by: LLOYD PSYCHE T.

BALTAZAR
Terminologies
Variability describes how far apart data
points lie from each other and from the
center of a distribution. Along with measures
of central tendency, measures of variability
give you descriptive statistics that
summarize your data.

Variability is also referred to as spread, scatter or

dispersion.
Terminologies

A measure of variability is a summary statistic that

represents the amount of dispersion in a dataset.

The most common measures of variability are:

▪ Range
▪ Quartile Deviation / Semi-Interquartile Range
▪ Variance
▪ Standard Deviation
▪ Coefficient of Variation
Guiding Principles in Data Interpretation

➢ The lesser the value of the measure, the more consistent,

the more homogenous and the less scattered are the
observations in the set of data.

➢If there is a large amount of variation, then on average, the

data values will be far from the mean. Hence, the standard
deviation will be large.

➢If there is only small amount of variation, then on average,

the data values will be close to the mean. Hence, the
standard deviation will be small.
Range from Ungrouped Data

The range simply measures the distance given by the

highest score and the lowest score.

➢It is the simplest and the easiest of the

measures of variability.

➢It is considered as the least satisfactory

measure of variability because it does not tell
anything about the scores between these two
extremes.
Range from Ungrouped Data
Where:
Formula: 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐿𝑠 𝑅 is the range
𝐻𝑠 is the highest score in the data set
𝐿𝑠 is the lowest score in the data set

Steps in determining the range:

1. Look for the highest score and the lowest score.

2. Subtract the lowest score from the highest score. The difference is the
range.
 Prob 2: Let us take the two sets of
Prob 1: Determine the range of the test observation:
scores of nine students in Personality Set A: 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Development Course Test. The scores
Set B: 10, 14, 14, 17, 17
are the following: 23, 41, 19, 34, 39, 45,
Find the range. Which set is more
25, 36, 40. concentrated?

Solution for Set A: Solution for Set B:

Given: Solution:
𝑅 = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐿𝑠 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐿𝑠
𝐻𝑠 = 45 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐿𝑠
𝑅 = 19 − 15 𝑅 = 17 − 10
𝐿𝑠 = 19 𝑅 = 45 − 19
𝑅=4 𝑅=7
𝑅 = 26

Since Set A has lower range value than

set b, hence, set A is more concentrated.
Prob 3: Consider the following test scores of two girls:
Kim: 17, 18, 7, 15, 14, 13
Mercy: 18, 10, 17, 11, 18, 10
Compute the range and provide an analysis.

For Kim’s Score: For Mercy’s Score:

Given: Solution: Given: Solution:

𝐻𝑠 = 18 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐿𝑠 𝐻𝑠 = 18 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐿𝑠

𝐿𝑠 = 7 𝑅 = 18 − 7 𝐿𝑠 = 10 𝑅 = 18 − 10
𝑅 = 11 𝑅=8

These ranges tell us that Kim’s score are apparently more scattered than Mercy.
Quartile Deviation from Ungrouped Data

The quartile deviation or interquartile range is the

difference between upper and lower quartiles.

➢ It is the middle half of the data. To visualize it,

think about the median value that splits the
dataset in half.

➢ The interquartile range includes the 50% of

data points that fall between Q1 and Q3.
Quartile Deviation from Ungrouped Data
Where:
Formula: 𝑄𝐷 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1 𝑄𝐷 is the quartile deviation
𝑄3 is the 3rd quartile with formula of 3n/4
𝑄1 is the 1st quartile with formula of n/4
n is the number of values in the data set

Steps in determining the quartile deviation:

1. Determine 𝑄1 and 𝑄3 from the raw scores.

2. Subtract 𝑄1 from 𝑄3 . The difference is the quartile deviation or
interquartile range.
Prob 4: Determine the interquartile Prob 5: Consider the following test
range of the test scores of seven scores of Mercy: 18, 10, 17, 11, 18, 10
students in Personality Development Compute the quartile deviation.
Course Test. The scores are the
following: 23, 19, 34, 39, 45, 25, 36. Solution:
Solution: 10, 10, 11, 17, 18, 18
19, 23, 25, 34, 36, 39, 45 𝑛 3𝑛 𝑄𝐷 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝑄1 = 𝑄3 =
4 4
𝑄1 =
𝑛 3𝑛 𝑄𝐷 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1 𝑄𝐷 = 18 − 10
𝑄3 = 𝑄1 =
6 3(6)
4 4 𝑄3 =
𝑄𝐷 = 36 − 23 4 4 𝑄𝐷 = 8
7 3(7)
𝑄1 = 𝑄3 = 𝑄1 = 1.5 𝑄3 = 4.5
4 4 𝑄𝐷 = 13
𝑄1 = 1.75 𝑄3 = 5.25 𝑄1 = 10 𝑄3 = 18
𝑄1 = 23 𝑄3 = 36
Variance from Ungrouped Data

The variance of a set of observations is the average squared

deviation or difference of the data points from their mean.

➢The sample variance is the sum of the squared

differences around the mean divided by the
sample size minus 1.

➢The population variance is the sum of the

squared differences around the population mean
divided by the population size, N.
Variance from Ungrouped Data
Formula:
Prob 6: Determine the variance (sample) of the test scores of five students in
Personality Development Course Test. The scores are the following: 34, 49, 23,
20, 19.

