Ranging Sensors
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Airraftand Avionics
Pncess(Control industry
Wcaponand Torpedo Systems
Enginefuel control
Nosewheel steering systems
Fly by wire systems
& Push reverser
Actuators for
controlling Flight as well as Engine
& Ecological control systems
11. SYNCHRO
& The synchro is a type of transducer
which transformers the angular
position of the shaft into an electric signal.
& It is used as an error detector and as a
rotary position sensor. the error
occurs in the system because of the misalignment of the shaft.
The transmitter and the control transformer are the two main
parts of the synchro.
Smnchros System Types
The synchro system is of two types. They are
1. Torque Transmission Type Synchro.
2. Control Type Synchro.
Torque Transmission Type Synchro
Ihis type of synchro is used for error detection in positional control systems. their
Systems consist two units. They are
1. Synchro Transmitter
2. Synchroreceiver
Ine synchro always works with these two [parts. The detail explanation of
yhchros transmitter and receiver is given below.
Sensors Tranda
2.48
1. Synchros Transmitter phase alternator.
syehnns
Their constrnction is similar
is made of stecl to the
for rducing
three The
the ion losses. The statoe is slotle
siatÛr
housing the thre phase windings. The axis ofthe stator windingis kept 12r
ñ,
fnom cach other.
Stator
Slip
Rings
Rotor
Coil
Stator
Winding
Fig. 2.33.
transmitter and it is expressed ax
TheAC voltage is applied to the rotor of the
V, = V2 sin @ct
voltage
where V, rms value of rotor
carrier frequency
R2 o
240° +OR
R O
Fig. 2.34. Synchros Transmitter
Ranging Sensors 2.49
O
the stator windings are connected in star. The rotor offtthe synchros is
NSS
-hane. and a concentric coil is wound on it. The AC voltage is applied
the help of slip rings. The constructional feature of the synchros is
Synchros Control
Transmitter
Transmitter
52
S2
R
AC e()
Supply
R
S3
Fig. 2.35. Syncho Error Detector
Cansiderthe voltage is applied to the rotor of the transmitter as shown in the
voltage applied to the rotor induces the magnetizing current and an
ssing flux along its axis. The voltage is induced in the stator winding because of
emutual induction between the rotor and stator flux. The flux linked in the stator
png is equal to the cosine of the angle between the rotor and stator. The voltage
sahuced in the stator winding.
aVi, Vs V,be the voltages generated in the stator windings S,, S, and S,
spatively. The figure below shows the rotor position of the synchro transmiter.
kntor axis makes an angle 9, concerning the stator windings S,.
V,ln = k V, sin oç t cos ( + 120°)
V,), = k V, sin oc cos OR
= kV,sin oçt cos (e, + 240°)
Ie three terminals of the stator windings are
|2.50 Sensors and Trmt
240°):sin o
- V3 AV, sin (®, +
- V,,-V,in
120°) sino,t
=V3hV, sin ( +
= V,n-V,in
sin OR
V,3l k V, sin oç t
The variation in the stator terminal axis concerning the rotor is shown in
figure. oç
e(t) = *' V, cos (90° - OR +c) sin
sin @ç !
et) = *'V,sin (® -ç)
When the rotor angle becomes zero, the maximum current is produced in
stator windings S,. The zero position of the rotor is used as a reterence-
determining the rotor angular position. The output ofthe transmitter is given to st
controltransformer which is shown in above figure.
Winding of the
The current of the same and magnitude flow through the transmitter and cont
transformer of the synchros because of the circulating current, the flux is establish
transformer.
between the air gap flux of the control
the transmitter is aligned in the
The flux axis of the control transformer and
The voltage generates by the rotor of control transformer is egual nA
position.
transmitter and the controller D
cosine of the angle between the rotors of the
voltage is given as
e(t) = kV,cos sin dçt
of transmitter ad
where - angular displacement between the rotor axis
and control transfome
controller. =90° the axis between the rotor of transmitter
the roltr
perpendicular to each other. The above figure shows the zero position of
transmitter and receiver.
