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BI0OGY ftr hlgh school sudonb
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Nalional LibEry of Thailand Cataioglng in Publication Dara
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BIoLocY for high school sMcnls - n$MYll , !:rda60floi, 2552
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"It is not the strongest of the species that survives,
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It is the one that is the most adaptable to change."

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2.l anabolism f,anrrdwfl#Er ld! mr{.tlnt1ri*)uud.t (phorosynthesis), nTd{1{ idu
2.2 catabolism f,on']l{a1l]d1t r:iu nr'trglar:aiuttari (c€lutaf respirahon)

3. nrrFirXduh (development), ioltldu 0ife s?6D) ualriurmhfi

4. nr:nounmrsioSirrir (resnonse) fu nifuya:lnnruqdnur;uurh;arua:r:uliollirio
5. nrt{nmqnurlnlolir.rnru luirifu6sr:qnarrqnlnu::lui'n1 niu ::utllr, ah
(homeo6tasis)

r:,uul"!ri'lu :lltlxqtllaul :an'T u6orua:4il{nriir

6. ia"nu0:tom:d?
 ?. inanr-i::!u (org€nizanod lrar$ernnrhurfinqntirqjqadld
7.1 rlnd {ce[) rilmhurioudr6niqnlold\!trlodlnl:{n::uu

lJi:t'll4iontduli.)ru!r.!ollri,1utur.ia6
lrhJ::nouldfrrarlni 5obri ua:brouri
1. lc€ttutar oqenbm
@
2. unic€lluter orgenrh i.tiiirtln{riur riu uuo66u ru;rurlrdriur 6JQ
3. multic€lluler organbm il$iinnnrurtod uiu f,l e"ri

7.2 rdo.do ftissue) f,onndlrnrrjrndo0n nalutiaiiu1d1j1|Ji?rlriil dhoorfue-ruuadmo{

fiuiuun'Lhiroufildu €6umi colony riu volvox (hls0rlaltlrfhudliu?1iiand!)
7.3 oltnr (qgED)
7.4 1tflat82r (org6D sFredt
7.5 !i{!tli (organiBn)
7.6 r:!mr (populatron) ioii{if,ar speoes firnfi'u luanru#r5lrtiu rvu:rrnrfiuriiu
z.z nriuli.riiir (cornmuDity) ;o 1:ETrrlinnll 1 nsitduhjlTldliflrn'u laainfludurivri
l: -iNi'rl
7.8 !:!uit?6 (ecgsystem) 6ofillun2rrlful{uri:lrrlNn{rdr!6lruac*.llrado!
7.9 i?onfi (bione) iortrllriior#i lrn.rJriduua:qau4llrodoraoniifiui6{rlir fl:!fllmll
!! {!fi'rtiJd.}l'l ldu biome nrls rru, biome r.lT.!e!, biome dlqu
7.10 lulodltluJ {biosph€re) fiolnnmrr':r

O nrrrrr nrnndoqrrnrnl
r. n{oqenrrmiruuldurr 0ight micrGcope) b'uN!n? (visible light) + lnldulh iorn1fitrn:1
nSo.r linrriwlourtndr doll*f.rlh!firua:Uilii n'raj.lrrrnu*rn'jlndo{1sxfifididnmo! fiolT

{rd 1,000 eh urnlaaognfrli'nrlvriouqn# o.z pn

1.11f,ur$r!!rflm (compouDd light misoscope) f,afiolJlur"olu6urirl ruu;drwr"uinvr
Ia:rnfir,iru1 riu dDli cNoroplast roruadaruiroyrrnr:tan, !!ntiqrtlDduiiu
fl'lljltou
l.2lilt*tNjr.,arro{o (sr€reo6clpic rDrcro6cope) da irivrinqllirun.rua:iuusl ro.rriumr
riu 3 ii ifii di6nrl1nnlurrdrtrijdo.lqirqdn.ulfi'la{fiuuioumifluai6ori rdu nr0a{
msrioriLi, eye spot rio.ora'ttt't 6u
 nda.qarrr$i6dnr:o! (etecrron misoscope) 1d6hui,r
2.
66no.au . ldt.diurdnlfi r Liio'rrnludtnris.r le'n^m^rr :1'r4
rrcrnsrr! m'd ' friDltil ll
:,uro id.qrirldiliiao
do nia"{tu'ludrn rMn -lnloadr.rnd
vhlnllrfosqnfr 0.1 2 rm
2.1 uut do{mli (scanning electron microscope: SEM) 1d

f-m
nDUrilrlaoiner mimvini dnu{a':!air{ e ifi
2.2 luudolth! (Fansmission e]ecton microscope: IEM)
lddnv{aildir{ 2 i6
SEM
1u1!riM mli;roimiftvill

O drurh:naraa.o compound light microscope

t. mldlrdn- {eyeprece) 16onldlour^rnooaanualld'i d'uurrfido.rn-:
2. nudhii'r-orq (objecrive lens) i 4 t-? 6a 4X, 10X 4ox,
loox 6an1fin!!r$.ruiuetll.l (ila'tanha-{?rJ'tloiqnriau
d1$i!fi1 roox'kifirJofrfiliiarhrrua\unu !nd'r
3. 1no:!,rhrl (diapfuagm) liiu lua2a']$'!$d\
4. mud:tlud.r (conclenser lens) d?ur1!r!8.i

5. u iiidrlie[6.{ aree]liuufl{a1frod [nuin:clnr!']

drua:riouunr) ralor,raoolrlfil6'
6- ltdirn (adlustment lgrob) i 2 euln
6a4r irraimuru *a;{urJirarra:6uo
7. uvil]?'t\1ioq

J.lolt oblectlvF nld.l'llL lUCl: dUlUrlltnt1.!, flLUnd'!t1nfl)^1. l-lJA!oUnUaL, nT\dl'll.

:!ur:!14ir! tarJdn"u [viuri'r\liu
.iold obtecrive ri6!11.u{r: dlrl']nrnunu. cr]rirnrrr rnunu. Ir!a:l;Ln!rn. n fiio
rr'.rrio.r, nlno:-r':r,r'ndu;. r:u:::rrrrraudnirnrulndr:u
riodou suae ljyr'rinlo rrne:bfinnrvitr nu rdouUrr ,r.ru R rfln:hidrlrnrl

;-nn1.lunl"{_
1 ntllr.rlrnl.J - filll,l'r
N
 Q dr.nrorrfiunuo.q$c.q1! compounal tight microscope
utli.lRlllon + condenser lens + objechve lens + eyepiec€

n nLnr s (nlrrmDnrrnru)

1. ahuflln1ar"nl ldmrro!::u'Jr.r f usi 2f 10! objective) onnr:'lu objective 1:!finarrr3.l

r.irn aiuurntrqjn'ir,"oq

z. rrnfrrfiniu (i.!1 r.lorlr'r ulu F ?r0.! eyeprece) nnnlcm! eyepiece illinnrnltioLifi?fl&l

(nauyl!l iJn'ln Un:{Ma^) d/trtrUnU)OtlOrr l1lldllnu_lun']1ln.!,11

nlO!!U1U =n rAUiUlutd{l.l|{lnAel x mallll l!.l]A llaudlnmnq

= '!!-rn1o.!srrrfrtti! / 1lt."]nrta{in!
rtjrsilJ-nti-o tlJeiou (lr) r5ohtal rrl (Um) =106m
ltltuflnt 0nnl =10'gm
o"!(nla! (A') = 10'o m

Exl1lnm fldaqor::oidnid"rflnu.rlalofiaa.ruuafiliuriol.r r lnuldriro-.nflraraudlndnr rox

ud:rdudlfdinr 100x louldl.]rr]mltto ll.olltuurt 3 cm
6!n00.!?
ri1ai.l1llrot?r]irilrvilri'u 10 x 100 = 1000 rvil
[dar llaaiQnlu'Muilurn 1 cm
(lro.1flnorlna1{dr-lln'ltdli g rtad)

ll t!aduunnltuuna:t9a&n:u nnfl olau?

