Senior High School
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 - Module 7
Natural Hazards, Mitigation, and
Adaptation: Geologic Processes and
Hazards
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What I Need To Know
This module is designed to deepen your knowledge about Natural Hazards, Mitigation,
and Adaptation: Geologic Processes and Hazards.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. use hazard maps to identify areas prone to hazards brought about by earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides. (S11/12ES-If-31); and
2. identify human activities that speed up or trigger landslides (S11/12ES-If-33).
Lesso Natural Hazards, Mitigation, and Adaptation: Identifying
n1 Areas Prone to Geologic Hazards using a Hazard Map
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned about the different hazards that are caused by
geological events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
How can you determine if a certain location is prone to geological hazards?
What’s New
In this lesson, you would know the elements seen in geological hazard maps that one
should take note and understand to get a correct information of a hazard in an area, thus makes
one able to decide on what to prepare and do for everyone’s safety from hazard threats.
Activity 1: What Am I?
Below are the hints that tell about the elements that can be found in a geological map. Write
your answer.
Identify what element is asked.
1. I present the information on what the map is about.
2. I give you the symbols and its meaning.
3. I can be a point, a shape, a line, or a color in the map.
4. I supply information on hazard maps that are credible and are produced from
government agencies.
What is It
Geological Hazard Map
A geological hazard map is a map indicating the areas that are vulnerable to hazards
caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. It is a tool used by scientists and
local government authorities to anticipate any hazard that a geological event may bring. It also
helps the public be informed and prepared for the geological hazard.
How do you read a geological hazard map?
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You must take note of the following elements in studying the geological hazard map:
1. Map Title - indicates what type of information is being presented by the map.
2. Symbols are the points, lines, shapes, and colors used on the map.
3. Legend tells you specifically what these symbols mean.
4. Source. Make sure that the source of your map is a credible institution. Hazard maps are
produced by government agencies like PhiVolcS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology), DOST (Department of Science and Technology), and DENR (Department of
Environment and Natural Resources).
Earthquake Hazard Map
The map on the right shows
the earthquake-prone areas in the
Philippines. Based on the legend,
the different locations are colored
depending on the number of
earthquake hits for the past 30
years. For example, Baguio City
(Benguet), which is found in the
northern part of Luzon, experienced
76-100 earthquakes. Meanwhile,
Puerto Princesa City (Palawan),
which is in the Southwest of Luzon,
experienced fewer earthquakes (0-
11).
The top ten provinces that are
most prone to earthquake are:
1. Surigao Del Sur 6. Tarlac
2. La Union 7. Ifugao
3. Benguet 8. Davao Oriental
4. Pangasinan 9. Nueva Vizcaya
5. Pampanga 10. Nueva Ecija
Tsunami Hazard Map
The following map shows the
places along the coastal areas in the
Philippines that are prone to tsunami
hazards. Cyan, magenta, and yellow
lines indicate the potential of the
tsunami and the tsunami generators.
When the earthquake occurs in the
Philippines, then tsunami is locally
generated. On the other hand, an
earthquake that occurs outside the
country may be a foreign tsunami
generator for the Philippines.
Majority of the coastal areas in
Luzon (with the exception of Palawan
and northern islands) have a high
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tsunami potential with historical
tsunami records. The coastal places in
the Visayas region also show tsunami
potential mostly from local generators
with a small percent of foreign
generators. In the Mindanao region,
high tsunami potential is also evident
in the mainland area while the small
islands located in the southwest show
tsunami potentials by local generators.
Map of the Distribution
of Volcanoes
Below is the map
showing the distribution of
volcanoes all over the
Philippines. These volcanoes
are classified as active (red),
potentially active (orange), and
inactive (gray). Places where
active and potentially active
volcanoes are prone to
hazards of volcanic activities or
volcanic eruptions.
Earthquake-Induced Shallow
Landslides Map
Places that have
landslide hazards are
presented in the map below.
The legend tells you the
levels of the danger of the
occurrence of landslide. For
example, majority of the
provinces in the Northern
Luzon is considered a high-
danger zone. These include
mountainous areas like Abra,
Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga,
and Mt. Province. On the
other hand, Palawan shows
no present risk in landslides.
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What’s More
Activity 2: Give what is asked. 12 points
1. Secure a clear map of the Philippines.
2. Compare your map to the earthquake-prone area map above.
a. Which is more prone to earthquakes, Pampanga or Cebu?
b. Which province experienced a greater magnitude earthquake, Davao Oriental or
Manila?
c. Which province experienced fewer earthquakes, Palawan or Surigao Del Sur?
3. Look at the tsunami hazard map.
a. Which province shows a tsunami potential mostly from local generators?
