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27 views23 pagesOscillator
The document explains the concept of oscillators, which are electronic circuits that convert direct voltage or current into alternating voltage or current without requiring an external input signal. It discusses the differences between amplifiers and oscillators, the role of feedback in oscillation, and the conditions necessary for sustained oscillation, including the Barkhausen criteria. Various types of oscillators, such as Wien Bridge and phase shift oscillators, are also described, along with their operational principles and components.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views23 pagesOscillator
The document explains the concept of oscillators, which are electronic circuits that convert direct voltage or current into alternating voltage or current without requiring an external input signal. It discusses the differences between amplifiers and oscillators, the role of feedback in oscillation, and the conditions necessary for sustained oscillation, including the Barkhausen criteria. Various types of oscillators, such as Wien Bridge and phase shift oscillators, are also described, along with their operational principles and components.
Uploaded by
souhardyabarik0Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
|
t
F
orn
Moculs—ar oe _
OMNI Oscillator ECE nt & B m
Ibe fenicion :
An electarnic cirenit which converts ole valloge or current
fo an alternating vallnge or current (hosing sing, square, Sacotath
pulse waveshabas)) tuiticoud Tequbring any external input signal
iS called Oscittoctur,
1) Oscibtador is a application of positive feadbaci.
IP St consists of getive and passive element.
‘in) The function of an oseiltater is opposite to am wvetifier
WW) Sb LB om unstable amplifier
Compascisen between aw Amplifier and an Oscillator
4, An ammplifir produces an output signal ushose Waveform. Is
Simniler to fhe input signal whereas on oseittster produces
¥ tive waveferms of various waveshapes May be er may not
sienilare fo the input woveferm.
cane ifn i i i ignal there wilt
areplipin if there i mo inpuk sig 5
* bee of ne signal Buk oscillator produces oufput sigma
aif Bp inpuck Signal St Keeps -prducing autpicl signal so
tong od “ace, pouch supply 1S crmeated inthe kre
i Aen The additional bawer
jtcen produced righ poorer
i. wed by the external ade Souree. The $reg. of te pat
u a The freq. of the ovtfout signal of
w
is s§
ond output si one Sam f
an oseitteder is duterminnd by the passive components used
in FR Cirreunit- at
Sigqrak oukput utp
=> o>
mfput Signal
BE pee, De power
input vepul |
‘
Arepligion is the orbplication of —ve feedback ushered oscillater is
te application of tve feed baci, . @
4 5) Amplifion her a firdde goin ishuas the gainel an ogy
ig Virtualky infinite.
6) Tn an oseillstor a. porkion of ouckput's fed bade to the but
ond thereby a clases Loop is formed. Buk Tr core of con
aceplifin feedbacn moy be or moy not be present in the
cicrunk -
D. To oscilleder tre oukpuk ts atuays im phase usllr the brut but
In on oreplifion the output Some times in phore or oak Sometin,
oubet phere wit th, Input.
FT Oscilloder consvcts dee vellege to ac vallage bul amplifive doconet clo any Convoetin,
Bloc diagram of am Oseilistor :
Prt | |Frej selective | Amptitade
Neko. |e Vo
J Fesdboce
metre |
L——__—__
Sm orn Oseitletor rare are basically Jowe difererL blocks, Stree
GE mvequive ourfontke Garephituda of output SO oe need to
jrerene or anmplify the very Crd “amplitude signals, which one
inikcalty -prercnt in the etrenihhe Fir thks purpose we require
on armppbifen,. Thee arnplifcrn oops OLA possible frauencies
but in care of aseilletor We Tepuine mrty one freg. on the ewck put
side amd rence a frag. selective network (popularly Known as
the eral cirett) hears te be inhodueek in an os ciliate
Ciranik We ales necd to reste fhe outpul amplitaca So that
iA tomnoé rach the Supply Voltage, ushrich Wilh result tr
dither chipping or nenkinzantty Tht is ushy areplitrde eontrnt
Gnik is imeluded tr the reit. Lary as an oscitlater 4+us neo
input So a bordion of th output [Link] feolbacn to the
Ormplifion input trong the feedbaac nekwork . Sn Many Esciibetr
ee Selechive nthorns ab WELL OS ke abide eombred rect
a park Of the feelback network. @ é EE sihensin i
| xa Criternca -fer 9 .