'!u'ru oi'lfiu 1 cm uflo.!'jfii.t.l!1r 1 crn / 1000 = 10 lllnrau
1OO0

.!fil]'ir emnnrrfr!fiu / u.nnr'ryrl3! = 1 cm / 10 hflrau = 1000 tll'l

2) rirr durldrd,las-runudlndinqrir aox r:riutrllnfi 6unr{nar.!oulurnfr nad ua:uda:rsad
nrrs.rrfiufr cm
ujduuliu 40 x uf,n.!'iTi1a"!1rJ'rur?! = 10 x 40 = 400 oi'l
gulr 1000 lli'r !fi! 3 $ari ru-u 400 ri ldriuqialor:rrrddrundu
(1fifl:ia{lfiulrBriiilulu!1Mu) !fiu 3 x 1000 / 400 7.5 !ro!i
rulri 1000 lvil r,on:$ndrfilr 1 c"m 1r,1! a00 1d;e+51nrur.!ddll.nr !
(nrfl;d'orrfuitadin1,]lu1?sao.!) !frl,] 1 / 1000 x 400 = 0.4 cm
e:niuir 1ll]rna1nfrniu I ll.rlomnai! = 0.4 crn / t0l']Frrau = 400 yir

3. i crystal viol€t :io!$:infrtilun trulntirr"rrirl

4. 'a sananin : !'ouu!ni6![n:r:a!dluf,uo.!
riorio a-r: tl.Tnin 1ufi lrfl fiuo.r
! n1ulnrd (cell theory) rsuolaum:udla:glanu ilqnruir
"d.rlttrrf.ra alatioathinsu
hli'lufiaduar irri.utiaot.r,ad uazrsadiandzuluTtufldnfl4awtitfltrltdfintziatrlr,la
(tt!f,oi oqanDatoof

lrjnullro{irri arroncrra, ent l @-L, 6l r dl, bnopbd

'lrjyn:l*rr{ft ry.a-*, drb.
"'r"r"r,'rr{:;* lrhr:lul:rrfi 6r: nud{4.yrdrdcon, 6ntbb,
oEaldb nllruorrrn Ji

^*- _l
L ,",","-o' ---.]
t**.","*,
---l lriirdsl"l
dbodm
*rtrac

j
cttdt€l€b.
-
--{ dldod.dlc rd@rln
Gdgr b.dy

--. rruot:! 1 i$- tFdm

v&.L
hnodmdn.
t chldlpb.l
 Ciolgi body

drrom! n nb.r
nudaolus c6ntirb
tsR

ribo&fia

chroar€tn fib€r 9ER

TR brloplad

Golgi body

mlbdlondde
dtlorcdalr

csll merntr8n€

lD lucleus dunjrunrlqun::urunrtdrllaruluoori ldu ni.ru!!rtaai nr.:nruqua'nurulrr.r

riitlqn,a ::noulJdru
1. Ducleor m€mbrone ralordarilirradun iln.Nafirurfioudorirond lp:rrurirhflrr'ar:
iruur?rosn (1l1:ildldlufhli6ur td! rotilidll'Nlrtrfuorrriuqnr:r r:n'orlndrn:rrflu
cytosol Lnsd{niMt11lMd1d) iuii nbo€ome mi: llo{idlii oucLeal membrane 6Lni^
prokaryotic cel drurtndiil nuclear meloblane tiurrjl eutGryotic cel
2. Ducleoplasm iad,uio{rh.r1l nuclear menbrane
2.1 nucleolus rlrnirii,rra:r:l' ibosone l:noul 61u ldrf,u * RNA
2.2 chrornatiD fiber 6oiNl! lro.tdirn]uqmr! rlrnouhihr tlif,u + DNA dioinlrui{
Eosi i't.ltlr chromatin a:rnn"rnorau'lula:lltn:
!0 .,$ t rrNI: *rri*dl]*r

Q iirufrrior{ana;i
. cell wall uiar ".!rd6d mhfit isla d.fiii! uirnfi(5u!1.$fi0 1n{rs"i!1!tio uollrl,nlud'o'j
:rfi.rrnn;ifitr:fiduria!6ol:r4irlndii15!n midalle lamella 6irfio1uf::!r!ni:u!.irlaai M:fitai
.F'rt0u1 fii,rnddrllFur ,5rr pldsmodpsmd d lcrar]rrtadrorfitfi - tjl
primary cell wal oqiFoir nxdolp .dmelld fi ce i . os" riud irrl
seco[dary cell wall aqi6on_l c]tosol nuronr:lunadl'r.ltfiolvi'rliiriia"alnarnx'l:rui.!ttli
ar:dro_EluHfina;irarfitud:d'r4i'r!60 cellulose 0u datom i slica rfirrlarnri'ra)
luurny_Furfir peptictogtycan *a:lur!. rrf,u chrtrn

*Ed:as{xrft $ea1rr 5 mgnitrr

Monera mycoplasma lrlfiru".irtad

ffi
Inrrrir.uul rtofiit
Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia
iiru6anhriuar';

[ii.]d'll
$l1l
cel]lllose
pepricloglycan

nlrlufi 11a*! drro.!fiJrif ol]oi'r.ifrl

rir]dtl clntin

:1.cell membrane (plasma menbrane. plasmalemma) rSoriior{rrtari iqruaut"auortliarr

rr.r, iior.lrutrhoorMrtfu lsemrpermeable menrbran!t rrir.t rorltitiroror4lnnairu uohlortirota$n:a
riiod rnn.ir,rr llv "tn,ifii rfiiior fllnr r,r'i r-rr nuid mosaic model dlu)r-er1 o'tr
 u't 2 !.6dr&. '1'

phosphobprd brlayer fibaluluar. riirrrlu'rdorirrtnrii1runluhr Llo ilt,i rfl uroirvi

lnr r:r-trolulljil (polar head) Iflllu-toLLr (hydlophilc) 0aflnluuon llutlullrllljl
(non polar ta.il) lgltnltilouir (hy&ophobic) tlhdruh
. cholesterol urrnadr:tr')rtdu phosphohprd b 6yer tfllllnfiu?_!u{.!l!tlue:n?']rr6ou4L
l:lrdu nir.rqrn FxR i nilr,ri'rfr ri.riuri'iriu (receptor) d'rnr (canie, do! (channel,
pore)

n1.tLlrItr.o'tn t11l|ut oao0dtdltlllf'11.!l9na

e cytopl,.slo atf:u-j'x0rndloua:dorilnaii irf.ri riulo.r ud r (olganelle) mc1rdltxnl (cvtosol)

dlriir organelle rlirllunnl!i rulldu160l,l\ LrrJiLuavlutt'tdltiueatlat{dt1{an]u€rrltulDn8