X ഥ)
(𝑿 − 𝑿 ഥ )𝟐
(𝑿 − 𝑿 σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑋ത = 2 ഥ )2
σ(X−X
19 -10 100 𝑛 𝑠 =
𝑛−1
20 -9 81 ത
𝑋=
19+20+23+34+49
642
23 -6 36 5 𝑠2 =
5−1
145
34 5 25 ത
𝑋=
5 𝑠 2 = 160.5
49 20 400
𝑛=5 σ(X − ഥ
X)2 = 642 𝑋ത = 29
Prob 7: Determine the variance (sample) of the salaries of 8 employees of
company ABC. The salaries are the following: ₱21500, ₱16700, ₱14000,
₱25650, ₱34500, ₱16700, ₱18000, ₱18000.

X ഥ)
(𝑿 − 𝑿 ഥ )𝟐
(𝑿 − 𝑿 σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑋ത =
21,500 868.75 754,726.56 𝑛
16,700 -3,931.25 15,454,726.56 𝑋ത =
21500+16700+14000+25650+34500+16700+18000+18000
8
14,000 -6,631.25 43,973,476.56 165,050
25,650 5,018.75 25,187,851.56
ത
𝑋=
8
34,500 13,368.75 178,723,476.60
16,700 -3,931.25
𝑋ത = ₱ 20,631.25
15,454,726.56
18,000 -2,631.25 6,923,476.56
ഥ )2
σ(X−X
18,000 -2,631.25 6,923,476.56 𝑠2 =
𝑛−1
𝑛=8 σ(X − ഥX)2 = 293,395,937.5
293,395,937.5
𝑠2 =
8−1

𝑠 2 = 41,913,705.36
Standard Deviation from Ungrouped Data

The standard deviation is the average amount of variability in your

dataset. It tells you, on average, how far each score lies from the
mean. The larger the standard deviation, the more variable the data
set is.

➢This is the only measure of variability of

scores used in inferences.

➢ We have a population standard deviation

and a sample standard deviation.
Standard Deviation from Ungrouped Data

Formula:
Prob 8: Determine the standard deviation (sample) of the test scores of five
students in Personality Development Course Test. The scores are the following:
34, 49, 23, 20, 19.

X ഥ)
(𝑿 − 𝑿 ഥ )𝟐
(𝑿 − 𝑿 σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
𝑋ത = 𝑠=
ഥ )2
σ(X−X
19 -10 100 𝑛 𝑛−1
20 -9 81 ത
𝑋=
19+20+23+34+49
23 -6 36 5 642
145 𝑠=
34 5 25 ത
𝑋= 5−1
5
49 20 400
𝑋ത = 29 𝑠 = 160.5
𝑛=5 σ(X − ഥ
X)2 = 642

𝑠 = 12.67
Prob 9: Determine the standard deviation (sample) of the salaries of 8
employees of company ABC. The salaries are the following: ₱21500, ₱16700,
₱14000, ₱25650, ₱34500, ₱16700, ₱18000, ₱18000.

X ഥ)
(𝑿 − 𝑿 ഥ )𝟐
(𝑿 − 𝑿 ഥ )2
σ(X−X
21,500 868.75 754,726.56 𝑠=
𝑛−1
16,700 -3,931.25 15,454,726.56
14,000 -6,631.25 43,973,476.56 293,395,937.5
𝑠=
25,650 5,018.75 8−1
25,187,851.56
34,500 13,368.75 178,723,476.60 𝑠= 41,913,705.36
16,700 -3,931.25 15,454,726.56
18,000 -2,631.25 6,923,476.56
𝑠 = 6,474.08
18,000 -2,631.25 6,923,476.56
𝑛=8 σ(X − ഥX)2 = 293,395,937.5

𝑋ത = ₱ 20,631.25
Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation (CV) is a statistical measure of the
dispersion of data points in a data series around the mean. The
coefficient of variation represents the ratio of the standard deviation
to the mean.

➢ This is used to express the standard

deviation as a percentage of the mean.

➢ It is used to compare two or more groups.

Coefficient of Variation
Formula:
Prob 10: Calculate the coefficient of variation of the two stocks below and
provide an interpretation of the result.

Average Price Standard Deviation

Stock A 500 15
Stock B 1000 150

For Stock A: For Stock B:

Solution: Solution:
𝑠 𝑠
𝐶𝑉 = × 100% 𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
𝑋ത 𝑋ത
15 150
𝐶𝑉 = × 100% 𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
500 1000
𝐶𝑉 = 3% 𝐶𝑉 = 15%

The prices of stock B is more scattered than that of stock A since its coefficient
of variation is at 15%.
Prob 11: Calculate the coefficient of variation of the two classes below and
provide an interpretation of the result.

Average Grade Standard Deviation

Class A 92 5
Class B 89 3.5

For Class A: For Class B:

Solution: Solution:
𝑠 𝑠
𝐶𝑉 = × 100% 𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
𝑋ത 𝑋ത
5 3.5
𝐶𝑉 = × 100% 𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
92 89
𝐶𝑉 = 5.43% 𝐶𝑉 = 3.93%

The grades of class B are more concentrated than in class A.

Prob 12: A researcher wishes to make a comparison on the variation in the
salaries of male and female employees in accounting firms. It is known that the
males’ mean salary is ₱28,450 with a standard deviation of ₱3,500 while
females’ mean salary is ₱30,000 with a standard deviation of ₱4,000. Which
group shows more variations?

For males: For females:

Solution: Solution:
𝑠 𝑠
𝐶𝑉 = × 100% 𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
𝑋ത 𝑋ത
3500 4000
𝐶𝑉 = × 100% 𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
28450 27000
𝐶𝑉 = 12.30% 𝐶𝑉 = 13.33%

From the result, it shows that females have more variations in their salaries.