Senior High School

Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 - Module 3
Endogenic Processes

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 What I Need to Know

This module is designed to deepen your knowledge about Endogenic Processes.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
 Lesson 1 – Earth’s Internal Heat
 Lesson 2 – Magmatism

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from (S11/12ES-Ib-14); and
2. describe how magma is formed (magmatism) (S11/12ES-Ic-15).

Lesson
The Earth’s Internal Heat
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Heat energy plays a vital role in our planet. It is one of the extreme factors in what makes the
world livable. If you think of a volcano, you know Earth must be hot inside. The heat inside of
our planet moves continents, build mountains and causes earthquakes, but where does all this
heat inside the earth come from?

What’s In
Directions: Write REAL if the statement is correct and REEL if it is not.
1. The solid portion of the Earth is made out of rocks and minerals that could experience
changes either physically or chemically.
2. Weathering is also known as the breaking down of rocks.
3. Water is the strongest agent of erosion.
4. Due to rusting, the rock became brittle and later broke into fine particles.
5. Weathering, erosion/transportation, and deposition are endogenic processes

What’s New
Since ancient times, human beings have sought to understand the formation and composition of
the Earth. Several theories emerged about the origin of the Earth and its proper makeup. As
scientist say, there is more to the Earth than what we can see on the surface. In fact, if we were
able to hold the Earth in our hand and slice it in half, we would see that it has multiple layers.
Directions: Draw and label the layers of the Earth. Encircle the layer (label/name of the layer)
which do you think is the hottest. Do this in a separate answer sheet.

What is It
Heat in the Interior of the Earth
A. Two categories of the internal heat sources of the Earth:
a. Primordial heat - heat from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during the early stages
of formation. If you hit a hammer on a hard surface several times, the metal in the
hammer will heat up (kinetic energy is transformed into heat energy).
The core is a storage of primordial heat that originates from times of accretion
when kinetic energy of colliding particles was transformed into thermal energy. This heat

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 is constantly lost to the outer silicate layers of the mantle and crust of the earth through
convection and conduction.
b. Radiogenic heat (the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay) – its main sources
are the four long-lived isotopes (large half-life), namely K 40, Th232, U235, and U238 that
made a continuing heat source over geologic time.

B. The estimated internal temperature of the Earth

a. The mantle and asthenosphere are considerably hotter than the lithosphere, and the core is
much hotter than the mantle.
b. Core-mantle boundary - 3,700°C
c. Inner-core-outer-core boundary - 6,300°C ± 800°C
d. Earth’s center - 6,400°C ± 600°C

C. Redistribution of the Earth’s heat:

a. Simultaneous conduction, convection, and radiation
Conduction governs the thermal conditions in almost entire solid portions of the Earth and
plays a very important role in the lithosphere. Its processes happen in the earth’s surface. Heat
from the Earth's core and radiation from the Sun is transferred to the surface of the Earth by
conduction. Contact of the atmosphere with these warm surfaces transfers thermal energy,
which then heats up the rest of the air through convection.

Convection involves transfer of heat by the movement of mass, which is a more efficient
means of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure conduction. Convection occurs at the
mantle, but not between the core and mantle. In geological time scale, the mantle behaves as a
viscous fluid due to the existence of high temperatures. In convection current, the mantle of the
earth moves slowly because of transfer of heat from the interior of the earth up to the surface.
This result to the movement of tectonic plates. Hot materials are added at the edges of a
plate and then it cools. At those edges, it becomes dense by its exposure from the heat and
sinks into the earth at an ocean trench. This start the formation of volcanoes.

Mantle convection is the movement of the mantle as heat is transferred from the core to the
crust. The temperature of the mantle varies depending on whether it is near the crust or the
boundary of the core. The principal contributors to the heat of the core come from the decay of
radioactive elements and from the heat of the molten outer core which solidifies near the inner
core.

Earth’s heat budget drives most of the geological processes on Earth. This measures the flow of
thermal energy coming from the core, passing through the mantle, and up to the atmosphere,
which is mainly due to the mantle convection. This, however, is counteracted by the solar
radiation.

Radiation is the least important mode of heat transport in the Earth. The process of heat
exchange between the Sun and the Earth, through radiation, controls the temperatures at the
Earth's surface. Inside the Earth, radiation is significant only in the hottest parts of the core and
the lower mantle.

