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Statistics Notes

The document provides an overview of statistics at a high school level, covering types of data, measures of central tendency, range, frequency tables, and basic probability concepts. It explains qualitative and quantitative data, details on calculating mean, median, and mode, and includes examples of visual data representation such as bar charts and pie charts. Additionally, it offers handy tips for statistical calculations and an example question with solutions.

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Elsa
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30 views4 pages

Statistics Notes

The document provides an overview of statistics at a high school level, covering types of data, measures of central tendency, range, frequency tables, and basic probability concepts. It explains qualitative and quantitative data, details on calculating mean, median, and mode, and includes examples of visual data representation such as bar charts and pie charts. Additionally, it offers handy tips for statistical calculations and an example question with solutions.

Uploaded by

Elsa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📊 Statistics Notes (NMT / High School Level)

📌 1. Types of Data
●​ Qualitative (Categorical) – words, categories (e.g. hair colour, favourite food)​

●​ Quantitative (Numerical) – numbers​


➤ Discrete: whole numbers (e.g. number of siblings)​
➤ Continuous: can take any value (e.g. height, weight)​

📌 2. Measures of Central Tendency (Averages)


✅ Mean
●​ Formula:​
Mean=Sum of all valuesNumber of values\text{Mean} = \frac{\text{Sum of all values}}{\text{Number of
values}}
●​ Most commonly used average.​

●​ Sensitive to outliers.​

✅ Median
●​ Middle value when data is in order.​

●​ If even number of values, take average of two middle ones.​

●​ Better when data has outliers.​

✅ Mode
●​ The most frequent value.​

●​ Can be more than one mode (bimodal, multimodal) or no mode.​

📌 3. Range
●​ Formula:​
Range=Highest value−Lowest value\text{Range} = \text{Highest value} - \text{Lowest value}
●​ Shows spread of data.​
●​ Simple but affected by outliers.​

📌 4. Frequency Tables
Scor Frequenc
e y

1 3

2 5

3 2

●​ ​
To find mean:​
Multiply each score by its frequency, add results, divide by total frequency.​

📌 5. Grouped Frequency Tables


Class Interval Frequenc
y

0–9 4

10 – 19 6

20 – 29 10

●​ ​
Estimate the mean:​

○​ Use midpoints of intervals (e.g. midpoint of 0–9 = 4.5)​

○​ Multiply midpoint × frequency, then total and divide.​


📌 6. Bar Charts, Pie Charts & Histograms
●​ Bar Chart: shows categorical data; bars don’t touch.​

●​ Histogram: shows continuous data; bars touch.​

●​ Pie Chart:​

○​ Whole circle = 360°​

○​ To find angle:​
Angle=Category FrequencyTotal Frequency×360°\text{Angle} = \frac{\text{Category
Frequency}}{\text{Total Frequency}} \times 360°

📌 7. Probability Basics
●​ Probability of event A:​
P(A)=Number of favourable outcomesTotal number of outcomesP(A) = \frac{\text{Number of
favourable outcomes}}{\text{Total number of outcomes}}
●​ Always between 0 and 1​

●​ Mutually exclusive:​
P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)P(A \text{ or } B) = P(A) + P(B)

🧠 Handy Tips:
●​ Always show your working.​

●​ Double-check: Are your data in order before finding median?​

●​ Don’t forget units (e.g. cm, kg, °C) when interpreting real-world data.​

●​ Use a calculator for grouped data, but write your process.​

🧪 Example Question:
Q: Find the mean, median, mode and range of the following:​
3, 7, 7, 8, 10, 15, 18

Mean = (3+7+7+8+10+15+18)/7 = 68 ÷ 7 ≈ 9.71​


Median = 7​
Mode = 7​
Range = 18 – 3 = 15

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