21st CPLW Reviewer

Periodical Exam: Semester 1 - Quarter 1

Created by: Schoergeine Babagsak Mamaya Bautista

Lesson 1: Philippine Literary •Folksong (Kantahing-bayan) - Folk song

History is a form of folk lyric
which expresses the hopes and
Philippine Literature under: aspirations, the people lifestyle as
well as their loves.
❑Pre-colonial Times
❑Spanish Colonization
❑U.S. Colonialism
❑Japanese Period
❑Contemporary Period
❑After EDSA

Pre-colonial Times
Oral Literature
•Oral and written literature •Folk speech (Karunungang-bayan) - Folk
•Written literary forms did not last speech refers to the dialect, or
•Leaves, bamboo canes, and the style of speaking, unique to people
ground. living within a geographic area. In
•Oral literature continued literature, it is the shortest form of
21st Century Literature | 9 folk literature
LESSON 1: PHILIPPINE LITERARY
HISTORY

Oral Literature
Folknarratives
•Folklore (Kwentong-bayan) - These refer
to stories passed on by word
of mouth rather than by writing from one
generation to another reflecting the
people’s tradition, feelings, beliefs, and
Spanish Colonization
judgments
Religion and Christianity
➢Written literature was born
➢Religious and secular.
➢Spanish language was introduced.
➢Religion introduced theater.
 ➢Manuel Arguilla – How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife.
➢Jose Garcia Villa – Footnote to youth
➢Lope K. Santos - Banaag at Sikat

PH Literature in English
➢Period of Re-Orientation
➢Period of Imitation
➢Period of Self-Discovery

Japanese Colonization
First Books:
Japanese Period
1.​ Doctrina Christiana - Fray Juan
➢The Philippine Literature in English
Cobo and Fray Miguel de
came to halt.
Benavides
➢ Almost all newspaper were stopped
2.​ Urbana at Feliza - P. Modesto de
by the Japanese.
Castro
➢ There was no freedom of speech
3.​ Barlaan at Josaphat - Fray Antonio
and of the press
de Borja
➢Vernacular literature
➢The field of short story widened
Writers
during the Japanese occupation.
➢Francisco Balagtas - Florante at Laura
➢Victoria Abelardo has described
➢Jose Corazon De Jesus - Hari ng
Filipino writing … as pessimistic and bitter
Balagtasan
➢Three types of poems emerged during
➢Andres Bonifacio - Pag-Ibig sa
this period:
Tinubuang Lupa
a. Haiku, a poem of free verse that the
➢Jose Rizal - Mi Ultimo A Dios
Japanese like. It was made up of
Noli Me Tangere
17syllables
El Filisbusterismo
divided into three lines and
b. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short, but it
has
measure and rhyme.
c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form)

Writers
➢Jose Maria Hernandez – Panday
Pira
➢Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Sa Pula
sa Puti
American Colonization
Education and Culture Contemporary Period
➢Free Public Education Post-liberation Period
➢Period of Apprenticeship ➢Struggle of mind and spirit.
➢Love of country and longings for ➢PH Litt in Tagalog was revived
Independence. ➢Writings dealt with Japanese
brutalities, of the poverty of life under
Writers the Japanese government and
➢Paz Marquez Benitez - Dead Stars brave guerillas exploits.
Contemporary Period 1.​ Identity -With the advancement of
➢Period of Activism - seeking reforms technology, perople have more
➢Literary revolution - rebellious, youth freedom to draw concept of self,
became vocal with their sentiments body and soul from multiple
and demanded change. cultures. A more vocal discussion on
➢New Society – themes in most the right of LGBTQ+ and women
writings dealt with the development emerged
or progress of the country. 2.​ Social Evils - In circles around war,
terrorism, racial discrimination and
After Edsa other misdoings in the society.
Post-EDSA 3.​ Catastrophe - It can be natural or
➢Retrieval and recuperation man made
➢The Philippine Novel, whether written in 4.​ Personalization of Narrative - A
English or any of the native languages, personal narrative of one’s real life
has remained social-realist. (Macasantos experiences.
& Macasantos) 5.​ Perils of Technology - The downside
➢Litt. Became a venue for of technology
socio-politicaleconomic-religious 6.​ Effects of Capitalism - It involves
discussions. political and economic system of a
business, industry and a nation.
7.​ History & Memory - How history has
21st Century
been depicted differently for different
21st Century
audiences.
➢Information and Communication
8.​ Fracturing - It shows different
Technology (ICT).
perspective and angles of a certain
➢New codes or lingos are used to add
scenario.
flavor in the literary pieces produced
9.​ Migration & Diaspora - The
nowadays.
perception and thoughts of the
people who moved from one place
to another.