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 Figure 1. How heat is transferred in the Earth’s interior
(Adapted from [Link]

What’s More
FQA (Facts, Questions and Answers)
Directions: Give what is asked.
1. FACT: Radiogenic heat is the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay.
QUESTION: What are the sources of radiogenic heat?
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________

2. FACT: In Figure 1 (How heat is transferred in the Earth’s interior), the convection cell shows
that the warm material rises up to the surface and cool material sinks.
QUESTION: What will these cooled materials eventually turn into?
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________

3. FACT: Heat energy plays a vital role in our planet. It is one of the extreme factors in what
makes the world livable.
QUESTION: What are the two primary sources of the Earth's internal heat?
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________

4. FACT: The types of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation
QUESTION: Which type occurs at the mantle, but not between the core and mantle.
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms to complete the paragraph. Choose your
answer from the words inside the box.
Heat Radiogenic Heat Primordial Heat
Mantle Convection Core Radioactivity

When the mantle convects, __1__ is transferred through the mantle by physically
moving hot rocks. __2__ is the result of heat transfer from the core to the base of the lower
mantle. Earth’s mantle will stop convecting once the __3__ has cooled to the point where there
is not enough heat transfer to overcome the strength of the rock.

There are two major sources of heat flow from Earth’s interior. A major source of Earth’s
heat is __4__, the energy released when the unstable atoms decay. The heat that came from

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radioactivity sources is also known as __5__. __6__that is, heat lost as Earth continues to cool
from the heat generated by the accretion processes that formed it—accounts for the remaining
internal heat flow.

What I Can Do
Directions: Give what is asked.
A. Read the scenarios carefully. Write X if it involves CONDUCTION and Y if
CONVECTION.
_____1. A heater in the hot air balloon heats the air. The air inside is trapped causing
the balloon to rise.
_____2. Chocolate candy in your hand will eventually melt as the heat from your body
is released and makes it melted.

B. Cite an example of RADIATION based on one’s day to day living.

Lesson
Magmatism
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Do you still remember what happened to Taal Volcano last January 12, 2020? Yes, you are
right. This volcano, which is located at the province of Batangas, spewed ash plumes up to nine
miles (14 kilometers) into the air due to a “steam-driven” or phreatic eruption. According to the
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), for the past two days, over
600 volcanic tremors have been recorded which was an indication of continuous movement of
magma or molten rocks beneath the volcano. You might be wondering how magma got inside
the volcano.

For this lesson, we will be discussing all about magma; its formation and composition.

What’s In
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms to complete the paragraph. Choose your answer from
the words inside the box.
Convection Earth’s Plates Plates Volcanoes
Convection current Crust Plate tectonics Earthquakes

The surface layer of the earth is called the __1__. This layer is broken up into pieces called
__2__. These __3__ “float” on the mantle. Heat rising and falling inside the mantle creates
current called __4__. The __5__ current move the __6__. This movement is known as __7__.
The movement of the earth’s plate causes earthquakes and __8__.

What’s New
Volcanic activity is one of most powerful forces in nature. Although it is often a
destructive force, volcanoes are amazing facets of creation. They come in a variety of shapes,
sizes, and eruption types. Volcanoes erupt when magma, red-hot liquid material, seeps up
through a vent in the earth. More violent eruptions occur when pyroclastic material, a mixture of
magma, rocks, ash, and hot gases, is exploded upward by pressure caused by underground
gases and magma. When magma flows above the surface of the earth, it is called lava. Usually,

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lava changes from bright red to duller red, gray, or black as air causes it to cool and solidify and
eventually became rock.
Name at least 3 active volcanoes in the Philippines.
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________

What is It
Magmatism is the activity or the motion of the magma. Rocks that are subjected to high
temperature and pressure melt and become the magma. Magma is a semi-liquid molten rock
mixture that can be found in the lower portion of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
Depending on the temperature, pressure, and formations in the crust and the mantle, the
magma can be formed in different ways.

Types of Magma Generation

A. Subduction
• The geodynamic process of one plate sliding beneath another which occurs along deep-sea
trenches. The subduction of oceanic crust eventually leads to rising magma bodies. This results
in the formation of a linear chain of volcanoes known as volcanic cordilleras above the
subduction zone in continental or oceanic arcs.

B. Hot-spot Volcanism
• A "hot spot" represents a region of volcanism above a relatively stationary region of intense
heat within the Earth's mantle, a so-called mantle plume. Lithospheric plates override this “long-
living” hot spot and are occasionally perforated by its rising magma. The lithosphere above the
mantle plume is thus thickened and heated and therefore becomes more buoyant. Eventually,
submarine or subaerial volcanoes form on top. This produces submarine or subaerial volcanic
chains.

C. Magmatism along rift zones

• The less spectacular formation of mountains, involving magma addition into the Earth’s
surface, occurs along with incipient spreading centers, oceanic ridges, and (continental) rifts.
Oceanic ridges occur at divergent boundaries where plates separate and move in opposite
directions, allowing new lithosphere to form from upwelling magma, which rises due to
convection currents. The intrusion of these magmas most probably results from the
decompression melting of mafic rocks, giving rise to the formation of new oceanic crust.
Magmatism along continental rifts is generally of small volume and specific age.