am Me _Crtserea fer sustained asecttationa :
(Tre Nablage gad af a positive feadboce oomplifien ic
Ay > Av
Yo = Bay
if Aped then Ay %
Onee TRS condition i Sub in the positive feedb one crnepehificn,
arndinucns uncdamped oscillations cam be obtuirscl of the
output Immediately after connecting the necessary power
Supplies. For oseiltation to be sustained, Certain eomditions
known as the Borichausen exiterta, must be fulfitied
TRine eanditions taki) the Loop gain of tie iret must be
sal to Cor greater tion) 1, andetke phase shift ormund th
- 3 or Ov inkegreLmpukipex of 366 aaa
Cirawht must be Bro, ore SALed. Boshansenr CrETA.
Ferkbaci must be wegencrative
Te sabisfy thts condition a
given by
(@ +x)
Oscittater
coo 7
Simuasaidod Non- sinusrica,
(output ware ferm (output is Square, rectanpala,
is Simasaich) pulse, triangular ft
L Wave yn Shak
; } kaos. / Ln |
LC Feedback RCP Coystal Negative Veris tence,
Oscttteter i) oat ie Oserltator — Osexturtey
tart tey Cobpilt) (woim Briclge) ptever 0s, Tremmel. diods 0:
(tanta, ct) Ce eae ae ig (Tarot diods 08)
Rodio fra. Low or audio f74y- upto loss
Signals, 1 Vien Bridge Oscillater :
Guien brsiclye Oscillcter cirenit
Qorning Prineifale + Qt is an austio froguoncy oscillate.
TAR. ferol boc network. or frequency dodo mining mokeorn 18
series amd porallel combination of R-C. Ths is also called
elood, Lag neteoor. Trt output (22 paint’b)) of the feadbaa
motor is cormected to the on -inverting input of -tke GP-Armp.
This frovidls +VO fesclbaeee Fo the armelifivr input. The oukfouk
of tia OP- AMP iS conmected to fhe injeut of tke feedbacn
metoor 4-2 at punt B!, ishich panies -ve feodbac to the
cirett. The OP-AHP 18 an non-inverting armnpplrfiere, beeaure
the inverting input i> cormected to grrunk (ob es) Hrmgt
aresistamce. Ry amd Input Voltage is ofapptiaak to the anon nver-
Hg ‘mjouk wich i& alro the output af feclbacn netwonk.
Rosistames_Q iS The Feedba Tesi stamee of tha Sep OP- Amb.
The feralbace ondfevore “Panided 0° or 360) prare Aifference
amd of-Amp vse vdaoduce. 0° phase change: So the overall
phase inteducedl b hott the armfelifion ama faclboel. reduoore,
is of or 360: Thus Boxkhauser condition 1s establishad amc
Custainad osetlaton Stated in the ckrewtt
Whom tha power Siypfely is suitehsd on tix chreuit
ny) thpn He Eade ls bolero, we_heve
DARC
Heres con urrite. tia, Condition for osciliation
os HM an 1 RHRRy
x2 RK
Asclliaticn .
i: a _ Lead Log Network circuit of Wien Brddlge _ Method Wien Bridge Oscitater
Lead Lag Networn : °
y= qr bh
' 14
ct
% = % M Fe,
ye NR :
1 No
Xt Zo :
Oo a ee ; :
2 ee eee ee
Rac + _fefoe & Re t Re.
PG Rede, Met jue" Jes Goya! FO
uirictor ovnc-domominaker by Geo we obtnin
fa Ga ove ;
yo = _ a .
7 ak oy 4 jy Ree ol 5
(a we ce OE
Indo blk numvoder ovnk honorcdnodor
Muléplyin, 3 boli
dividing by Rk Condition for Sustained Oscilletim :
ju) + | =O
Q RRA. ;
~ se l * =2 = ney
LAE gam, PMS RARE
F = ps aeteg hd ss le
Yo Ra RERamd G= CEC 3.5 Dake
Ha chditton frre Osciltation
Taring
Wy = we Mfacn
0
VRE RG * RG)
awltipeying Craring LOM of RR Gee PS obtain
Vo ® Rot
Ve Re + Rea t PS
dividing by Rb we get
Yo. I 4 Behr k eqrare
we - By Guy |
er ey
= . b= es we Vo NG Onk MLE Vout
ay Mee tee OPS ae
Vim i+ | tk :
* se pm3 ae t Hot
"Nout wae gustadnedl ggeittatt ore oe, WN
Foam dau coraition Of ee y= 3: ey
=. “pa .