Lesson 2: Literary Themes

❑Central idea of a text

❑Binds the elements of the text Lesson 3: 21st Century Literary
❑A universal truth across Genres
cultures
❑Aids towards a deeper 21st Century Literary Genres
understanding of the text a.​ Chick Lit - Written by women for
women
21st Century Literary Themes -​ Uses strong female
- often characterized as gender sensitive, characters who is trying to
technologically alluding, culturally live in modern world.
pluralistic, operates on the extreme reality -​ Plot is lighthearted, smart,
or extreme fiction, and questions and funny
conventions and supposedly absolute b.​ Hyper-poetry - Cyber poetry
norms.
 -​ Presented with the aid of The novel is longer because of
computers and the internet several complications and twists in
-​ Includes verses with links its plot.
to sub poems or footnotes,
poetry with movements or Settings:
images ●​ Characters - Characters are the
c.​ Blogs - Web blog representations of a human being
-​ Regularly updated journal – the complex combination of both
on the internet. inner and outer self. For characters
-​ It gives opportunity to to be true to life, an author must
articulate thoughts and provide them with sufficient reason
opinions. to behave as they do. This is
d.​ Speculative Fiction - The setting is referred to as a character’s
futuristic and involves supernatural Motivation.
elements. a.​ Round – is a
-​ It encompasses horror and multidimensional, dynamic,
science fiction works. fully developed character
e.​ Textula - Originated from Tanaga that recognizes changes
-​ a poem written in the form and adjusts to
of a text message circumstances.
-​ consisting of one or two b.​ Flat – is a one-dimensional
stanzas and static character that
-​ Rhyme Scheme: AAA, does not grow and remains
ABBA, ABAB, AABB the same throughout the
f.​ Flash Fiction - Notable for its narrative.
brevity Types:
-​ Also known as 1.​ Protagonist
micro-fiction, micro 2.​ Antagonist
narrative and sudden fiction 3.​ Confidant
g.​ Graphic Novel - Utilizes pictures in 4.​ Foil
narrating a long story 5.​ Stock
-​ It has growing popularity
i.e. manga
-​ Graphic novels are
generally standalone
stories with more complex
plots.

