Lec.
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Intra-oral radiographic
technique
By Enas Muhammad
Periapical radiography
Periapical radiography
The name periapical is derived from the Greek {peri} which means "around," and {apical}
which means "tip"
Indications:
1. Detection of apical infection.
2. Assessment of periodontal state after trauma to the teeth
and alveolar bone
3. Assessment of presence and position of un-erupted teeth.
4. Assessment of root morphology.
5. During endodontic.
6. Bone evaluation in pre surgical implant insertion.
There are two commonly used intra oral techniques
a/ Bisecting technique: Is the older and the easier of the two
techniques.
b/ Parallel technique: It was originally developed by MC Cormack.
The result of this technique is superior to those of bisecting one.
Theory of parallel technique
It called so because film and the tooth must be parallel to each other.
The requirements of this technique are:-
1. It requires the target object distance as long as possible and practical.
2. It requires the X-ray strike the object (tooth) and the film at right angle (90˚).
3. It requires the film to be placed in a position parallel with the plane passing
through the long axis of all teeth being examined.
The last requirement necessitates fairly wide separation of the tooth and the film,
which produce considerable distortion (magnification) if the short target – object distance
Were employed. However, the use of extended long cone of 16 inches will increase the target –
object distance and compensates for the distortion and un sharpness that result from
increasing object – film distance.
Theory of bisecting technique
1. Operator envisions an imaginary bisector of the angle formed by the long axis of the
tooth and the long axis of the film, this angle is formed where the film contacts the tooth crown.
2. Operator direct the central ray of the beam through the apex of the tooth so central ray
strikes the bisector at 90˚ , such angulations if properly employed results in a tooth
image that is exactly the length of the object.
In this technique, as a result of lack of parallelism between the tooth and the film since the
film is in contact with the tooth crown, we have all the areas below the apex of the tooth as
well as above are distorted and the degree of distortion can reduced by the use of long
Cylinder tube because the longer distance between the source of radiation and the object the
more is the parallel will be the rays.
Identification dot: It’s a round raising dot present in the corner of each film, allows rapid
and proper film orientation and placement .
The manufacturer orients the film in the packet
so that the convex side of the dot is toward the front of the packet and faces the source
of radiation. During film exposure
the film oriented to place the dot 2-3 mm away from the incisal or oclussal surface.
1. Horizontal angulation: refers to X-ray beams direction in a horizontal plane.
2. Vertical angulation: refers to X-ray beam direction in a vertical plane.
Plus vertical angulation: when the beam is tipped down ward
Minus vertical angulation: when the beam is tipped upward.
Film placement and angulations for periapical films:
The anatomical area and the apex of the tooth under investigation should be shown, as well
as 2-3mm of surrounding bone to enable an assessment of apical anatomy.
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Film placement and angulations for bitewing films:
Bitewing X-ray film used to show the inter proximal caries and visualize the
periodontal condition, in adult we need 2 bitewing film on each sides of the jaw at premolar and
molar area while in children of 12 years old we need one film on each side.
* Patient is positioned with the occlusal plane horizontal and the tab of the film
placed on the occlusal surfaces of lower teeth ask the patient to close the teeth firmly
together on the tab
the beam is aimed directly through the contact areas at right angles to
the teeth and film in horizontal plane , and at approximate 5˚ - 8˚ downward in vertical plane .
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