Mid bv - Answers 0 Unit-3 AW Av \ O What j : is the -fonction ag PLL? Crplain tows Hie pll S Used ar £M demModolation pon Neat diag tam Plu A pir fs anon -\ineav Feedback Seytem “Wrat prac ky “the phase of the Input Signal and minimized phase Evtor at iocal Oscillator | Block diagram of pit We RV WD | there ace trvee blocks in the pL | Vs phase detector (OV phase compariator | @ LPe (Low pass Hide) 3B: Veo Cvoitage contspile d Oscillator) per in cpvee od Fplt opee 1) Free euning mode | &) captors Range 3) Lock eange \) Eree RUNNIN Mode: pits said tobe -f-re0 Penning node: when -theve 15 00 Sip Cin ) applied 4o .-the ae ee®) cap lore Range + When ilpts applied to +he phate | detector, Hen the Veo start to change the trequency by Applying tp Voltage be veo fs Hing to Capture +o -the incoming Signal —FreQVENCY. There fog Pit is gaid -to be captore Mode 3) hock Range s- The lock Range is de-tined Q-the a pency Overs Which -tne changes +0 ip Ip Frequency ve Veo freq Cy) fs zem, Inase. Lock Range of freq | frequency and o | tren it Refets a P | sin-v =? J. ty =-by | Cor) | the Olp oF Veo change: ConmVinvovsly unit | it becorne, | equal +o the jilp Signal Frequency Cin, Shen it fs | Caled loce Made - | #LE fin ~-fv y Then sheve fs No phate diftererce tie | Ad=o ite loop fS5 IN he jock Condi-Hon | eestor i) vohen consol Voltage change, Frequency Cf oscillation chang et > whenever -the loop is +tomed “oN +then the Veo wns at the comer Frequency (to) and 4his frequency i6 now ay free soning ~frcequenty |—Pphase_deke-tion Cormpase: -the Ro-texerce Signal ile Cir) and oscillator —treqverey Olp fey), bated - | on that it generates +ne ewer siqnal ett)@) > Up tothis exwr siqnal ett) fs parsed trmooqgh (pF, LPF generate Hine erty voltage based on Ihe ew wy nay > \kos Bated on the &e¥F voitaqe, Veo can seduce Cor) fncrease —the oscillator Frequency until the oscillator frequency locke -to Aine ip frequency (Hin > fy) oundes -the lock condition —theve is No phase difference between two Signals > under np lock condition ine pil can acquire ~the lock only it she ip signal within the capture wange OF Ihe pLL capture eae? “the Cap+tore ange, then he Veo ~Swhenever Ane ilp signal (5 Within t can lock +0 Athe input signal SU's cary, tne Veo fs atveady locted +0 tne ‘lp | frequency (fin), Now MH “the ilp twequency charge, fron he Veo Will -follow hak frequency, provided | Haat the lp Frequency is within 4he lock varqe | A | ! 1 1 \ ' Thin to-Fon tea Devivacien OF fate Locke aw? ek) 7 Vott) Sle)itis used ed sigh a “negactive —Peedback System 1 Fe Mescoge iqnal trom the Modvat F oe Ste) = trecos (wet +F + ° mite] where die) = 4 \ metydt : Ske) = Ae cos (wae t 440] 30 pro define the locally qenera ted Ful rave hy Veo te wer) = aysiofivet + Ev (* yoterde) Rohe aA | kv Veo sensity | date) = Ev 6." vouerdt Constant Jove) earysin frock 4 be w)® J ett)+ ¢ [xvee)), = —hecos fie t +O) te J} eavsin [ive E44, [pers dy WOOL) = sin Coice) ~4(0))] @ This ett) fs passed hough CPF CUE) = AeAvaintchi tt) — $00) ase ze ett) ~AcAv einde tt ) Ta prea) 0 “this exroe Stgnat ett) act on loop -Piltey, pyoduce i overall