Building Structural Construction N6

Module 1: Concrete

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, the student must be able to:
 Describe the materials required:
- With reference to desirable and non-desirable characteristics.
- Tests (slump test, compression test, bonding test and bulking).
- Strength development of concrete and influences of curing, water ratio and
mix ratios.
- Cube strength and permissible compressive stress.
 Describe the reinforced concrete beams.
 Describe the single direction reinforced concrete slab simply supported at both
ends with an overhang.
 Describe T-beams and L-beams of reinforced concrete simply supported at
both ends.
 Describe the reinforced concrete staircase.
 Describe the axially loaded reinforced concrete columns.
 Describe the bending schedules of beams, slabs, and columns.

1 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

1.1 Introduction

Concrete is made using sand, stones, cement and water. The mix ratios of
concrete give concrete their characteristic strength as per the building or
structural requirements. When designing a structure, it is very important to
assess the conditions that the structure will be subjected to and use the proper concrete
grade that will be able to withstand the exposure condition of where the structure will be
built on.

As the structure will be subjected to forces that it will need to withstand, engineers need
to choose with care, the materials that will be used when building the structure by
anticipating the forces that will be exerted onto it. As concrete has a low tensile
strength, it is important to reinforce concrete so that the tensile strength is increased.
We may use mild steel bars and high yield tensile steel to reinforce the concrete.

Calculations are given and SABS clauses are critical in your calculations as they will
have you choose the proper materials when designing the structure.

1.2 Types of reinforcement

Plain bar
Hot-rolled ribbed bar
Cold-worked ribbed bar
Cold-worked, high tensile, square twisted bar.

The standard bar diameters are found in Table E2 and the length for the bars
depends ultimately on the requirements and specifications for the given structure,
given by the engineers.

The preferred abbreviations for the quality of reinforcement are as follows:

R refers to round mild steel bars (characteristic strength is 250 MPa).

Y refers to high-yield steel bars (characteristic strength is 450 MPa).

2 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 When, for example, working out the bars required for a particular beam. The area
calculated will be used to assist with the diameter of the required bars. The
reading will thus be:

3R2001-250

In the above example, 3 is the number of bars, R is the type of steel, 20 refers to
the diameter of steel bars, 01 being the mark n=number and 250 being the pitch.

1.3 Concrete
1.3.1 Mix ratio

The relationship between water and cement in concrete mixing is that the
compressive strength of properly compacted concrete is determined by the
amount of water used while mixing. Water must be clean and suitable for human
consumption. It is not positive to state the exact amount of water required since
the amount needed will depend on the task for that particular time. Usually, the
amount of water mix is expressed as the ratio of the mass of cement being
present when mixing.

To make a more accurate ratio, we use the formula below:

If we are given 100 kg of cement with water: cement ratio of 0.3; the mass of
water = ratio of cement which equals 0.3 x 100 = 30kg which means 30 litres is
needed.

3 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

1.3.2 Curing of concrete
Concrete should be allowed to dry up and reach its maximum strength
accordingly. It should be protected from elements that dry it up quickly so that it
will be as strong as possible. The surface may be covered with a layer of wet
sand, sawdust or any other covering.

1.3.3 Slump test

The slump test is the measure of the concrete’s consistency as well as fluidity.
The slump test shows the overall flow and how workable the freshly mixed
concrete is. If the slump is higher, that means the mix was wetter.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzpWGrh9j6Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJMSIu7B8ko

1.3.4 Cube test

The cube test is used to check the compressive strength of concrete. Three
cubes, 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm are needed for each test conducted. They
are tested for 7 days, and at 28 days, 6 cubes will be needed for each test.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMDovAYGZbE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4RDdn6rOwU

Below are the worked examples that will assist better in designing a structure with the
given specifications:

1.4 Concrete beam design

1.4.1 The figure below shows a simple supported reinforced concrete beam with an
effective span of 5500 mm. The concrete beam is reinforced with high-yield
tensile steel reinforcement and cast with grade 25 of concrete. The density of
concrete is 2415 kg/m3.

4 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Calculate the maximum load per meter run that this simply supported beam can
hold. Consider the self-weight of the beam in your calculations.

Step 1: Calculate the area of steel in tension:

Table E2

Step 2: check minimum reinforcement:

0.74 > 0.45, therefore Sufficient Clause 4.11.4 Table 23

5 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 3: check maximum reinforcement:

4% of Ac
(450 * 240) x 0.04 = 4320

4320 > 804, therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.5.1

Step 4: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

Step 5: Calculate the maximum moment of resistance

Bmax = Clause 4.3.3.4.1

Bmax= (804) (0.87) (450) (310)
Bmax= 97.578KNm

Step 6: Calculate the total load.