Lesson 4: Reading Fiction ●​ Settings - refers to the time and

location in which the story takes
-​ Any imaginative recreation and place. These two elements
reconstruction of life. It includes together create the entire social
shortstories and novels. The novel and environmental context of the
andshort story differ from each story.
other only in length and complexity.
 Closely related to the setting is the • En Medias Res - the story
atmosphere, the aura or mood of begins in the middle part of
the story. the action.
●​ Plot - Plot refers to the series of
events that occur in the story. The
plot is the underlying pattern of the
story that gives it unity and order. ●​ Themes - refers to the general
1.​ Exposition: setting the point that the story attempts to
scene. The writer make. The theme is not merely
introduces the characters limited to the fictional reality of the
and setting, providing character’s lives, but often
description and comments upon the reality of our
background. own existence as well. The theme
2.​ Inciting Incident: something is described as the significant truth
happens to begin the about life and human nature
action. A single event reflected in actions,
usually signals the preoccupations, and decisions of
beginning of the main the characters
conflict. The inciting ●​ Point of View - The narrative
incident is sometimes technique or the vantage point that
called 'the complication'. the writer uses to tell the story.
3.​ Rising Action: the story There are three main Points of
builds and gets more View that a writer can use:
exciting. a.​ First Person - A narrator
4.​ Climax: the moment of who is a character in the
greatest tension in a story. story & refers to
This is often the most him/her/itself as I. When
exciting event. It is the First Person Point of View
event that the rising action is used, it is important to
builds up to and that the realize that the story is
falling action follows. being told from that
5.​ Falling Action: events character’s individual
happen as a result of the perception of reality.
climax and we know that Occasionally a story is told
the story will soon end. by a narrator who cannot
be trusted to tell the truth.
Types of Plot This is called an unreliable
• Linear - actions or events narrator.
are arranged b.​ Second Person - A
chronologically. narrator who addresses
• Circular -this type of “you” directly. Reading a
development combines story that uses this point of
linear with flashback. The view is similar to the
opening scene will be experience of reading a
repeated in the series letter.
toward or at the end c.​ Third Person - : A narrator
who does not appear in the
story as a character. There
 are three types of third the poet toward the subject matter or
person narrators: topic.
1.​ Omniscient: A
non-participating Theme - is the insight about life that
narrator who sees writers wish to convey through their works.
into the mind of all
other characters, Readings:
moving from one to
the other when
necessary. This is 1.​The Lucky Plaza - Dinah Roma
often referred to as ●​ Author: Dinah Roma
an “all-knowing” ●​ Genre: Poetry
narrator. ●​ Themes: Urban life, alienation,
2.​ Limited: A social inequality, class and race
non-participating ●​ Key elements: The poem is set in
narrator who sees Singapore's Lucky Plaza, a
the events of the popular shopping mall that is also
story through the known for its large Filipino
eyes of a single community. The poem explores the
character. experiences of Filipino domestic
workers who work and live in the
city, often feeling isolated and
lonely. Roma uses vivid imagery
Lesson 5: Reading Poetry and language to capture the
workers' feelings of longing and
• Poetry is an artistic expression of an idea homesickness.
in a rhythmical pattern.
• Poetry speaks of experiences.
• Poetry achieves extra dimension by 2.​Tubos – Genaro Gojo Cruz
packing more pressure into each word ●​ Author: Genaro Gojo Cruz
●​ Genre: Poetry
Poem - a form of communication between ●​ Themes: Rural life, poverty, social
a Persona (speaker) and an addressee. injustice, the environment
Subject - What the persona and addresse ●​ Key elements: The poem is written
is talking about in Tagalog and is set in a rural
Basic Situation - narrated or described by Filipino community. The poem
the persona describes the lives of farmers who
Imagery - Mental picture; to describe the are struggling to survive in the face
feeling or to tell the story. of poverty and environmental
Figures of Speech - to describe the degradation. Cruz uses simple,
feeling or to tell the story. direct language to convey the
farmers' hardships and their
The words used by the poet help evoke resilience.
certain feelings in the readers. The words
create the mood or atmosphere. The
words also reveal the attitude or tone of
3.​ Pedagogic – Cirilo F. Bautista
●​ Author: Cirilo F. Bautista ●​ Themes: Balance, harmony,
●​ Genre: Poetry jealousy, pride, love, hope
●​ Themes: Education, colonialism, ●​ Cultural Significance: Popular
cultural identity, language Filipino legend, often used to teach
●​ Key elements: The poem is written children about culture and values.
in English and is a reflection on the
author's experiences as a student
and teacher in the Philippines.
Bautista explores the complexities 5.​ Literary Devices
of education in a post-colonial ●​ Allusion: A reference to a famous
context, and the ways in which person, place, thing, or event.
language and culture can be used ●​ Metonymy: A figure of speech in
to shape identity and power. which a thing is referred to by one
of its attributes.
●​ Synecdoche: A figure of speech in
which a part is used to represent
4.​ Tungkong Langit and Alunsina the whole, or vice versa.
●​ Characters: Tungkong Langit (god ●​ Oxymoron: A figure of speech in
of the sky), Alunsina (goddess of which two contradictory terms are
the earth and sea), Aetas (first combined.
people) ●​ Paradox: A statement that seems
●​ Setting: Early days of the creation contradictory but is actually true.
of the world ●​ Irony: A figure of speech in which
●​ Plot: Tungkong Langit and what is said is the opposite of what
Alunsina fall in love and create the is meant.
Aetas. Jealousy leads Tungkong ●​ Litotes: A figure of speech in which
Langit to separate the sky from the a negative is used to express a
earth, causing a flood. Alunsina positive.
and the Aetas survive and
Alunsina becomes the goddess of
the moon.
Not sure if kasama but take note pa rin of environmental degradation, and
the following: social injustice.
●​ Pedagogic: A reflection on
1. Who could be the persona? education, colonialism, and cultural
identity in the Philippines.
●​ The Lucky Plaza: A Filipino ●​ Tungkong Langit and Alunsina:
domestic worker in Singapore. (Not applicable)
●​ Tubos: A Filipino farmer.
●​ Pedagogic: A Filipino educator or 4. What is the mood of the poem?
intellectual reflecting on their
experiences. ●​ The Lucky Plaza: Melancholy,
●​ Tungkong Langit and Alunsina: nostalgic, longing.
(Not applicable as it's a myth, not a ●​ Tubos: Somber, tragic, despairing.
poem) ●​ Pedagogic: Reflective,
contemplative, critical.
2. Who could be the addressee? ●​ Tungkong Langit and Alunsina:
(Not applicable)
●​ The Lucky Plaza: Possibly a
friend, family member, or lover 5. What is the tone of the poem?
back home in the Philippines.
●​ Tubos: Perhaps other farmers, the ●​ The Lucky Plaza: Sympathetic,
land, or a higher power. compassionate, understanding.
●​ Pedagogic: Students, colleagues, ●​ Tubos: Indignant, accusatory,
or the broader Filipino society. sorrowful.
●​ Tungkong Langit and Alunsina: ●​ Pedagogic: Intellectual, analytical,
(Not applicable) critical.
●​ Tungkong Langit and Alunsina:
3. What is the basic situation? (Not applicable)

●​ The Lucky Plaza: A Filipino

domestic worker's experiences of Masu-survive natin ang exams. Passing
loneliness, isolation, and longing Scores Cutie for everyone!
for home. #Danas
●​ Tubos: The hardships faced by #MalayoPaPeroMasLumayoPa
Filipino farmers, including poverty, #ReachForTheStars