,,.-\
,.t **-" lu eukaryote di't{lrn nucleolus n.1r,rrirfr&rn:r:ilj:6u
ir!nou!,i'?u 2 ri?utiou iara rardnaa*irdu4j drelrr ::nunr"uor"l: a- s)
nnrd.rnl:dlirf;u lnan'rilrrJ rjbosome o{ < ol'rurau.rlunod 6a
- m1!oii!l.J nuciea! memblane
!r1:oruu RER i rrafrinir l:Fufitd:oonlt uolrtad r.o:ldrf,ur.rnnluriionrll i tu'tr

$oiifiri^trliri e_.rrnuttri, pepude hormone. anbbody ro!! nbosome Jliulr

. oorinr:'lu ^)tosol rirrnirfia{rirrf,udrr.r':-uldlunari n-.rfurtadfiil :6unrtlunniil
'n
!o!i ribosome iluniur t'lu dnr6oounrarqtiotll ({i'r{ hemoglobln)
oqlu nurochondna r.: .hloropLas rluririai-.rllrdudrriutiluu'u
1.2 cytoskeleton 6ordulullrdud.rriuln:.raixnfluttad i 3 'lJntr l-ulnruiild'ua1n1$qjl

mictotubile riuriolod r6u mluirn rirniriCnuuad ti'rlnrlair{10!6nuaruodr'i

lrju splndle fiber, cilia, flagellum, basal body t!a: centriole uanllniidldluuli!$aii (liu
sprndle filer) rjruraaaulvl (fio c i4 flageluln) un:ifiu'liun-r:tndolrfilo'l orgaoele nru
funnri
iBtemediate filament luaMin rdltiofrrj:lnoudr ull i6! keratin liuo{ddt:no!
ua-nlufir u tr nT 6r uo lr rar rirnhiCnutlnd
-microflament riudululodrlrfiu aon ri'lniriifiarriunrrlr'rntlutJ cyloplasm (cvclo
sls). d1!$6o tn (6o[i1!fiuu $54 pseudopodia '!o.10!i!']lrslda!6ac1jr?) d?uud!mna'
(qtolonesrs to.rtga.id'o'j) ua:rirlrui'rrdultlfu .yoon lunrann-rlalndrltdo
I flll'ir!11r1]on cltoskeLercn fi'l!1ddr1unn;i n'.t cyclosis ntrtndoufilolt'lndrra:
organere a'tu1t'ra_r.nurrn e.TP n1R:u
 1.3 cenfiiole Linuutrarif,luanl.rle tnouilu rntcro-
nrbule rslutio i2!u {ttadltiudil\ris microtubule
i6!rn'jl spindle riber duarroonlrdnla:Ilfudf
.llisonqtniiu ltlnalin! centriole 2 o'u rllornnil
durrjl ccntosome 0llnqtifuUi cenidole ndfioiii
centrosome) lrnititf, 1llloiraolf i rolldlulru:uri.t $ad
z. ltuo{lr I trJ
2.1 oldoplahic reticulutn (ER) o!jdD!ral]0.t$5ud uj,lu]l]

2.11 urruF?"I:,1: (rough endoplasmic reticulum: RER) idi d1rttlfl d$.1

ribosome !rn:
ruttu t;d{oonilonttnn aluJ!lnlul!aafrrdtlaulttl rxu lnndiiurioufidtl\rlitiau
tlodfio:1n::rm: oorirdoqa'rldr6n, nd{ peptide hormone til nadfitrjouisir,l
6u1iu onriio ielol l3ol*s antiboay rdu da6on:nr
2.12 u!!fu6u! (smoorh endoplasmic rcricrnum: SER) riir.lti,ti 3 U€nl1
- nili!!"u td! phosphotipid, sleroid i.!nu!Tii'! (d.!!n:1!r{ chol6srsol) oirun!
I'r'bj riou,rlrnl#truon (6{.}! sleroid hormone)
' nha-q6'ni!ri,t.l'l rdu uonnssad. rn itladiu
- n::rfunr:n'lrum.tlsdndurdo

2.2 Golgd body (Golgi complerr ColO

o'u srR rlrn rCodrc'or:f,yun:rhr steroio
apparaius) I]![]1?luni ttuun{ un:
f,udsu nen un rCori-xrirrioaun: insufin
dsoansr: lcudar:qnliariour:
1p
I d.roonlduon!rq.ilgua5 exocytosis
tE.!'llllll o! !ttlaa:!nTlriu
nrfl ulsrn:nlin"ul :f, uln:h:iu
flflillnln RER lrq! sER ne10du
glycoproteD r!8: glycolipid t't!8"]i'U
lnoC'r cotgi body rixqaoon!1liu
q ddil {vesicle) drsTnaruriu
lysosome li
GOIo1 oodv lllllJlt'lol,tl ltrlt st't.!
cell plate lurledfi!, acrosome
1a{0q4. nematocl,st !A\ cnidarian,
'r:u:rdamallrrr{i!Inr.:r}r.:ur!oqni$un:irdonil1f enamel nfiorfiu riuiu
 2.3lyeooome llrolucndfu du veact irqnoonynrn G@i body ,ndtt'lrnlodliu1.rn{it
! u1nmiq6o
- tiolo rtn: Iiur?lr,thdu food vacuou un'rrjriotnhriou mirdfirulu iisir?i#uir rdu o:!ur
nrliriu! rls{f'l
- dsurdoln rinrEoaarr4li lysosome rn
. riourorifiur ulo organelte ildElarri (aubly.rs) !d! doin60midoueNfi"l.o{ii{rfio
nlql u)unu, rinrdonmwo.rdrirdurqn*ruunltinh orcnnele rnulu
2.4 peroxlrome fn'1! lysosome !'t:1o![nido catalass ii!sq']u H,O, i.rrflunr, fiutinoru
trtu H9 os: o, perorGome tnaaruuailt ll0nq1nut}llttu?r0.tfllJunntul
'lljlttiosnt
oDnilrdlildlie6nrnnuu llu R"r'lrly{nuoanooori rio metabotsm ir1lo'rnrnhnir
2.svacuols lio v€sicle xulilxqi !fild1rfillinnj!
2.51 lood vacuole ufila1lndiunhrnlftold{if,arrfuCr ril o:$l mlrlriur rioqir
tiuEllll1l:qnuDuttu lyso€om€
2.52 coltractle vacuole nurorir:luhrbdrriria druifu irldrird'ruriuii:n'n girrnrn!
lurlnd
2.s3 sap vacuole nuhwadfu finrirfrldar:rit1 ldu d'nd to!!A! ihtiflorlttlru lo!.r

rdo$ndfu$il!6rq;i sap vacuole nrnhd 6!n cedtrsl vacuole 1,o.rorad! sap

vacuole gun cell sap ua:dodl cenna.l vaarole liun tonopla.st

3 tlr.lltltlt 2 llu

ua!! 2

3.1 lrttocltord$a lllus.ilxdnfl1:lrd{!'uq{ (ATP) 1a'!l18!i 1tlnrtt2urnlrulr::iltlaii