6 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 7: Calculate the dead load.

Step 8: Calculate the maximum imposed load.

The maximum load per meter run is therefore 14.21 KN/m.

1.4.2 A simply supported reinforced concrete beam has an effective span of 4750 mm.
The width of the beam is 250 mm. The reinforced concrete beam has to support
a point load of 18 KN in the middle of the span and a uniformly distributed load of
12 KN/m which is distributed across the span of the reinforced concrete beam.

Use the specifics and characteristics below to determine the required

reinforcement to withstand the above-mentioned load:
- Grade 30 MPa concrete with mild-steel reinforcement
- Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
- Consider the self-weight of the beam in your calculations
- Check if the reinforcement is within clause 4.11.4
- Check if shear reinforcement is required

7 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Given:

fcu = 30 MPa

fy = 250 MPa

b = 250 mm

Pcon = 2400 kg/m3

Step 1: Determine the maximum bending moment due to the imposed load

Clause 4.3.6.2.1.

Table 10

Step 2: Determine the effective depth

8 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 3: Determine the overall depth

Assume 32 mm tension bars

Assume 10 mm links

Assume 32 mm cover

SABS 0144 Clause 6.1

SABS 0100-2 Clause 8.2

use 350 mm

Alternatively, you can assume the over to be 50 mm, and the depth shall be
346.875 mm and use 350 mm depth. Clause 5.1.2 Table 4

Step 4: Determine the design dead load

Step 5: Determine the maximum bending moment due to the design dead
load

9 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 6: Determine the total bending moment

Step 7: Determine the bending stress ratio

<

Therefore, only tension reinforcement is required. Clause 4.3.3.4.1

Step 8: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

0.231m

Step 9: Determine tension reinforcement

Use 4R25 @ 1963 mm2 Table E2

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 Step 10: Check minimum reinforcement

2.243 > 0.8 therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.4 Table 23

Step 11: Check maximum area of reinforcement

4% of Ac
(350 x 250) x 0.04 = 3500
1963 < 3500 therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.5.1

Step 12: Check shear stress (v) Clause 4.3.4.1.1

14.871 KN

Does not exceed √ Clause 4.3.4.1.1

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 Step 13: Determine maximum design shear stress

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

0.2 < 0.792 therefore, no shear reinforcement required. Clause 4.3.4.1.2.

1.4.3 The figure below shows a simply supported reinforced concrete beam with an
overall span of 5000 mm and is supported by a one-and-a-half mm brick wall.
Calculate the maximum distributed load per meter run that this simply supported
reinforced concrete beam can carry. Use grade 25 of concrete and mild steel
reinforcement and also take the density of concrete as 2400 kg/m 3.

12 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Given:
fcu = 25 MPa
fy = 250 MPa
b = 165 mm
d = 600 mm
d’ = 30 mm
l = 5000 mm
Pcon = 2400 kg/m3

Step 1: Determine the effective length

( ) ( )

13 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 2: Calculate the area in tension reinforcement

Table E2

Step 3: Check the minimum reinforcement

Therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.4 Table 23

Step 4: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

0.427 m

Step 5: Determine the maximum moment of resistance in tension.

14 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 6: Calculate the area of steel in compression reinforcement

Table E2

Step 7: Check the minimum reinforcement

Therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.4 Table 23

Step 8: Determine the maximum moment of resistance in compression

Clause 4.3.3.4.1

Step 9: Determine the total load

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 Step 10: Determine the total dead load.

Step 11: Determine the total imposed load.

The maximum distributed load per meter run is 48.398 KN/m

1.4.4 The figure below shows a simply supported reinforced concrete beam with an
effective span of 6000 mm and 250 mm wide. This beam has to support a load of
20 KN/m across the span of the beam.

Calculate the effective depth and the suitable reinforcement required, use grade
25 concrete with high-yield steel reinforcement bars and the density of 2415
kg/m3.