Ole Volt)! © Let NLL) ~ impulse wesponse of loop -tiltex Volt) = eted#hty) ery htt) —— >| Loop Volt) Volt) = Acdv helt) AhU)L-76) “titer = Appl £:T on Vo(t) Volw) = Ac AV AAV de (vo)-HCw) |_>@ Wwe cnow that ett) S gr tt) ~dstt) beet) = diet) ev vortiae bert) =dety—p.? dy t ) EVE ReAY bett )aehtt He DitterenHate om both Sid eg ¢ | d a geht ble -evd (treay ge gnte) = So bette) ditt) - Fy AodY det) AHL) dt dt ar Apply eT on eq @) Jeo detw) = frobilee) Fv AAV eC. 4109) Jjusdhel w+ Ev cay de OS). 44.01) = jrodiCr9) be )[ino+ kv “Achy -th(w9)] = jrodi(e) Petw) = Jvod tw) Jo thy AcAY HOW) a| ees | a ky-AcaV HCW) anor aw dec) = @, (~) p+ bv Ac Av iw) ajw | Le +e) Incteas er, he oecw) decreas, | Die) oy hele) Hah, then | \4 lio) 16 Ver nis eq) 6 Sub in ea (6) | yots) =AEM. Del How) Le | votrs)=-bety [NOM src) > | yh HOM) |) Apply \nverse fouvies Tvanstoim Nort) = de be at bet) kv 4 d Lidl 4 qty)» | i ve EE mUt) volt) 45 [et rat) PU! iN Time tthe Total ime taken by the pit +o sh lock is. called poll TIME OF Lock In Time capture Tange = adie Lock Range = aBHL pange 13 Naess Compare me gthepid lock Fang ¢ establi = cap-tore A I or pi foSte fo tot Be ot ate \p aaa Capture sande > tock anne2)| Diao +the block diagram of cupes — heterodyne Peccive ardexplain each block | ayixer|earvey r RF section 1 Wien sector | | pve Sorector | | ) | ser gectto rn Gianged capacttor Torin \ al QP oo gec-Viory Ac fo detection|& RF section wn 2n~w IL consish of a pre gaector and RE —Amplitie x —5 “The pre serecto* isa broad ~tuned BPE HHh an adjuctable contrat -Pyequency Lied to vefeck onwanted Radio Frequencies hat Meant coe frequency and -to. Reduce “re mise loandwidth _scine BF Amnplitter desermines the cenctivty OF She | peceivey and predominant fac-tot in determin the noise —iaue fo the neice Recelvey | bee : Minter Ov Converter Sec-ttoy ee RRO > lb conish OF 2 Radio Feequency osciliator Clocal oscilliatod) and a minetmeme — L 6) >the choice o-f Osciliato* depends on tne Stability ond Accuracy \5 deyived L>-the Miter £5 a Non ~lineas device +o convert Radi'o Frequency to termediate Ps equencl & She State Of the envelop, the bard wid-h and -the Original Wfowmaction Contained fn ne envelop pemains unchanged although —the casey and cide band frequendes ave “translated -Fvomn Poco #equecy ~to smleamedrade -Prequency Vr secon mw aAANY > \t contis+ ofa sen ot Te -Prnplitiey ard 8p 4p achieve Wost of “the poceivey Gain ard celectivit > “the TF secon is CLUas lowes +han the pr “f pocavse lt 16 easion and les expensive 10 cenctroed ANtgn gai, Stale penpl oY for low Tregoeruy Siena _ ste. TE -Proplfleys BAL VES TikeLY to oscilliae then “inetd ef countes Port Detectton secon) AAArv nw =o convert TF signalt back +0 Oviginal source ‘afownation Ke Comp vise! several caicaded audio anpktfers and | one Commo Speakers | Loca\ oscillator feequercy CEO): | ws nn 4 me REG te jimage i iG eerie SCH fs pest Ne Oe Ne Poceivers oy ele Let vadio ~Prequercyy 15 eBook. 