AP FPS nonetwuding oP-Armp AY I+ Bin
dpa expression of
Aceanting 10 OB Bin = Ro
Fe py = DR pridlge, Ie voltage AC2ess tt,
“ue putas cmd of we
mie bridge amusd be eg uak
ao =
a RF Ry “Vo .
& = =yra
As 2, fig 3? Wy 3 %e
Me -@ =t
Ry
Ak botanaad condition, ore get
At oseittotion, it input veltage of a ow ° not Laqut to Bu
4& thy yatio fig, om ** Son thon “Than we can write
(a eam § ta reat me. shock i greater
3 S bridge is shightsy unbalancsok ano pre
Rat
forclback voltage, Vi
The roto Ap veroins ot + and the rho te Me =-
Vo oO
uk ” valtage of ferslbac arefelifive is
=> Mom (4- e)™ = “
Mis vhs Apes Aad
“thi. gjenattame dct B = ¥- r
= wafer oscillation A= Sy
Then inp
v= Mn%e Xt
Nk
hase Sift Oseitiater :
oa
Creat of phase Shift Oseittator
Working Feimeiphe |
The above. cireuik shows a phase shift ogeillader with on OP-AMP
The. foactbacn netiooris aomsists of-tiree iolentioat RC sections.
Back. section produces a phase Shift of 60. tharefore thy “ot
phat Shift of the feudbaen nehuone Is ied The cute! of the
frequency Aekuereining chreutt or fedboer nikon is carenectok
to the, invouing Input of the oP AMP. FRE arplifive “nom - |
\vercting In| is gurwndadl. So tha oomplifioris operating i
an inverting moot. osbich prnduces amolken phase & chomg 2 of
180. Tharafore. the 4otal_-phore Shi between te ‘infest oon
civeutt is 0° oF 360-This Intern soticftes Banihous~
Crridordon The cukfauck- of the oomplufine is commnoctel te thr tment
Gf the fordback mefwoork gemrating afardback path frre cudent
-toreninds Input -
tohom the gunk Supply io ON, The Cimewit is amerzisedy ard
Starts oscillation wthe oscillation. ray Start duc to minor
oe te mherent noise in OP- AMP. Then 1
Then it is fedboee tremugh
th. phase Shy network Gnd finattys applied to tke OP-ANP Input Ts
frscess confines und MAKES the Loop goin (Av) equalte unity.
B Drawbacn: UShow phase shift oscillator is ussol for variable fry.
His dippicull to adyuat only th oMLcopacitor votves sirmeablaney
An osutletor Which is more R 2. 5
i “bridge 08 wxafol for variable frog; operation 13 fe
© (2)
i haa can be analysed by mesh amobysis os
for Looe ©
‘a= 7 (R+ jae) ~ T2R
for Loop ©
0 = ape (HB) R+ ae + CDR
om 0 =~ ER + 7a (2kt jue) ~ TR
for Loop ©
f
0 = © - HR + Ts (284 She)
Akrvefore,, yy = T, (8 shoe) -ZrR+0
o=-FR + Tp (22+ 5x) - Ik @
o = 0 -RR+ (2R* ro,
onc y, = Tak —®
pubing eames mule sate 2% O and wt get S0l* for
oy Rrpe OR Vow
=k BR+ jie 0
3 =
R* soe K °
-R BR ~RK
) -R aR a
Vink
Re
Be aR
Grate) GR SE ~ ahs -R)-RO + aR'4 SS
2
R Vin
~ Re LA aR ER
QD GR ae ~ah)-8 (ae K)
2.
. RV
BR + et a 3 RE
a POC IRE GPE aR AR — Fe
2.