16 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Given:
fcu = 25 MPa
fy = 450 MPa
UDL = 20 KN/m
b = 250 mm
l = 6000 mm
Pcon = 2415 kg/m3

Step 1: Determine the effective depth

Clause 4.3.6.2.1 Table 10

Step 2: Determine the overall depth

Assume 32 mm tension bars

Assume 10 mm links

Assume 32 mm cover

17 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 SABS 0144 Clause 6.1

SABS 0100-2 Clause 8.2

use 450 mm

Alternatively, you can assume the over to be 50 mm, and the depth shall be
433 mm and use 450 mm depth. Clause 5.1.2 Table 4

Step 3: Determine the design dead load

Step 4: Determine the design-imposed load

Step 5: Determine the total design load

18 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 6: Determine the maximum bending moment

Step 7: Determine the bending stress rati

>

Provide tension and compression reinforcement. Clause 4.3.3.4.1

Step 8: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

0.291m

Step 9: Determine compression reinforcement

19 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Use 6Y12 @ 679 mm2 Table E2

Step 10: Check minimum reinforcement Clause 4.11.4

Therefore sufficient

Step 11: Determine the tension reinforcement

Use 6Y20 @ 1885 mm2

Step 12: The distance between bars

Use nominal size aggregate 13.2 mm.

Therefore, the distance is too small.

Thus, use 4Y25 bars at (As = 1963 mm2)

20 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 13: Check minimum reinforcement

` Clause 4.11.4

Therefore sufficient

Step 14: Check maximum area of reinforcement

4% of Ac
(450 x 250) x 0.04 = 4500
1963 < 4500 therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.5.1

Step 15: Check shear stress (v) Clause 4.3.4.1.1

105.594 KN

Does not exceed √ Clause 4.3.4.1.1

21 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 16: Determine maximum design shear stress

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

1.126 > 0.65 therefore, shear reinforcement required. Clause 4.3.4.1.2.

Step 17: Determine shear reinforcement

Maximum spacing 0.75d

Use spacing of 250 mm

22 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Therefore 8 mm links are not enough, use 12 mm links at 200 mm cc.
1.5.1. The figure below shows a fully dimensioned T-beam with a span of 6000 mm.

Using grade 30 concrete with high-yield steel reinforcement, calculate the

suitable tension reinforcement for the T-beam. The T-beam has to support a
dead load of 10 KN/m2 and an imposed load of 8 KN/m2. The density of concrete
is 2400 kg/m3.

Given:
fcu = 30 MPa
fy = 450 MPa
b = 1500 mm
Pcon = 2400 kg/m3

Step 1: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

23 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 { √ }

0.388 m

Step 2: Determine the neutral axis (x)

The neutral axis lies below the flange

Step 3: Determine the total design load

Step 4: Determine the maximum bending moment

Step 5: Determine tension reinforcement

24 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Use 2Y20 @942 mm2 Table E2

Step 6: Check the minimum distance between the bars

Use nominal size aggregate 19 mm. Clause 4.3.4

Thus, distance between bars sufficient. SABS 0100-2

Step 7: Check minimum reinforcement

Clause 4.11.4

Therefore sufficient

Step 8: Maximum area of reinforcement

25 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Therefore, sufficient Clause 4.11.5.1

Step 9: Check shear stress (v) Clause 4.3.4.1.1

74.4 KN

Does not exceed √ Clause 4.3.4.1.1

Step 10: Determine maximum design shear stress

26 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 ( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

0.457 < 0.595 therefore, no shear reinforcement required. Clause 4.3.4.1.2.

1.5.2. The figure below shows a simply supported T-beam. The ultimate design
moment to be resisted by this T-beam is 420 KNm.

Calculate the required tension reinforcement if Grade 25 concrete and high-yield

steel reinforcement are used.

Assume the neutral axis to be within the flange of the flanged beam.

Given:
fcu = 25 MPa
fy = 450 MPa
b = 1500 mm
Pcon = 2400 kg/m3

27 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 1: Determine bending stress ratio

Step 2: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

0.096 m

Step 3: Determine the area of steel reinforcement

Use: 4Y6 @113 mm2 with 250 cc. Table E1 Table E2

28 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

1.6.1. The simply supported reinforced L-beam is given below. The L-beam has to
support the total dead load of 8 KN/m 2 and the imposed load of 4.8 KN/m2. The
effective span of the reinforced beam is 6500 mm and grade 20 concrete with a
density of 2400 kg/m3. The beam is reinforced with high-yield steel tension bars
that have been used.

Calculate the suitable tension reinforcement required for the simply supported L-
beam.