{cerular resptation) +lnlrnnlusarifri metalotism q.r tdr r-dl nros n"u ln ttoli:j:lnrn
oql wedldt-toluhJ doduhrinrrri"unrdr'l rlunar etrtae lo.ttmtnuluialn'j1 matrix
ioubrid, r.rfunrulirrdu$ali, ribooome, DNA [8! RNA !il.]!o{dr!ot 6!fl!T :nnltn:l:ri
Itlrf, u ualCiso.!C"rr.rli'liuhi6D{mdunhd{41n0?!hdus
 3.2 plastid f,odadluoad i 3 lit
3.21 ch,loroplast du ptastid driur uh$odfi! !s:6 rtliiu drniri&tnrr:riiruua.l
(photosynihesis) arululdo:ruionn'.ltltln'i thyla.l(oid membrare i,fia lamelh d\
i:!6rrd (pigmeno ai lorrdodcmusltitrio!funii
rdtr carot€noid, crtroptrytt
urfir*lao.rulu4 rlun granum utia! granum adlnr'rtdouoi.tn"u tia{t o?n1utl
chloroplast 6ufl stroma d.rfi raulrridrvfu {.rrnfl ;ridru$n{, RNA. DNA un!
ribosome a!fin8!*:D!!d:ft n:T #furf,uld rdurf,u'r'l'u r bchondria
3.22 chroDoptrssr ulu ptastia dfuurur rdu dun{uin dfuro\unrorl
3.23 leucoplast lf,u pbstid Rr2rimhfi!filur\dlihrnnrrdlrnr#iruua.! nuludrulo.r
tirfi{Lild la:snriq:nrolmflalrTugfi lr"uunr rion aoli
Q lu rnitochonoria us: ct oropla$ idnB{uut01lod1\.i?|Jfu prokaryotic c€I ldu islrrhJqn:r!0tit.l
$ut l]1jtNt-lar, ! 70s nbo6ome. tfl1:liumJr.illrlljo\rlE0r':lltulu (nnlurt! mesosome. chrsrae.
thylakoid membrane) rildu irfuou5, uli'jrul'firirun't orga:rele nrrnorndli! prokaryotic ceu
d,n'rlroqlu n ndmu"ru r:rr cunnru ri!druvd{ur-an
Q h:.raiNdlgruhunri
1. luuN srrui'ri.ti0io'! microtubule l:u{nllr 2 trurifio 9+2 lrio 9+0
organelle
9+2 6arou.li 9 nii! n.ilnJ 2 ria nl{nal{i 2 vio rr.!r!qi 20 vio rlh dla ua! flageltulrl
s+o 66i0!li 9 n{! nq!R: 3 rio nflnnrli o ria rtlsu! 27 rio nufu basal body
ftjneto€ome) ud! centliole

citia ual naglum ulularlntr.r'lunr': niou

d Ia! c ra nufunrliria! flasellum
oql, 4ndur rirao.rln:.rair.li basat body
riu oo b.s
riv3rulfEn rnr:

2. Dclusjon body f,oar:drrliltnvnoun::r ruaglu cyroplasrn nju adndlr doe ldotti rio
utj.t delti:6u .rnr

: nr:rafiour"aaii (cel coat) lo!f,tFa ceuulose lu!!_.irtnd d>urrotd'*if,o glycocrlla< r!flu6 lr

Crri'rn glycoproternl ldlumreoriadonrr:$i,t!tlad
! rJruurosruriudriruri0?rierr

nucleor nemtnane

fhla6ud ua:61r lElorradus ilalbfu! r uri.! tnrtriauduR:tillult!$dluu .!

l"utntir dlr!'rn DNA+I rftrdlrild bislone fim'm DNA + lthi! bjstone
o1cnu plasmid (Olte 'xurr l
cytoplasm)

celular respimtion dlnli mesosome 6n1u mmchondria

{ltj0I!rla8rtrul!1ul)
photo6ynthe6ls ni 62u!o{[lol!car! c oropnyu firlu chtroroptasr ti! chlorophylt

!i nucleolus, centriole, ii organelle d'N.lm!m1!ltr!1:d!

cyloskeleron, organette liltiiorir ro.ryririmr tl nd
ri.lx!fi i 70s ribosone (xl]lndn) ! 8os ribooone (!!nilwr)
aili fagelum a:Md t'-rl,rtin ud' orri cilla $lo flagellu$ fi!fiat'rn
l:ild *z lhtnr tubulin
ftle lrirfinri tu fid

nrrrrdouinelrtdrllhaongr{

fin 6o neblln lrid c.r *b.*

Dl.anE lr.naodi .clim l6n.Forr d@ylab rr(,oc,bl'

oanat d{t6ir ddyli. {mb6ldo. loi q6!n9. Phg@1t'.b 9lrccyi6i ro..9! rrEdleLd
I d@l .6
slnDL dn.bn dld dltldin

Q nrrrnlioridrudoliunari lfiirar:l6n1 ua;firtrruulrfldnft.numnltad bassve Eansport) ua

lintNnnrnEad (acnve sansport) qtirmlsdoldlnulJehurdofrsadldfilarrhqjl u8ildnd'rsru
 e diffurton (nr:lrrj) f, srn:ndo#nosnr:arndnfuriurnbrinrfu fou lthnrlrf'rdoriurlfriu
1. gimple diffuaon ruldrtruoni'riifin rdu nrrrlwouiuol nr:ulriradrdtufiuluir ua:
fu3i.rif,'lr lClri rmuniirurdorlltarilnar:sarufiauaalr rdl nr:uanr duuufinilqron
uslrn:uririrudo. U:f,udrdor{lnad lprotein channet prorein pore) riodooolri.r!.1 riu
Na'K' cl- riolfrli?1lnilfirloll'rgne:eru r:rhlfo-r:rnrrun,iuuu rilduorjr.rrit
{rd?!d!
2. facilt td duusio! rfia#iu:idii riniu r un1r
lrridruthfli'rmfirdo{rnnd (canier proteid d
mrn, nr duul.lirsolrmunrua:arnlunrlrir6u.r
errdt{n- riu n6rao:oa n:na:iilu rihr"anqlna F