Consider the position of the rotor and the transmitter is changing in the
direction. An angle O deflects the rotor of the transmitter and that of the o
transformer is kept c. The total angular separation between the o
= (90°- +¢).
2.51
1Ranging Sensors
terminalvoltage of the Synchro transformer is given as
e(1) = 'V, cos (90° -0, +0) sin 0ç!
e(t) = ' V, sin (0- ) sin oç
/angular displacement between their rotor position is given as
in (®g- ) =(O-0)
the value of angular displacement in equation (1) we get
Load
.Gearing
e()
S
R1 R2
e(t)
Synchro control Synchro control AC
Transmitter Transmitter amplification
Fig. 2.36. Positional control system
el) = k V, cos sin @çt
The synchro transmitter and the control transformer together used for detecting
emor. The voltage equation shown above is equal to the shaft position of the
ars of control transformer and transmitter.
Ie eror signal is applied to the differential amplifier which gives input to the
i0 tmotor the gear of the servo motor rotates the rotor of the control transformer.
2.52 Sensors and Transd
v2VR sin a,t
e(t)
em(t) = Ks (OR- c)
error detector
Fig. 2.37. Waveformn of synchro
error detector
The figure 2.37 shows the output of the synchro which
modulated signal. The modulating wave above shown the misalignment between ta
rotor position and the carrier wave.
e(10 = (0, -c)
where K, is the error detector.
2.12. MICROSYN
One version of RVDT called 'Microsyn' is shown schematicaly i
Fig.2.38.
For the connection of exciting windings, instantaneous pole positions ir
the current directions are as shown in figure.
$ When the rotor is symmetrically positioned with respect to the poles, re
flux linking allthe windings is equal. Net output voltage is zero.
If it moves in the anti-clockwise direction slightly. the flux linking
poles marked, 's is more.
andRanging Sensors
huimin 2.53
induccdin the
Emts
than the other
corresponding sections of the output windings, are
two, causing a net output
mor
mores the opposite direction by the
in voltage. If the armature
Same amount, the output voltage is
in magnitude but has
opposite phase, One can use an exciting
vzndingofalarge number of
ampere-turms to improve
designottthe magnetics, enhances the sensitivty. Careful
sensitivity. An
armature without any
windings on it makes the unit quite robust.
Gyros ,
sensing of deviations in position, form an which require precise
microsyn. application area for the
Excitation
voltage
Output
voltage
Fig. 2.38. Schematic arrangement of Microsyn N' and 'S' signify only
instantaneous directions of magnetization due to the excitation
kiantage of Microsyn
Simplicity of design
Lower pars count
2.54
Spacc savings(unlcss a heat
sink is uscd )
SensorS and Tr,
Low noisc
Fast transient response
Low cost
Disadvantages of Microsym
Lowefficiency if input-output difference is large
*
dissipation
Low efficiency =significant heat
* May require aheat sink
step-down operations.
* Capable exclusively of
2.13. ACCELEROMETER
An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration.
the acceleration (or rate of change of velocitv) of a
acceleration, being
OWn instantaneous rest frame, is not the same as coordinate acceleration, boby
acceleration in a fixed coordinate system. For example, an accelerometer
the surface of the Earth will measure acceleration due to Earth's gravity, s
contrast, accelerometer :
upwards (by definition) of g 9.81m/s. By
at a rate of about 9.81 m/s?) will
fall (falling toward the center of the Earth
zero.
sensors is the accelerometer, a dynamic e
One of the most common inertial
range of sensing. Accelerometers are available that can n
capable of a vast
They are typically used in
acceleration in one, two, or three orthogonal axes.
three modes:
Asan inertial measurement of velocity and position; dimensis
2 or 3
As a sensor of inclination, tilt, or orientation in
referenced from the acceleration of gravity (1g=9.8m/s;
As a vibration or impact (shock) sensor.