RY
Loekands” bot oumveat er ond clonominafer by QweFue ge
Ques) R Vin
% ~ Gwer) + 6G
God 5 OOD gta
jwe we? jure
2 32
Gwe) vin
= pn oS
Gvek)'+6Gwek)t Sjwers |
Substituding D3 in egh OD we get
VY, = TR ; 3 . 3
= “i (P88) Vin I CWE Vin
SF tk
Que Ry + 6Cywen) + swe] = [—cure ge sjwer) (weep
-@ condition for susbaimedl osciltadion is possible If te
padbock. network gives either O° ow 180 phate SME so as
fo moiee fe overall phase Shift is eguot to 0° or 360.
From gh @ ib is found that tke ogee of mumuceter Is -4.
Bo to make iL 0" or 180° the clomominater shot bo egual to
2q0-Te sobisfy this condition the vol tyrms of 426
onust be 2qguol fo 0 Ahtefore 5
|- Care =O
I eens
wo =
i , seals
Veer @ 24° DACRE
Condition fer Oscillating’
=) (wer)? ye ee) :
from 42 © No ee (oR
Vn sjwck =} (coe) Jocr(S-SER
222
_ weRrR
Tg oF R™
but wee = Yo }
~ No = “4% 2 Le aise.
“Vn 65 -K aq” 4
fezol baer fraction of RE phase shift metoome
7a:
ow Cxctone Ay-B =4.
To sobisfy Barwhoursen C oe
ped tens gee te Mept ate.
pe 24. TT Wace sate
is fq shetos a. trenaistor Harley ——f :
Oscillator using) CE emfigweation . |
} RB, Rand Re: provide the mecestany
dee bios. *
iy TR frequency dabermining cireuit
iS the psraltel Tesomance cireit
Of Ly, La and C-
iy QE UAL O singe contre babpeA
coik rating {e090 porks Ly andly
vpastend, of Hoe separcate coAL>,
iy Ome side of Ly is connected to He c
bast Vio cy, and te otha to erndter Gutput
Nia ground and C5: Sienihandy one ends Cirenit Diogram of
of Ly is connected t0 collector Via Cr and the Hoscthey Oseikiater]
Gthan te ermntton vin C3. %3 ig te bypvs capacitor necess Oy to
prevent OC dagerunation. duncriong. the opoxadion of the crplifirr.
& vhlocns dee and provid am ac pal fa0m collector to Ike
omy cexeuit!
yy kt is ndnckively couplosd lo nck eer am auromires-
fisdioonk petween Input ound output crit is acomplisha
Aries audotrnsforr action uslich alse prowidt © f
canes. F [90° This phase murvusak occurs Deees® Frey OL
Lyon. fre euk opposite ends of aie vavebo (Ly Leeming
wpe ground (E06 Conde topped feild fee =
vip Transistor vfself produces & proc sbasl of igo’, fhe f
Shitk becomes BU oT aco. thareby molding *Ve $i
high der guatoinsd os lllation.
vin Qubpub te Fomin across Ly. te gadbace is obtained farm the
teenie chroat omoh is coups to dice BOLE NAR Cy
vid ee Frequency Chowe) nactonce 18 drigh at fRe freg.
cf sgeibtstion @ St prevents relic fre ent for
q fry. curtent forms
renthers
BAe
ra DRAKE
ap Mela €£32>-
a
fone ter de powor supply. ®oIse rove den de. aod. fee gE
whe LE prevents the de. supply from shock eirerriting
sect put Va lkoge.
“he doeg,. of Oeil
whe L= lit Lot 2M
tation is goer by
_
Je ~ gafie M = anutual inductance,
Tyimeiple of opecation
“yoeiple af pee mer 1s herred oy Phe callichrean
we wis hamid oy
tis copaciter 's
Tris oScitiation
Chen
vesing amd charges capacitor C, Ghe:
sally charged , Ht discharges through b ‘
sets in. TRE freq. of oseittation Is dekermarcd by tke Comper
~ amd & Valuesy. Sn otkrweds other Vee is guectebed ON a
de cuervent Produced iw the fone circuit and emseguentty
darmbed harmonic osetlletion & A Stk Up TRE oseiltatry ot
prides an @e Votkage acress L, btwn terminals 1,3 and ©
Gn at Nolage across Lo between terminals 2,3. = Sis
cachened trary if Lis ab eve potertint wrt Bo, Bt wale &.