"ra'1 !!a ril,n?1lJ ni-llfl.nio.lrr-?Qnatalu m:un-i [uu

fi :rfi afrrlirirfudfl srn uidofi ul fi.r1ui.ro-n:r
nr:uric:a\i rmt:Crur rJrildrmiCrfiir
O o6mosis oniruniloq$irurdordoniru qrniiutrlrn
f,
ga{ir{
trlaqr!)'ljiilrrrjou (ehfu)
- rdonndoflurr:o:nruilamrnil:iuuhrfua:rruil
-
!'l,]arufunad {i.sotonic sotutioo) cru-\Ou nh
do nnriogfus.no:nra#uhniurr$ llypermnic ao-
tuuon) r;rhtihaoslliqoon 6!ni1 dasmolystr
@-.:b
hypobnic lolulon

rgad{#q:tdu? nndfix!do{lnndr:iuuirurtr l
-
Iidnnu
rdonndoq'hnr:a:nluiti0r1{n,j1 (hypotootc
sotution) t:n'rlfilroasbiardr rlun,jr plasuop-
@
m
ry8is ri. lii,ilo l!r.!nr-uni.t rsnii{n,il;unn
dn6oa (rl.r

urNurnr;rlunh hemolysis) Its{ifi'llo2rJd?uli.l

o-sdu sdlriunn rrll!flf! nad ui.! u:.!
- lrsftroortrit(omotic pressurey fiau:.rairidtndt
bnr:osaltic u ir-unrlnl!gfuriu,lolsrro:nrg
' u:rftrtrk (hrgor pressue) f,ouNrliusnr#rimrn rooaluiarf,ftj laudou:{ajtdlurn
qm:rqnooefuin rmr:urr uhl dnu-ldud,r
- nrruriuncoanltidqlrfiafinurrirnrunilfinoler:a:nruarhrdo6on!h!do.!rhn!!!ri.r
fi! riioliqrrrlutuufid{rrqa fiod!finn,rruri$aloodfuAdlo{d.rroi uri!finir1ua-mft!*l
O diatysis riunr:u ilo.rdrqnrnraejrudo6ondru nud*rjrdn, ralo.ldonb
O imbir'idon u)um'rnrnhovr'aqaldlCr rdu rrt6ctidrd'{{sn, efiwnduauJ.rq!filpr}.rrwrr
I ion exctrange liun::u?unrusn'l0oolltsntlarin-ufuoariuurrryhlrhr
o active trauport riunrrldvrft.rrufii'ulfnriradottrrnfriisr:riou'l:Jiii arann lnuirulJ:tm
t_?m (camer proteh) rfinddulnedfifi mjroctrcndria u1q tth nt:uuml Na _ K pump itlnd
' - r$urlraln
rjl:dlr, mttaB:!1Efl1nn g, n'nindlrnnuF!

l! .@..rn.di8[ad 6nd@rio.i3

I exocytocis fionrrnounrrdo{r vesicle il:4orrtf,-rn-rrdotiltlsd[6? dDurlniroonb ld!

n'nv*l raubi. peplido hormone, antlbody
O eaaocrrtoeis ;ofmdr !Au.!fl1!rh!tqd urh[:!
1. phagocytosis (cel eanng) n"lt!x!a nuin-udurfrrflu (p€eudopodtum) oonlrloldsn
roruir rdu rnlliot-rrdol, moldn6on:rn, flrrtliololxrlD.loJiurua!fl !!on
2. pinocytorts (csl dinldJu) n'trtl11la{rdo{tlnadr0uiodflosrunrrqnrf,ll rdu n'uqnilr
briuidrldr6n, rn:2nnduhrf, uduri:ah
3. rec€ptor-mediated €Ddocytosls nrrdar:urlliniln"uhhduf'fuirdoduoad (recepor
prot€rd lhntlr]l]d1tjfidlr td! m1lh cholesterol, Iipoprotein lfi ntir\1nhlxa.i

I i s finour,nro 6a nrrd{dqrlno nrrildqqrru trn]n'lltoiJduo\

I marifror;lndllunrrrrndonlrduk!' rdr Ead ril'la'rrrnioonlnliirnraoldrral r;'tn-laufuririil
dovj'n::rjtrmd gap ,unction hgnd{ti u8! plasmodedlnata lurtnrifil d1fi cFopLasm
mrnndrh$Fudrnllvrrfu , glycocaiE uulndini frlfdostlCgjunlu
Q nadioq,jlnariilud*5 qrur:niarioni.tlClat ?irttnrrriruttgo l::uutl::drtlua:r:uwior'liio

ooo
Q rrnruhurd {cel dtnf,sion} ulunrffmrliwolnrleirynuln unlnr:gurururnlsldlifln
eadtd'l:rilldn:rdru::mirriliArriarBlrr:tlari fililii !6r1.!dr:nhoon rtsriln'a;nrndu
Q 1u eukaryottc cetl r:nour'.t! 2 rluoutdn a-anTlllj.lo.lnduo (karyokinesis) uorflltui.l
,rytoplasn {cyloknosis) dniu prokaryooc cel mt[j.!$aa'bj1d c€fiiote i,6o spindle fber
k ryoh!6ds fui 2 i6 io
1. mito.ir rl!i{ud?ahu?l]qam.!1n:fu&lryi16l rdr.r n + n, 2n + 2n. 3n * 3n, ... linari
nn 2 $nd ruhrnr:fiulnmldnjua:fi1 nrrs:'1\nndtuni'tlil,o!fir un:nlurjlnadrfrll
ro.rihiiindudr
2. meiogis urh[d1{u?!{naa{a:Lfulsna,raiq r tdu 2n + n, 4n + 2n. ...1a'nadqr
4 $nd ntil]mr6i1{sa.idufuiigo\dni nTdi.t{flrlaile!fi! m:nr?!,!i.r zysote 19!d.!
trdltiunl
cytokilesis lultn.i o,i q:rinnt:noqir1o{rtali (cl€avage funow) c|]r,lqnoonninnju dlr
Ha!D! microfilament drulu$ndil $i{n'.runT6i1.l cel plate ulnrufr{nt,t\lnodTn!1d
d1fi1n Colgi body ud1 cel plate c3ns1!O! miaae nmelU d.rridur:iolia::r-jrslnsd
nxdrirl

(r-ffi.)-@€) /- cl€av8g€ tu'ro't

,___ /_

cYolrincr*r taroair_ri

' 0'
O""o' o
.'0
cylckinGis !oilrsfiin
 rdlc arjcd r '1

O n unn{fi\4ir./2!/qrra thi,rluvdntiaulu rdrl 2n u ni'r ila{lLl z lairuiioun"l ri,qnurni

larlllsl : uri.r 6o ro f, 0 6n'4n#.rfiriau :aaudru to i i llito!ftl ndrllitr 6 [ri{ riuu
{rgnhvniriu zn . e lnriln:fuId! s deifl 2 lidr$iotlnr-u Fo d€ di ua:r.ii lnar':rrlun{rouriu
'h homologous cfuomosome rdu to rtnlo[ln liu homologous riuta rlnlninol un:rirla:fufu1
ln tiu honotogous dofii[d1 iust'ri t!tr?diNuialdu ilurntrhnl.r i]n'rlu .trro.t ceotromere
un;r'-r u!,rriltio!iunr.!n_!i'r u

n nobqpu3 dlro.mldm

,")'t t,l
u w-_",.,"_
N 4 ikim,od,q!
'",( ,rl 0i,
V
skr.. chdmdd

e n (monoploid u-a haploid numbel) ,1n:llltrLuein:uri'rlrirdaudural nuldlunaddmiu{ arJoi

mr::!: gameLophFe 10!fil uni o n dtlnn lullo ri'rii'infuir
2n (diploid numbel) ri homologous fi8! 2 uri't rulutla;iilwt{ori qdtllu: spolophFe laiix
3n (tnpbd number) : il ia! 3 uri! du endosp€rm mrfi!
homologous
'hfitsaldfli
4n (teEaplod nulrlber) : i homologous fin! 4 [til lulu'::ul anaphase lal mitosis