2 imesmediate Prequercy $5 9 Local oscilleclor ov Freq venery 16 1055412 TF = YSS EZ car lt PF =ISIOENZ + Local Oscillator losskH2 ther \ TE fe -yRstz -thevefore IN case | Pcater botin ase having, sane toca oscltia $4 Frequercy. Caselts gotval -Prequency and image —Fsequerey How +0 avoid image frequency Cr) OA wm wr rnAnv Baie lens defined ax the Sum of ~vach’e Frequercy pawice ot In-bamediate, Frequency awn ntete 1 1 Sat “To ovoid tim, Ine wadio -brequencty pve colector js Used be-fore Mining and Should elect locay osciactor Avequency wpst be. greater than" p4) Bien Reject on react! Hien, OO” Ke i 15 de-tined cu He Vaio OF gatn at the %4Na| _Prequancy due “tO qafo at—the Heo and it-fs PP oo = denoted a TFEP > of Viteape| ae 8 ae = porent 7 tim - +e | Heh Fim ae auality factor NWA aw igh ensrtintey 2 selectivity . ng ptigh adjacent channe| eojection /§ pity 16 improved Iipatah ain us 5) uritos bandwidth 15 vsed due to fied ine ened frequency Applicatiory OAS Ls pl sadio @nd tv @ecelvers opera tet on panciple oF Supes Hetero dining Method 3)| explain the qenevatfon of frequency Modita ted Siqnal using divect Method: In hie Method , the caster signal is constant ten Signal, his cawwet Signal f6 Grenevatdd woth the helpof Aank Cireit te be oscillator chrevit >the fro wave ib Generated by sing veo, ary oscillator Cheoott whose $004. Is Diveckty controlled by -Applytn 40 Modulating voitage fs Caled” yortaye contol oinato —> the Veo fs basically a Sinesoidal oscittactor having A capacitor used at a. Reactive etement In 4hfs Reactarce Modulator, he oscillator Is used -for —the Genevaton Of fveq Meduta-Horn| , the -frequency of oscijiatot 16 chang® Variations in tne peactive com “toned ciecvil! we d by incrementing vow ed in he ponene in crecvit red awe “The freq of oscilliotions fs aH) rei | oO anladee) we bnow hak Cle) = e-kem) forn O | anf4)fe -Fam(0)] anfcraisye fJ-Eema) ————fa eee aWiyauye } eto f 1 ks mt fo [' ES m Ww) =-tof \ Ake mee)} ij tats [a+ te | ac Pile) = -to[ Hep mt] [eres } Varactot Diode Modvla-tor nA Ww an ce @ ——o Modulating > | Signal m(t) & ae ov ce _pp vortioge bo’ Vp Eve de bias) 7 Hese Ane avdio frequency voltage met fs supPlying {Ip Vottoqe Ho tne vawactor diode with Ihe help of “Pranstormner —Jhis lp Voltage fs acted +o +the -Ve de biat.“thertore , te Vatactot Diede is Reverse bar by Supping —ve De Har Cormected +0 “the Ve ~kviminal of ~the Varactor Diode iLb Anis Vatactor piode [6 Reverse biased hen oni Worle Qt @ Yaxiable capaci-toY -\7he Verac-tor Diode is a semi condic-+tot Diode whose Jone-Nor capacitance 16 vasier Linearity wet 40 the Applied vorteqe “The Macthematteay Analysis 15 cd ao Wwheve, Wa) cd yatac-1o+ diode capacitarce | k= constant | Vd =Vasactot diode | Wwe pnovwd 4hat, Vd = Vo-+m(t) | —>.405 Frequency of oscilliations Gis oy = L_ Advantaq 4 AAAAY \) cheap cost Diecut desiqn Is easyDisadvant ) Oe orn Ole oscilator fs not stable DDVisowion MAY present due -to non~ linea varac-tors Mode | -Appltca-tions AAAS te is Used IN Ligh powes tn transmitter bvE Mpa = | “the othes practical -Applicoction oe use indie ct | Vevtrod 5 Discos athe Non-linear effec fr Pu aystems N ) aIndisectty Modutacted uM “Ransmitter (ov) Phase oie eas “Tyan ste “Con)-tmgtrong Ae Feary 4A Radio Receiver fs detined at tne