Given:
fcu = 20 MPa
fy = 450 MPa
Pcon = 2400 kg/m3

29 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 1: Determine the design imposed load

Step 2: Determine the design dead load

Step 3: Determine the total design load

Step 4: Determine the maximum bending moment

30 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 5: Determine the bending stress ratio

Thus only tension reinforcement is required. Clause 4.3.3.4.1

Step 6: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

0.233 m

Step 7: Determine the area of steel

Use: 5Y16 @1005 mm2 Table E2

31 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 8: Check the minimum distance between the bars

Use nominal size aggregate 19 mm Clause 4.11.8

Distance between bars is sufficient SABS 0100-2

Step 9: Check minimum reinforcement Clause 4.11.4

Thus sufficient

Step 10: Check the maximum area of reinforcement

Therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.5.1

32 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 11: Check shear stress (v) Clause 4.3.4.1.1

KN

Does not exceed √ Clause 4.3.4.1.1

Step 12: Determine maximum design shear stress

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

0.55 < 0.749 therefore, shear reinforcement required. Clause 4.3.4.1.2

33 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 13: Determine shear reinforcement

Maximum spacing 0.75d

Use spacing of 250 mm

Therefore, 8 mm links are enough.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMFNXG4ODn0

1.7.1. A one-directional simply supported and reinforced concrete slab has an effective
span of 5500 mm. This slab supports a live load of 8.5 KN/m 2. Grade 25 concrete
with mild steel reinforcement was used to construct the slab. The density of 2450
kg/m3.

34 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Consider the self-weight and calculate the suitable tension and secondary
reinforcement for the given slab.

Step 1: Determine the effective depth

Clause 4.3.6.2.1 Table 10

Step 2: Determine the overall depth

Assume 32 mm tension bars

Assume 10 mm links

Assume 32 mm cover

SABS 0144 Clause 6.1

SABS 0100-2 Clause 8.2

use 400 mm

Alternatively, you can assume the over to be 50 mm and the depth shall be
393 mm and use 400 mm depth. Clause 5.1.2 Table 4

Step 3: Determine the design dead load

35 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 4: Determine the total design load

Step 5: Determine the maximum bending moment

Step 6: Determine the bending stress ratio

<

Therefore, provide tension and compression reinforcement.

Clause 4.3.3.4.1

36 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 7: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

0.267m

Step 8: Determine compression reinforcement

Use 6R20 @1885 mm2 Table E2

Step 9: Check minimum main reinforcement

Thus sufficient Clause 4.11.4 Table 23

37 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 10: Determine secondary reinforcement

Use 4Y20 @1257 mm2

1.7.2. The figure below shows a simply reinforced one-way concrete slab with an
effective span of 4000 mm. Calculate the maximum load per meter run that this
concrete slab can safely withhold if grade 25 concrete with mild steel
reinforcement of a diameter of 20 mm and 250 cc. The density of concrete is
2410 kg/m3.

Given:
fcu = 25 MPa
fy = 250 MPa
Pcon = 2410 kg/m3

38 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 L = 4000 m
d = 150 m
b = 1000 mm

Step 1: Determine area in steel reinforcement

20 mm bars at 250 centers Table E1

2
Thus, the As = 1571 mm SABS 0144

Step 2: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

172.596 m

Step 3: Determine the maximum moment of resistance

Clause 4.3.3.4.1

39 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 4 Determine the total load

Step 5: Determine the dead load

Step 6: Determine the maximum imposed load

The maximum load per meter run is thus 15.238 m2.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CqeY8v3nqo

1.8.1. A short axially loaded round reinforced concrete column with a diameter of 900
mm must support an ultimate load of 550 KN. Use grade 30 concrete with high-
yield tensile steel main reinforcement and mild steel binders and calculate the
number of bars required and the diameter and pitch of the helical binders.

40 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Given:
fcu = 30 MPa
fy = 450 MPa
fy = 250 MPa
Pcon = 2410 kg/m3

Step 1: Determine the area of the column

Table E2

Step 2: Determine the main reinforcement

Use 6Y20 @1885 mm2 Table E2

41 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 3: Check minimum steel

4% of Ac
(636) x 0.004 = 2544
1885 < 2544 therefore sufficient Clause 4.11.5.1

Step 4: Calculate the diameter of the helical binder

25% of the smallest bar

25% x 20 = 5 mm
Use R8 binders (R6 is not available)

Calculate the pitch of the binder

12 x diameter of the smallest diameter

12 x 20 = 240 mm
Use spacing of 250 mm

1.8.2. A 300 mm x 300 mm short axially loaded column with 4 diameters 20 mild steel
reinforcement bars is given below. Calculate the maximum axial load that this
column can support. Use grade 25 concrete.