ak —ve_ petontiak wnt ‘Bak ter same inttanb, Thus the
Dhan difference “between these Valtages is always Igo. ce
amplifier provides further lad phase shijt-Thas (ke total phase
Shift 1s yoro. 3 te Loop gai AP of the arate Fe
equal fo 4 oseitiadion is [Link] the cireuit-
CalDilt. Oseitlater :
fy = t pevok Theory of Howkley and. Calpill Oseilteer :
The equivad rea acd
“ equine lent — of terlley o¢ CoLpi oseittator is Sh rum
refer. To anake the cateutadion si y ing
ace taken. 4 caleulehion. siveplor fhe falhouiing ass urptiins
1D The -veveese vallage retio tre of fhe trensister io meghig
amd hance. the feedback vallage souvee trrev, hor to be
in the Cpuivalent eireuit
iy The calfut cdrwillence. chee being very sreall, Sots aces
y ed
mruigtence Yoog 1 parallel ait 2 4 weg forge Heres. Iroe.
dh from the eguivatent: obreuit
meglected
eliminat
= P. =:
ewe ties be
“: tab Zo. 2
1 Ey 5,
23}
* [Link] capacihive srtactoree, axe canatechby Xi 1 Xo, and.
The cuckpuk korminols orca 223 ond te inpack berren ads ae
4243.
Loy Lo od Resistemet tr. te above clreuik the eguivalont vrpedanes,
ae in porodiel. usith nie ie danated by x!
. yx We
we ge aiitde = Eo .
dhe termnale @4@ is aguivelont
carmbination of 7 42,
ua
“The, Dood repos between B
fereshoer of Zo ir sporcalch vith the serces $RBAR Biko le
Bhie + Zs:
ae
Fa [tin 85) +273 ]
ie (242242) tA t 42S
2 [ee (Cats +4%3|
Zs % [bic Gr?s) #2%3] __
tate. (2 Zot 2) 4A Zt A
elkage gins ae, a :
ultage gorin ait feadback Using te poumce.
Ron be enpresseoh af
Ager [is he d the fave been negtectedl]
Ay=-
. he LS
Feedback. ratio bt
TR output vallage between termine @ £@
im ferms
of cusrent Z, can be Wrdben OS
\,= 2, (2+ %s)
_ State
=7 (te +s)
Yuet Sabet Sits) @
% +e oo
=,
Thi. ferdboct. ratio iA givern by B= ryt
o
share Vy 1s He fealbnele velknge to tha input terminals OF ©
y= ay
i ©
= tt ga hie
substituting egh @ 4 © :
‘ (ier Leebis)
cy MA os 7) + Jose es
Pry * Ee py (abies ag hin B73
Y tie
6 ation for Oseittatiore t
orden. to gokiofy Baxwhaustn
‘ fy ureéte
ian fer sustained ogebtlabtien mud to we
Clan ah ta) HPA
4 2%, =
1g + the apt Bat 2a) +2 Fa Za,
ay 8] ——-@
Ppt Pa) be (verge) 7S ° @
ya the genoul eye der oseiltahion .
exalt eqn te ti Hankley Osetllotyr :
°
Application of the gen
En Hontley Oseibtedor, y= jl +jeH Mh = musduah nde 4
Jy = jwly,+ jem Liddle
a L Ww > angular fre.
SU ywe we
img Tene in Ga @
Sule
i 7 , : as hae) >
daw (jot, ojo ejulztjon =e) + (jut, +JeH) Geta) H) (lege :
+ (eesdon) C ad) =°
a (tyes) rH) aye) + SC) at
; Lym) [iar 6)? ste | =O
bi hDy Y Lg:
f aH =
hie Cty thy 2m te sow
weney of Osecttation ¢ \
aE he frag of os illaivrs 18 seleewedk
a imakine) equating the tmaginony pawl of apn @ te Be
sw #0
at tame we =
Lytle 4am che FO ee
wm Lyttat 2M
~ a. Lol y * i |
oP ethane) |
we 24> ee ee @ i:
- - [Greet 24% . I
Condition for Os0ilisHion + he edition fer qusteimanh osetietion, |
: cam be obtainer Py equoking reat pork of to Bve- i
(at) C9) ae O° :
it i as
- | * Carey (er) :
x Wwe
1 2 substituting the ole of & fran 42» @® get ae
| Led F Cutter 24) G++ (Lath)
+ _ _FCartett) = Oe
' * £Cbath) (Lote)
utM
Vore> At Taw
Lith
Ayes a O
sustained os eclladton
Was ie tke condition -for 7 trey to tHe Carp use
picatdon of the generat
Tn Cakpit sedttater, 1 id
/ A> Fue, cacy
; ' > ol
‘ “2 joe, 2,
oo ledge — L \zo ——@
wey C2. =) =
wey of Oscillation. +
— The fry. of, ose Masser Con be orient,
ey aquating the rmaginory pot, 23
« Ae fo + jete #0.