Q riri Ia:mir (cblomand) 60 oinuru:uri{arL1t! nju ulld tt rian'jrilar&1t! z uris rda:

uri.ri z Ia:rritn ua:urud 71 rianirilnrfult! 2 nvi{ uqin:u \i r ln,uin d'rln':1u1tr'iiii z
In:rrinu'u lniudarla:r1it!16in-u riunilt.runi! cenuomere iUrf,lJ kinetochore oq ua:
ri, Gnrivlnrmfiouulnrl lutdtnn-tl t,:rliln'i1 sister ctuonatid uoirirfiotiuln:ufrnlununl

urklnrl tln"u !fl6un'i1 non'sister chrornatid

lrdrstlrirllri'slgri
*bp a lsg. LtLns nir lrluLlsrnat r. )

r,r",id nrlrllalli riaunr, z'{o

iln:trLarr.uln o unl irliir zn - a
lln:ldtl r un.r i.rldir n =.r
uir:unriln':ufrr z rrrl ura:unriloruno t ulrr
lrrofrt]rrnesarqlr: ri n = r
'l;ilT":TTn#1:lH;#,;Tfr"J:
uudnqandurnrnliaarurj *lU#,rthl5ar ll I I/ t( tt 45

:I';':l"*il*ruffi;',,i':': tp tl T nrf
qidzsdrrinr:rdrlnrllltrurin:{rrrlu.rrluriaf,nwr
s"rm/lun:n?1llirJni fiurrhnh karyotype
lt1i ll12 ll 13
tr l\
910

"r;
Q ron'o.rla:fufu uir.rneuau l3 lf lt
1. autosome ioit 1 fi.! 22 d.rlia;{rturiorriu
di ii20 ;l2l ll x
ion'u
homologous 19 u
2. sex chrcmosooe llodfr zS Inu*rriu{lru = xv rlryo{rF
uo:rir rfu{rgl = lo<
! tinrornsdluirrnrunu
1. soEadc ceu f,olls*iNmu ! 2n.46 d'no.!.:i homologous 23 !f,u aurosoms 22 !s!
d d
sex ct[omosome 1 i ritJ )c( d?!{-t1ur!fi homologour 22 rfunulu autosome unl
{
i sex chromosome rft Xy rtadirnrudrulu{drur:uJdulurJolrdarirnjrlirorir:
(differentiadon) un:uilnndriohftjliudr rdu Oid ri61n, sndno'urfo,
|'nddn6oa
udurwinfrnrurrnurjrnorila'#ou1 niu spermarogonia inr'l{e$lasi, noofun:;2nialr.r
lia6rr, E6d1n1thnhri1, unddolru-srnrdmrnrr riuniu
Z. rfidfurhr{ tqamere, s€r( c€D f,ooqliiuld ii n = 23 lhinolihu autoGome 22 llri.l us:6ex
cluomcome 1 qi.l
Q lumuJnd sr:r{uqn::uluirnfiusao.r eur<aryote lriln'o{riuuri,rln.firlluurioqhdnrru;,ir.llr,r
ctuomatin oilJdlttlndlu DNA rnriuraul llu histone dilur.ldl:d\nnr nq-rrdlmflunaru
riu uyi! doc: ui! nn drrirfu

O lg{fltmd (c€[ cycle) f,orrr#snddsurhrqia

nr 1 :ouudr d1rrrun[d{iol h'iotiNu]!
i4rin: riurorirltun.r:uJsu-ru mitosis
lu t l4rhruori ral::no Jfiu z ntuhq
io interphas€ ua! M-phase
O hterphase rilt::u#rnluurtJottriouuriliirri6!6ua! cyioplasm a!uiuiz!nn-!nrurnbr!un:
nucleolus ftnu uti{ulu
1. c, DNA $u:lu:dsrdqnlunaduquj rdodo.ruooln'na'oqan:rad
phase (:lurriordi'r.r
i{fnriui:r,lil imift nr1liqlrdNl centcome truhdtoonriu z p lnuluoa.idni
centrosome tj::noun'ru c€nElole 1 d;{amd! uallurtarifit c€nEosome e:rlln.jl polar
cap nurirfir;rgf chromatin tlrli1rrldlnrfufu!fri t In:lrfiq ([ririuri.irjunn-rnouli)
2. s pbas€ (rrrJ:di'r.r DNA) - rfinn1r copy olle, iioqjdulrSnqnlfptlolli!.] (DNA rcpli-
cation) 6!!f,j1 ctuomatin arlr:n$n*rulv::uid riu :lfia:fuLrdi z lnrrlrfia (uril"ua'.r
Liunri'rnoudt rl!'n j rrinnlrC,oorirgo. nrfufuu (cbromoeome duplicatiod d{lnoLii-
'irt#tfrnr, nlre riilrflu 2 riruiiruruuri.rlarfultruirLdr
3. q phaee {::tr:$d.!ni-r DNA - lniurriiorldrlli fin-:nil organelle ua:n1:ri'tlTr rndu

SG

/,/t^ ..i:-\
":'.\
;.Lsdi
!:as\;l
\'-f-.:i,./

O M 'phase (mtonc phase) ri!:!o:fl].| rhrnolr9lu karyokrness 4 fidi u6:ior'?u cylotnness

1- prophase ddnorurvliqalu M phase) ctuomaln lndrnarrrida:IuTtrdi z sister
chrcmaod ua: cenEo€ome rK z tnrndoulrlddrnadniori!{ond1! spindle fiber oon!'r
lrnnl.uattult (ll.Jltnninl controsomp li c€ltnole unlutinnllluu nucleolLrs 861un')
 metaphase In{ !!r,rnd"u1nio 6!i rli}lqjErG:(ildnEr rn'l1!finiuuiuill.r?l.l
In:lllllunrir laryotype lu'::r:d sprndte fter liriudl r6u lmetochore ua:arnln:fufur
uriuurf,.tnarltlad (meiaphase plate) nuclear membrane dfllusl"1aitxlnd!

anaplase ddi,nriuiqnl! cell cycle r'sftrnold'un) spndle fiber dnuqin: sister

ctuomaud nom_nn:l] r.dr6.runn:lnrurioLlirirrlod 6{uda: sFl€r cblomald r: r4f]f,
rf,r"Inrhrltlldrqolu,ta. a'roolL (oauqnrer c'uomosomet ir6arrlur:u#irurlrui e:Lltl
rirduriu 2 virrosooueiu
telophase spndle fiber aarld'r lnr:iltrFn nucleolus (ar nuclear membrane a'uuiurj
us:14:IlIuanruri'rduir\rur,l chomarln orrrlel
5. cytokiresis - uqnorriuluitun:doi 1d'oarinn z nari (daughter cell) uala radurJril:

mrrdrorl-fil|u rb.dt
e i 4 r:!: fia interphase L meios$ l. lnleehase II uar merosjs II
() interphase I - u!ou:r!! inierphase ra.! mtosis rnadi!
(' meiosjs I - r:nOlri'lu 4 ltulrjo! ua: cyrokinesis
1. prophas€ I rriou mitosis luoJ'r.i rir synagsis rrirriu
u,nfi rnun'irnfli qdalrillo.r homolo

gous chromosome n:rilini! (synap-

srs) l\,!utuu z tAllll.!!tn6.lnu ltun
[Ri]r!n!ntgmlrt:$]rr
bivalent usy!fiirlt:! 4 l6tlnfinla.! ho-

