication with a large group of people. It targets a large, diverse
audience which can either be happen in a wide public setting.
- Ex. Seminars, Public Speaking events, Campaigns
4. Mass - Communication that uses media as its medium to communicate to a mass audience.
- Ex. Podcast, Radio, TV, Vlogs
SPEECH STYLES
● According to Martin Joos (1976-1956), speech style means the form of the language that the
speaker uses which characterized by the degree of formality.
Fixed Most formal style that is used in formal events, ceremonies, Ex. Miranda
or respectful situations. This style makes us use very careful Warning, Prayer,
and appropriate words, phrases or sentences that are fixed in Laws
form.
Formal Used in official and formal occasions. This makes us careful Ex. Campaigns,
and use standard speech. Legal Discussions
Consultative Means “to seek” which suggests the substance of this style. Ex. Doctor-Patient
Happens in TWO-WAY participation most operational
among other styles.
Casual Known as informal communication style. The Ex. Chat with peers
communication here is relaxed and can make use of slang
terms.
Intimate This style is used among intimate members of the family or Ex. Phrases like
friends. There is no need for long sentences or to be mindful Dear, Love,
of your grammar. Honeybunch
