Bisecting angle technique
(Short cone technique)
8inch
Dr.Khoshee Salih Al.Muftee
Oral & Maxillofacial Radiologist
2024-2025
Contents
Introductions
Bisection technique theory
Indications
Advantages/Disadvantages
Surface anatomical guide for x ray beam direction
Errors
Intraoral Radiographic Technique :
Intraoral film is so named because it is placed
inside the mouth during x-ray exposure, to
examine the teeth and supporting structures
Each of these examinations has a certain purpose and requires
the use of a specific type of imaging receptor and technique
1-Periapical technique.
2-Bite-wing technique
3-Occlusal technique
A radiograph demonstrating tooth from the crown to the apex
with surrounding structures.
-There are two basic techniques for obtaining periapical radiographs:
A-Bisecting angle technique
B-Paralleling technique.
The bisecting technique(short cone) was introduced as
the original method for exposing periapical images.
Years later, the long cone paralleling technique was
introduced as an additional method and more accurate
for exposing periapical images.
to detect perapical inflammation
and infection
to assess periodontal to evaluate alveolar bone
status and teeth following trauma
to assess the root
to evaluate implant
morphology before position
extractions
to assess the presence and in endodontics
positions of un erupted
teeth
Advantages of Bisecting Technique
1- It can be used without a beam alignment device
when the anatomy of the patient (shallow palate, bony
growths) prevents the use of such a device. It may also be
used when a rubber dam is in place
2-Decreased exposure time. When a short (8-inch)
PID is used with the bisecting technique, a shorter
exposure time is recommended.
Disadvantages of Bisecting Technique
Image Distortion;distortion occurs when
a short PID(cone) is used; which is
caused an increased divergence of x-rays,
resulting in image magnification.
The bisecting technique is based on a basic geometric
technique known as the rule of isometry ;states that two
triangles are equal if they have two equal angles & share a
common side
In dental radiography; this geometric principle is applied
to the bisecting technique to form two imaginary equal
triangles.
The bisection of the angle technique is based on a
geometric principle of bisecting a triangle
(bisecting means dividing into two equal parts).
The angle formed by the long axis of the teeth
and the film is bisected, and the x-ray beam is
directed perpendicular to the bisecting line.
Angulation is a term used to describe the
alignment of the central ray of the x-ray
beam in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Angulation can be changed by moving the
PID(head tube cone) in either a horizontal
or vertical direction.
Horizontal angulation refers to the positioning of the
tube head and direction of the central ray in a
horizontal, or side-to-side, plane.
correct the central ray is directed •
perpendicular to the
horizontal
curvature of the arch and
angulation, through the contact areas
of the teeth.
. •
Incorrect Central ray direction is •
horizontal not perpendicular to
angulation the curvature of arch
A film with overlapped contact areas cannot be used
to examine the interproximal areas of the teeth
Vertical angulation refers to the positioning of the PID
in a vertical, or up-and-down, plane.
Correct vertical angulation results in a radiographic
image that is the same length as the tooth , its
obtained when the central ray perpendicular to the
bisector.
Incorrect vertical angulation results in an image
that is not the same length as the tooth being
radiographed.
The image appears either longer or shorter:
• Elongated
• Foreshortened
If the central rays ┴ to the film
=forshortening
Beam Alignment
•The beam must be centered to the film
and the area of interest to avoid
Cone cutting
Cone-cuts appear as a clear zone on
radiographs or sensors, due to the lack of
x-ray exposure to this region.
Unexposed area by the x ray=cone cutting
PROCEDURE
Patient's preparations:
1. Briefly explain the radiographic procedure to the
patient before the procedure begins
2. Position the patient upright in the dental chair.
3. Adjust the head rest to support patient's head, the
patients head must be positioned so that the arch that’s
being radiographed is parallel to the floor & the mid sagittal
plane is perpendicular to the floor.
4. Remove all objects from the patient mouth (e.g. denture,
retainer & chewing gum) and also remove eye glass.
maxillary arch Mandibular arch
Adjust the headrest in upright position (Adjust the head rest in backward position
Ala- tragus imaginary line Corner of the mouth- tragus imaginary
will be parallel with the ground line will be parallel with the ground.
Film stabilazation
Film holder Patient finger
Beam alignment devices are used to position an
intraoral receptor in the mouth and maintain it
in position during exposure
PAITIENTS FINGER HOLDING METHODE
patients index finger or thumb is used to stabilize the periapical
film.
The finger is always placed behind the film & teeth.
The patients thumb is used to position the maxillary film & the --
patient's index finger is used to stabilize the mandibular films.
The patient left hand is used for exposures on the right side of the
mouth & the right hand is used for left side.
DISADVANTIGEOUS:
-Unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient's hand.
- Excessive force to stabile the film causing the film to bend.
- The patient may allow the film to slip from its position
Film placement
The intra oral film is positioned vertically(for anterior teeth )and
horizontally (for posterior teeth)with the all-white side of the film
facing the teeth.
The identifying dot is placed at the incisal edge of the teeth.
The thumb or finger is applied to the back (colored) side of the
film at approximately the junction of the tooth with the gingiva;
this provides good support for the film and avoids film bending.
The film should extend ¼” beyond the incisal edges of the teeth.
Bisecting Angle Film Placement
The film placements below are appropriate for both
maxillary and mandibular arches.
Maxillary Canine
In many patients, especially ones with narrow maxillary arch
widths, it is difficult to align the film ideally because the top
edge of the film contacts the palate on the opposite side and
doesn’t allow enough film to register the apex of the canine. By
rotating the film into a diagonal placement, this won’t be a
problem.
Film can’t be placed
far enough into the diagonal placement
mouth (narrow arch)
Canine Horizontal Angulation
If you direct the beam perpendicular to the canine,
there will normally be overlap between the canine
and first premolar. In order to open this contact, the
horizontal angulation must be rotated posteriorly.
Try to imagine the mesial surface of the first
premolar and align the beam parallel with this
surface. (see diagram below).
Incorrect Correct
SURFACE ANATOMICAL
GUIDE FOR X-RAY BEAM
DIRECTION
Maxillary incisor
Patient positioning
La ktaab ba
range
datdaate aw
angle’aana
Vertical angle
Central incisors
Direct the central rays towards the tip of nose
Lateral incisor
Direct the central rays just lateral to the midline
2 central incisors Right 1 & 2
1 1
2 1
Maxillary canine
Direct the central rays towards the ala of the nose
Maxillary premolar
Direct the central rays toward the meeting point that
connecting two imaginary lines:
1st line runs downwards vertically from the middle orbit
2nd line runs horizontally from the ala of nose.
Direct the central rays towards the meeting point connecting
two imaginary lines:
1st line runs downwards vertically from corner of the eye
2nd line runs horizontally from the ala of nose.
Mandibular incisors
Direct the central rays towards the mentum
Mandibular canine
Direct the central rays just lateral to the midline
Mandibular premolars
Direct the central ray towards the corner of mouth
Mandibular molars
Direct the central rays to the molar teeth (i.e. lateral to the
corner of mouth)
LIGHT FILM DARK FILM Movement of Bending of film by
patient or tube the patient s finger
during exposure
Phalanx bone of the finger
Placed in between the fim
DOUBLE EXPOSURE
REVERSED FILM
THE GRID WORK (PATTERN) OF THE LEAD FOIL IS VISIBLE +LIGHT FILM)
14 PERIAPICAL + 4 BITEWING= FULL MOUTH SERIES