Special conditions required for the formation of magma (Marshak, et al, Essentials of
Geology, 2013):
a) Crust and mantle are almost entirely solid, indicating that magma only forms in
special places where pre-existing solid rocks undergo melting.
b) Melting due to decrease in pressure (decompression melting): The decrease in
pressure affecting a hot mantle rock at a constant temperature permits melting
forming magma. This process of hot mantle rock rising to shallower depths in the
Earth occurs in mantle plumes, beneath rifts and beneath midocean ridges.
c) Melting as a result of the addition of volatiles (flux melting): When volatiles mix with
hot, dry rock, the volatile decreases the rock’s melting point and they help break the
chemical bonds in the rock to allow melting.
d) Melting resulting from heat transfer from rising magma (heat transfer melting): A
rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it that can melt the surrounding rocks
at the shallower depths.

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 Table 3. Summary of the conditions for magma generation and the areas it occurs
Magma Generating Process Example areas of occurrence
Increase in temperature Hot spots
Decrease in pressure Spreading margins (rift zones)
Addition of volatiles Subduction zones

Figure 8. Magma distribution

(Adapted from [Link]

Magmatism plays a key role in mountain formation, as new ascending magmas produce
additional mass and volume to the Earth’s surface and subsurface. Magmas form by partial
melting of silicate rocks either in Earth's mantle, the continental, or the oceanic crust.

What’s More
Directions. Complete the concept map about Magmatism. Choose your answers on the box
below. Write only the letter.
A. decompression melting G. magma M. heat transfer
B. convergent boundary H. lava N. temperature
C. flux melting I. volcano O. asthenosphere
D. partial melting J. silicon P. subduction zone
E. mid-ocean ridge K. oxygen Q. pressure
F. igneous rocks L. volatiles

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 What I Have Learned
Directions: Fill in the blanks.
1. __________ is composed of __________ hot molten rocks located beneath the Earth,
specifically in the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate.
2. When magma solidifies, it creates __________ found on surface of the Earth.
3. Magma is found in the __________ of the volcano while __________ is found on the surface
of earth once the __________ erupts.
4. __________ is a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of magma
occur.
5. Magma is mostly composed of elements __________ and __________.
6. Magma present in the lower crust and upper mantle of the Earth is formed or generated
through the process of __________.
7. Melting in the mantle requires one of three possible events to occur: __________,
__________, and __________.

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust?
A. radiogenic heat C. superheating
B. primordial heat D. heat from the sun
2. Which of the following is described as the process of heat exchange between the Sun and
the Earth that controls the temperatures of the latter?
A. conduction C. insolation
B. convection D. radiation
3. Which of the following statement is correct?
A. The mantle and lithosphere are considerably hotter than the asthenosphere
B. The core is much hotter than the mantle.
C. Crust-mantle boundary - 3,700°C
D. Radioactive heat refers to the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay
4. It is a storage of primordial heat that originates from times of accretion when kinetic energy of
colliding particles was transformed into thermal energy.
A. crust B. mantle C. core D. all of these
5. In convection current, the mantle of the earth moves slowly because of transfer of heat from
the interior of the earth up to the surface. This result to the ___x___.
A. formation of volcanoes C. formation of the outer core
B. movement of tectonic plates D. solidification of the inner core
6. Which of these is mismatched?
A. decrease in pressure :decompression melting
B. heat transfer from rising magma : heat transfer melting
C. addition of volatiles :flux melting
D. none of these
7. When magma reaches the Earth’s surface, it is then called as ___x____.
A. magma B. plume C. lava D. hotspot
8. ___x____ refers to the activity or the motion of magma.
A. metamorphism B. magmatism C. deposition D. decompression

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9. The following are magma generating process except ___x____.
A. Increase in temperature C. Spreading margins
B. Decrease in pressure D. Addition of volatiles
10. Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure. However, during convection,
these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level) and the pressure is reduced. What process is
being described?
A. flux melting C. partial melting
B. heat transfer D. decompression melting

Additional Activities

Directions: Based on your understanding in Lesson 1: The Earth’s Internal Heat, express your
thoughts in the illustration below.

(Adapted from [Link],edu)

References
Ariola, Jessa M. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1- Module 7:
Magmatism. Region IV-A: Department of [Link]

Morales, Frances C. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1-
Module 7:Magmatism. Region V: Department of [Link]

Morales, Jessa A. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1- Module
6:Earth’s Internal Heat. Region V: Department of [Link]

Salazar, Christian Jay D. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1-
Module 6: The Earth’s Internal Heat. Region IV-A: Department of [Link]

Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Earth and Life
Science (2016) Commission on Higher Education

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Learning Activity Sheets in Earth and Life Science (Grade 11) – Quarter 1.2020. Division of
Bohol

For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Bohol

Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive, Brgy. Cogon, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Telephone Nos.: (038) 412-4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501-7550
Telefax: (038) 501-7550
E-mail Address: [Link]@[Link]