ory
- Ces
o 2.2 KF = Tae, —@®
gl
“an didt suited citi +
Candide fer sustodnad OScMATCOs 2 5 soe thy condition cfer Stttained
oseistion we. havete oguoke. the yeat pant-of 2gh (i) to Bev.
clsdge 2 Lo so
wg ey 4
sub stitucking the value, of SS form GS @
we get y fal Quiet tater
by The Volos oft The freg of Le osciltolevs te Arleerained
See ami ch posamel vers They may chonge
Qulk Lome anck temperoture, Se they one 9 ao 3
freq. Quart 0 ¢ - 4 riot Suitable for byt
rts 0 erpto by hove resonant fre wener rrelodivel
const. Genveally erpsial 16 ured on the frequomeay olttuc-
: such type of ageilloter is tnlicd ergtted
oscillator. The cxystok areok is aw finely ground wofer of
quarks Stone, Wafyce OF cut fre erode quartz The
anchiod of Ctting dotovmines TR ert mokuiol aucrart
-fr29, amok ls temp: co -@ fficiont
the cress Section of & erystok is Aercagen at, When
the crypto 1s eu im SUC & WH kak ik plet surfaces
*Y ‘4
Rex -pocpenstiontan. te Ake X-o0ds (elect vical ancis) , ts
cut is anbted X- ot engsiod If Aa egstok 1s cut in such
a moy thot Lids Plok surface Oe poxpenotica Lore to Y-
te) Apis Cut Is colt Yo wt eryital L
DD ti}
moving £ Loywnrent
% engres ook crysia =
Strushure ergs ‘ ment s—_—
cagsto’ |
— pllectrica cpus
soon ble cailltin cowl vienk oe
L oseitiaders We
eu Kia to lcomie
“Ths erypto
a oskdss of Or eo
oro eoelos ure splirsh cress the tee oppos rte
oleh of © ao voltage facportiona® fe the
syste t Caonyursely shes avetlage
awl Stress
a mech
ite faces
{report mal to the
{penser
ye pple ts Ve 5
at anon Fi atret FE AR ames
ye ALL ergptels oath this fraponty are, teamed perzooleetsc sty
*
rystebs,
leelvemechaniol ¥
nivt vibration of ewpitet 1S knew
rN pki
biere eee: ccmeeieees
An allemating valluge applecal Ine erystal causerlt
at Us Nolvoal aesenarver firey. tiers the fray of dhe erys
applick ae Vallage cpus the nalurnt aexenavk frag of the
eryttal tthe aowphi vole of Vilantionn Wilt be nM TA They
Jrspuemey is a very ble quambily , fiexzoelectyin enyttals
ane usech to Stn bilige they reg of agelhoters
The equivalent electrical cireuit can be repreversed
icy vwesmoent LCR eivurit Shumted by % capaciter
Tass of
by a s y
The inductoners L Is the electrical equivatort of th
dia vinreding ergstol, Cs is ty electrical equivalent of
Ha machomieol semploncr (crecipro ol of the Spring cont.)
and resistoner R rapruents the efectrtrnt epuivotent af
ak, moshonttal fetetion. The: eopaciter Cp aeproents ths
cleekostate capacitance between the mounting ckectreder
{ vibrating. The vatues of bfs,R
and Cp clepends ar eryptel cut and Us 3ig2 and on the
moture of Virvation of th, oseittoter.
phe civet hod toe aesenont
ok 44 and 2 porodich rrasmork {729.
> crepenonl faey?=
a ic a = Ee
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