42 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Given:
fcu = 25 MPa
fy = 250 MPa

Step 1: Determine the area of steel reinforcement

Step 2: Determine the area of the concrete column

Step 3: Determine the ultimate axial load

43 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 4: Determine the imposed load

1.8.3. Given below is a pad foundation that is to carry an imposed load of 450 KN and a
dead load of 650 KN. The self-weight of the pad foundation is 95 KN with the
ground bearing pressure at 160 KN/m 2. Determine the required steel
reinforcement for the given pad foundation if grade 25 concrete is used with mild
steel reinforcement bars.

Given:
fcu = 25 MPa
fy = 250 MPa

Step 1: Determine the size

44 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 The length = width =√
Take size as 2.7 m x 2.7 m

Step 2: Determine the total load

Step 3: Determine the maximum bending moment

Step 4: Determine the effective depth

45 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 5: Determine the overall depth

Assume diameter 20 reinforcement bars

Take cover as 50 mm

Take D as 200 mm
Step 6: Determine the lever arm

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

104.103 mm

Step 7: Determine the reinforcement

Use R 32 bars @ 125 mm cc Table E1 SABS 0144

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBwCh-fOgnE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_A7_tfvt0UY

46 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

1.9.1. The figure below shows a vertical section through a simply supported, reinforced
concrete staircase. The staircase is 1.25 m wide and supported at both ends.
The staircase must be able to withstand an imposed load of 5 KN/m2 and will be
cast monolithically. The density of concrete is 2430 kg/m 3. Use grade 25
concrete with mild steel reinforcement and calculate the size and spacing of
suitable tension reinforcement.

Step 1: Calculate the slop length

Step 2: Determine the dead load

47 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 3: Determine the imposed load

Step 4: Determine the total load

Step 5: Determine the maximum bending

48 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Step 6: Determine the bending stress ratio

Let d = 200 mm and the cover 50 mm.

<

Therefore, provide tension reinforcement only.

Step 7: Determine the lever arm (z)

{ √ } Clause 4.3.3.4.1

{ √ }

155.378 mm

Step 8: Determine the reinforcement

49 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 Use 5R8 bars @ 251 mm2 Table E1 SABS 0144
Use 3R12 @ 339 mm2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU8D9Sj9XtA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dy8y1veUYVo

ACTIVITY 1.1.

1. Calculate the maximum distributed load per meter run that the simply
supported beam (of the cross-section below) can safely withhold. The span of
the beam is 4.5 m, Grade 25 concrete has been used with high yield steel
bars. The density of concrete is 2415 kg/m3.

2. A simply supported reinforced concrete beam has an effective span of 4000

mm. The width of the beam is 250 mm. The RC beam must support a 12 KN
mid-span point load and a 5 KN/m UDL over the entire span. The density of
concrete is 2400 kg/m3. Consider the self-weight and determine the required
reinforcement for this beam.

50 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

 3. Figure 2 shows a vertical section of a monolithically cast concrete staircase
which is supported at both ends. The staircase is 1 m wide and supports an
imposed load of 8 KN/m. The density of concrete is 2400 kg/m 3.

Determine the required tension reinforcement required for this staircase.

SELF-CHECK

I can: YES NO

Describe reinforced concrete beam

Describe single direction reinforced concrete slab
Describe T-beams and L-beams
Describe concrete columns
Describe monolithically cast staircases

51 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1

REFERENCES

1. Parrott, G. (2008) Reinforced concrete design to SANS 10100-1: 2000. Durban.

Greg Parrot
2. Ulta tech cement, (2014). Test for the workability of concrete-slump cone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzpWGrh9j6Y Accessed 26 January 2021.
3. Anime_edu_civil engineering videos, (2018). Slump test for the workability of
concrete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJMSIu7B8ko accessed 26 January
2021.
4. Ulta tech cement, (2018). How to determine the compressive strength of the
concrete/ laboratory concrete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMDovAYGZbE
Accessed 26 January 2021.
5. Prokon Geek, (2020). Basics of detailing reinforced concrete: SANS/SABS 1044
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4RDdn6rOwU Accessed 28 January 2021.
6. Punjariya construction, (2019). Two-way slab design
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CqeY8v3nqo Accessed 28 January 2021.
7. Greenhouse E&C, (2019). Types of footings foundation/isolated footing-strip footing.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBwCh-fOgnE Accessed 28 January 2021.
8. Design to structures (DOS) online, (2019). Complete construction of RCC-Design.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_A7_tfvt0UY Accessed 28 January 2021.
9. Alsanetic, (2019). How to construct a reinforced concrete staircase-(animation).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU8D9Sj9XtA Accessed 4 February 2021.
10. Green home construction, staircase shuttering/ construction/ working progress
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dy8y1veUYVo Accessed 4 February 2021.

52 Building Structural Construction N6 Module 1