Palawan or Pangasinan?
b. Which coastal area shows a high tsunami potential with historical tsunami
records? Luzon or Visayas?
4. Refer to the map of the distribution of volcanoes.
a. Which province is prone to hazards of volcanic activities? Albay or Bohol?
b. Why is Bohol not prone to hazards of volcanic activities?
5. Name five mountainous areas in Luzon that are prone to landslides.
What I Have Learned
Complete the statement below. 3 points
A hazard map is very useful because _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
__________.
What I Can Do
What should you consider the most to have a safe and sound environment if your
family wants to relocate and build a new house? Explain why. 3 points.
Lesso
Human Activities that Affect Landslides
n2
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned on how to identify areas prone to hazards
brought about by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides using hazard maps.
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What human activities can speed up or trigger landslides?
What’s New
In this lesson, you would know the different human activities that speed up or trigger a
landslide.
What geologic hazard is shown in the pictures? Do you think this geologic hazard can be
triggered too by human activities?
Which of the following human activities can contribute to the occurrence of a landslide?
Draw a beside the number if it causes a landslide to happen, if otherwise.
___1. cutting of trees
___2. mining
___3. conversion of lands
___4. displacement of rocks/excavation
___5. Quarrying
___6. Planting of fruit bearing trees
What is It
Human Activities that Affect Landslides
Populations expanding onto new land and creating neighborhoods, towns, and cities is
the primary means by which humans contribute to the occurrence of land-slides. Disturbing or
changing drainage patterns, destabilizing slopes, and removing vegetation are common
human-induced factors that may initiate landslides.
Here are some examples of human activities that trigger landslides:
a) Deforestation- cutting down trees/logging and clearing land for crops; unstable logging
roads.
b) Excavation of slope or its toe
c) Use of unstable earth fills, for construction
d) Loading of slope or its crest, such as placing earth fill at the top of a slope
e) Drawdown and filling (of reservoirs)
f) Irrigation and (or) lawn watering
g) Mining/mine waste containment
h) Artificial vibration such as pile driving, explosions, or other strong ground vibrations
i) Water leakage from utilities, such as water or sewer lines
j) Diversion (planned or unplanned) of a river current or longshore current by
construction of piers, dikes, weirs and so forth.
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What’s More
Activity:
Identify the human activity shown in each picture and describe how each human activity
speeds up or triggers landslide. 2 points each
1 3
. .
2 4
.
What I Have Learned
Concept-connect.
Make a sentence connecting the given pair of words that would give a correct concept. You may
add linking verbs or phrases. One is done for you.
Example: rocks, minerals Rocks are made of minerals.
1. cutting of trees, landslide
2. mining, triggers
Assessment:
Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. It helps us to identify, assess and minimize damage from natural hazards.
A. concept – mapping C. Locator mapping
B. geological mapping D. world mapping
2. What is the best way to avoid a mudflow?
A. Run away from it as fast as you can. C. Climb up the valley wall.
B. Go to higher ground. D. Jump over it.
3. Which of the following is a precautionary measure before volcanic eruption?
A. Prepare emergency kits C. Assist injured persons
B. Avoid driving D. Help in the clean-up of the place
4. The Philippines lies within the “Ring of Fire,” this explains the distribution of:
A. floods C. earthquakes
B. landslides D. volcanoes
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5. Below is an example of a hazard map. Which geological hazard is it associated
with?
A. earthquake B. landslide C. volcanic eruption D. typhoon
6. Places 1,2,3,4 are very prone to earthquake. At which location would earthquakes
be least likely to occur?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
7. What human activities will result in landslide?
A. Construction C. Quarrying
B. Mining D. All of the above
8. How can humans prevent landslides?
A. through deforestation C. Proper waste management
B. by diverting pathways D. All of the above.
9. Which among the following human activities DOES NOT speed up or trigger
landslide?
A. planting of trees C. excavation or displacement of rock
B. overloading slopes D. excavation or displacement of rock mining
10. Which among the following human activities can trigger a landslide?
I. building being demolished
II. musical concert
III. team of construction workers clearing trees for a new road
IV. woman dancing on top of a pole
A. I and III B. II and IV C. II, III and IV D. I, II, III and IV
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References:
Basic Information about Landslides. Retrieved: June 13, 2020 from
[Link]
Earth & Life Science by Olivar II, et al, pp. 76-80;
Earth & Life Science by Sia & Cortez, pp. 85-95;
Quipper School (2016) Retrieved: June 13, 2020 from [Link]
Alternative Delivery Mode by Mrs. Rhoda E. Panganiban: First Edition, 2020
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Telephone Nos.: (038) 412-4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501-7550
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