HH
mologous chomosome lnaildu rizn
totrad. omrfi nnitlll'itfu fulan non-sts-
ter chromafld fu.r fiun crossind over

5;.',,l,..+l ;-g1Dffiq-::i;:;"*"'
(!aiinn mllrNilrir.M'1.!rliunml! naoo
rranr:nldrri'rylrnlu::u: p.optrasc t

n!l16JU1n ttlld!d !!x)o

2. metaphase I spindle fiber dud homologous chromosome mr-u'td!'luluru metaphase
plate
3. dnaphase I - spindle fber aju homologous chomosome n].laonernniu hr:u:i:,huruuri.!
t.r U itud.! !r1.6! rm ri tlin ndr slster clxonLaEd Dll. rniL i ldN^ rn anaphase .!o.t mlosrs
D
 rrrl g nriua z

4. telophase I - udaiurilran homologous cbrcmosome radauUu"lr%rtaii inllth!fio nuclear

marnbrdne ui: riunl ruu'r u,i r
nucleolus sria:i? loduafi rflan'ur:! iru lula'rllloroo,r r

5. cytokinesis rf, otlaiiardulo r,rori ralr.r,orro,rriu'lurtaiifi tua:nnddoi

e interchase tr - lrii DNA replicaiion !fi4 chomosome duplicatron tr4iou Drerphase I ria
mlerpnase 1ai mirosrs orll: l lall,Jlt,J, 2 lnTt!1n^D9lJn?
e meiosis tr - r:na!d?U 4 :!0:da! 60 prophase II, metaphase Il, anaphase ll (o! telopbse Il
!t4!0u mnosis 41!U! Aninrtin sFler chronand aanarnni! wi1! cwoklnesis [!.1 c]'toplasm
1i'.!

tunlLrflnla'l$!!888n 4 r.daAt'tttad!l!] I tnrta

,o I DNA rcplication

@
I

I @ 6

cc
I I

I +

6) 6)
/Yt Yr
C:O
oo
tl

MITOSIS
 $..iin 2 End $nnMr$ariuri liddan 4 Liad rdnn'irlnariui
a'urular&&ruil6l irurularllltaanarnlwd.t
It! synapsis, bivalent, tetad. lrtrrralurro: prophase I
croesing over i chasma (uri crossing over irloljifild)
anaphsse im:6! sistor cfuornatid oonirn"! anaphase I imta! homolcqol]s cbromo€one
anaphase II d.n:ii sister chrcmatid
orna1iri',u

rf,r{ cell cycle lriii c€I cycle

rtndqndln'uriruuu mitosjs !rl8 meicis ioli LnaaantLtu {tDlttofiT:u !t mrtaars t luu

2n

t'r$tln:IlIl!

2lr1!r
1 !!n

4X

2X

G_S 6^ E g39G
a c!!I!9c1tr
_dAae_aAAiA
P
*Et AE E E: AEE!
dunflt{thiuttrdi.!6lrlr!1runo.lliilrJh! Iarrrrfin lrat DNA nliuultllu1lt:ulri,N.l1lowrl .r
nadni 2 rhun r:rfiulfirunndliroririiuri.:un:ril3i.:ir'auhallnirlqlrllC rdr lur:u: s fl
rlirlTr DNA un;Ii:!riri1{rti!!iu z rirlracu:dui{h:fuIltrs-lilthtilo{ fiolrd'.rrrniurjlrlad
uuu meroeis us'rtirbiirlrulnrlluunr:I:rir DNA annernnoriari#wis ftlrierlr:or:h{ ceu
cycte iohltd rir.rarnuuu mitosis dlFlrnrulaolj.,lM1fi!

ooo
! aflurnmrorun-xiernn (biodivelslty) i 3 ::un l*ui r-nunemrarurmr{uqnr ln{n
rh51m, fr11 a1t|'t'tltl'tlr specle€ uerintlrnlms1utft1l'!!!0ni
O a{fta6mtt (ta)<onorny) titibdi'd?u::uunrr{m!rin{ii.!!7h i:nou*r!] s ftnr:r Ldo!
&{!a'toulu']lr x
1. dq*incsu^d {rndifiura) rdm"anrirh X o1[udr*ul'v (caregory) 1r flnbqiqol:Jm
6nqi io KiDgdom, Phylutr! Clrs6, Order, Family, cenus, Slectes (o.trn{n:, lrlftJ, ao.lt,
oi!d!, ?.!d, 64a, diid) Inli 2 .t;ri! f,o
1.1 r uinfiu (anjncjal claseication) :rarhualriuriurir liu tiutnnirtrrl*!!0nlMiD!
fi! n !trTr2rl?1o{ unqlltiu?rlu
1-2 :luurfirlnifi (nahnat class ication) dad'tdlnNrioi2:BuTtli (phylogeny) ul!fid'
oldsi?i!ii1uri,.!1!1 1:no!*ra riu
- nrrinanrnni (amtom, laurs E wfNShiEatrhhri.tllfifirliluodl'll1 lllJ.ri!
bonologouo *rucnrre f,g1a:lsitiilnrillOitf,mdu rlrrrhirnloufioir.rn"u
tdr unnu-au1-inirlar-alhdarnr tra! aDatogou! structure ioh!,!fii.I.!
ilitrhr0 rirxioud! uinririrriiaun-v ldu inurn{-inun,nu, !nl!uo!rrr't
-lrul!4$alu
' dq rd! airn$n!]l (ilnnrrou{o) irnl rmdlnlJ, iiirurli iirmlrrn liinr:
ut:nf,ltrlnul (liDnaaus:i1r1!fidrna) !f,uiu
2. lomerclaturo lrmtr6o?i$tia) rfroClioiwrnrnri (scientific name) lot x rdoa?.]!
tiusrna ri!::uurilruo{fl{r8-t Al]liuq imlt4,loqnruln"u (bircmiat dydtem -
::uuibildrlubla) d.r3i'r[ilnuria: imrhlno!fiudlasilrcord drur:nfiunh doa4a
(genedc oame) 6ndrurnrn doir:q speci€s (specific epithet) liuiDlttuud?uurnir d't
fru#rlnqj drundrrhnrhdruir6n rtwoldrdnr{uliusntfu $ioriuui:un16!{ o!i1.!
lnodr.r d.r luurrai{c:fiioaol{*.rdo ms a.a. iif,f,rrridutu rirl!rl:!*J.rs*)u
!n : ttqru raDi@.g , fl. sapiers , Horro sapie.rs Teni , IloDo saOeDE Tent 2009
li : Hoho sapiens , Ifq&o saprietrs , Homo Saprians tf,uriu
 3. id€ntiflcatho (rnlr4tni) rioelrCrlqj1 x oilludlfufil ln hsli kev doin
tcategorv)
nhriuruuuanoonilrugo.r (dtchotomous t<ey) rdu ixtouildot!02ndua, !n!ol!'!rdo
rdon'lfirN riufu