Weather iene equipment Lohich pickt OP tne cbsived Signal, then veject; the unwanted Signal and arepli-Ff ex ne deived Signal and then Ceuodviate ne Medoete d signa) to get -the otginal a Functions Of poceiver ee wan > Rece ey seprcacter ne Message Bignal fron he Coties signal 25 LE Récnetve + actoat Signal using olP chansduce 4 _a\t ba device that conver electromagn et!C signals into Sound. Siqnalt 5 \t voll! -pmplita he Poconsteeted signal co classiticgelont Cee al @roodoat receiver “Tv. Receives . tw 7 . Communication pec elve x Radas Recoivey' ; ‘y M Broad Cast Peceiver: fs mainly vsed -for speech an Imuste signal «it ts Used Ww 104 wave, shost wave @ medivr | wave band (-Prea_ sang ex) TEM Broadcast peceivers Ht is Used fox Recelving the bread prograrnmer, Prom PM Bioadcart “Pranai-Hers, bohich I operating a4 VHF @ UNF 's WV eeceives: He fs Used “for -feleviaon broadcasting puspos: woe can use at VE £ Ute 's 4requercy ang % Communication Pecelvey Fox Recept{on OF cede, Landling telephone Ube ipacoavecever L this used tor radio dekctor, steUite ( nication communicate. lang distance Commonic: | Receives characterstics | pee ow / [-Tnese Receive chatacters C1 cere ‘de-tine he pertermran and quality ot Roctlver -theye ave 5 ~typey heetectvity she ability Of the Receiver +0 select ~jh¢ destsed signal for example peceiver) qe -oMH 2. geo hz excite sf depends an eal ge Sond cincwit Veen this Preque Here aemiz and 8-6 Miz ane very close fo 98:3MNz. “this selectivity ceiec+H he qeamHz. and reece +t “the other frea's be qeMH2 9 ag. Cmte _— aere ain ne jen I Wen lo 9 3-feq geo Ate ‘ Sensitivity : the ability of he pecever to detect the weaket siqnal and amplity | DHE clepench oni gain of roplitier stage, Penna | WE tow Aare | ler o-} tow | lAmp er E() | P aun =1D VID=10M) aatn= 011x100 | tq O joo = loo Hy ki t i \n both -#iq's @, tiga reakert Signal ie [Link] + “therfore | “ihe Peceiver can able to detect his Weakert signal | te cated ancitivity | aesimilavly qain ls More Means Sensitivity 15 More Fidelity | ony “The ability of he Receiver +o Reproduce “Path foliy OW the Frequency componen-k prey erct-in the Siqnay Chate band siqnal) | i For example Voice signal = %0N2 - Yskuz. -Audid signa) = 8017 — gobH 2ne Frequercy “Ipeceiver is able to extract au Signals yyy I the fidelity of the = ' x -g0tH 2) Receiver is high ; tnenclavity aac (eoh2 -a0 2 Of Reproduced audio siqnay Bay {ex | will allo be Ahiqh (aouz- 19kN2) -Pielityot ReXt 5 tote Et | ; 7 (aon2- aoe) | : A¥o is Hah | [Classification oF padio Peceivet RG on Of a Receives 15 to select the +5the main oncti destined station and veject all othes Stations , and > pated on ne cencinction of Becolv et Art OF AtYPe, ttuned Radio frequency (Tee) Qeceiv ef | Qsupes Heeredune (sue) Receiver ny Bocelyers Aree alto clarsitied based on Modulation | technique: US Y | hen demodutade it | | er oD-AM eocelver > SHD | b) EM pocever _p> ter SHDANS pew Quicllin ces 6 Ou a Arequercy 2 BYOrZ - ery 2 AM Bandwidth NOPZ. Hteimedia-te Frequency -Ussriz £M Consnet Freqpeney SB8OMNZ- (06 MHZ EM egandwidth :200rH Zz Ttewnediate Frequency re ): 0.9 maz.