tf urnfirrhrinf,larllfhlrmrn:nrln! lauhaotrqmlanrfl niqr*ruufiE 4 !0tfln4rrlrlr:rie

f,u NH,, cH., H,o us! I dDflm$trrf.+lrurrnftrhfi1tufifi?!ftfufit monomr *t1 rdu
mno;iifu, n:nlatfu. n6na1t8, moDosaccharlle llnuou&fln polymer tiudmirLnqn un:tanri
[rnururfieqrnrnno; uliiJn?1tllotrlelrnl2rln{!fi] drrtrdm:riu pokaryotic ceu $rn: q
rl]ljl:U',lm6!N:NIJtNlltlou0li
usldofia cyanobacteda flsrrn:nftnrr;rl#ruuotqrn co, uaal'l ftrfilri q lnmu'trnl
rfirdr ::noufiunrl gokaryote lj'Nlii!!'{lorjor+{uhtladlt1frurtr ul.r'hlgJrfinnruli!
orgranelte f,odrihum#*luusdf,firi! chloroplast rfilr"lffir u nioctroncria qr.risru{luirin
rirltn eut<aryotic cen ludqn

Q nr:crurnak!finrh rlno4:llmuora{n1{odh 3 lnuu rrlo s a.rrur{n:lflC firura{lllnrrlr

Arclraea Bacterla Eukarya

&s
Mooera Protlsta Fu[gi Pbntae Anllnalia
q, MA
@o R- H
uuiirlrl- r$itl6u lnrlnir rln m drt
hmo cyanobacleria c'urhu TI
fldon r]5t
qolGryotic eukaryotic

urlt ir
ut! fit
iur'lrir0u rirlc;du firarriu tl ! iii
pepddo- pep{doslycan rfiitlnd1l ufunr: ri!sr:
stycan urnCrvlu cNttll celh o6e

* bllmr:6nlii1 dntui!fitrnufitoiatfiiqldirdordouo:roltrlllo ldius

(f lrjriunori fioleinuluualfii! rio{!61:nrlqniruorli drorra:riu DNA r-o RNA
(capsid)
fiLi drvhrouriullturirlsu ru{e ryirfu rhr.tflqdrunr:rfurJrinhnnrilond (obligate uruaceltu-
lal pala$e) Foilrfi ui-urunirro{dfr norlorrirUlunadnudlnn urirrorinqiulunarira u ld
Q brhriurJrln*{unu {nj fu uiauriliurnfiriu {!3un bacl€nophage fllo ptraget rirluiiotrc
lual ril hirin l6n"nlr.rqj lu6lo iqu4urr *'ud'nuu oa!1! inqfe!"1 ldn rir'biGaoroon
}iufio.r hin:fin rin finrlodu a'r.!l!"t rond biuleun In"vr"nlra{oruriiuql,rri zoos }ir.nb sens
rlo trolltfir n! bdN.!0!u'rd!tt,n!rYr6d,! lu inrD.lnin drubroriu'u["]urhinluf,n

o iiuolrura"nrdltddu eohi nucloar menbrare, ilneui. nucleolus, cyioskeLolon,

prokaryote
cenfiiole, organelle ;i dodlrtltln lldii 706 riboGome oltili ftageltum (ririr:Ir,(d S*Z r!6:
'';noudl i6u flagelnl a'neJlrjiau-.rondriofi6iri orar:oqjriunniirdurr:o!f,un{! (cotony)
l,lio!il]6'r! (6lament) arar:fip i'rsriurlnal (coccus) ui{tiou (bacilus) raianr{ladli (spiril-
lum) lNtinalrnlodi'r.r capsule riunr{uruuon rfia &r"nriunr:tuniu{) iiulr
endospore
lurlndu_orruiosnriurndorfilrirulr:au iinru$a-rvrn_uto.! meLaborsm !rnfiqn $!
- phoioautoirophl dTid'.xrluarmairloul: !?i! purple sullul bacteria, green sulfu
laaeta dn'4inrfruririurilllrtlu), qyanobacrena tiiehrrinnirf,! O,t
- chemoautotroph: dlnnirnumnJjffiarmirnoir.larT !d! nirifying badena
' heterotsophi riufrjoonnru (dec.omposer) lrio rRo
- lt1.!!inni\ N, ld' rdu Rhizobium (u:rnfitn::r1ao"r;. Azorobacror, Nosroc (uflmJr.!),
AnabaeDa 0uuxuuhl), Oscilatoda
itlar1l&uor prokaryote riuuuufur'r 6afiuri{6u?usjbi{ufulh;u tustone trg;h cytNl sm
r! DNA 1{um! ltun ptasmid rirqlsjnBot!!1{oJNf,lridrfryriurnrdr:tf,htum:rJnfi
O !fitdnrftTrrDntldu rdu ulrdur lurfiin irdunrul rurui.r rla ]il aldt flInro{
I Lnrfine, nuunfirfu riu noil lonl rnnwrln [ua.:h tnriour{ (kinnsrafou) iida ohranl:n
inlrii*r r-ruI,ln l$u ionuT n
O D10/1{m Monera uhaonrfiJ 2 Dlal1linldou
1. Archaeabact€da fiolauru arcuea (uuafiriulmo) drslmnoriro$uii.rurndorqali.r
}i erht'eriLjriu pep[doglycan
1-1 Euyarchaeora f,arnndi1luffdirr! ua nnioufl?ilJdrit
1.2 crenarcha€ota 6omnsouq x4iq!{'9 !!n3mnxDu1]rnd-n
2. i:tlullllloln.r:i1l.tf,lnus: rnetabo]isrn nnrnneruiqn 6ri
Eubacteda f,olilrru Bacreria
flrl{wqdr:ltunr: peptidoglycan i'ruuairiulunriltdirri.roodnru'tn4ruunla"a'runt
U''J6
2.1 n?nllnrlJll,n iorlitdtiN1l"! cr,strl violet rdu ladobacilus (ret bdjd aod liti1!/tl
udur lurfiir llluui{ H-nro.r), srepiomyces triuuuniiudtirsruadrur{o:r Hdn
ol ti?ui streptomycin), Bacilus ('l1!!On6i'r\ endospore irioltiuo!!fllnd),
Mycoplasma (ruutlnanururnrdnflqn riuuunfi rirdbifi af.rnori u*ilirtiunrn
unlrtlt2n r.n,rriiiriolf!fia1:n onuru)
2.2 mnmrldr dsuf,nduruo.r safanin iharonril tn'uri
- Proteobacteria iilurut]1n4r tdu purple sulfer bacteria (a'ultmd1lnflltd1lua.l
'l*n1,r:nir), Rhizobium

- cblanydias nhltifliLneid0nN$fi&rri-uri rdr ruodurfiuu

- Sluocher€s fiU!fiaLnif 6s dxq
- cyanobactena #sorr,rilridriarun:lirril nrm:odrn:r:riirau*.:1d o, {filuril:
lrl! cbloroplast uitslraiN.l) rd! Anabaena. Nostoc. oEciuatoria, s'pinllina {sllrhd
ndurro.r iI :f,ugr), Microcysbs (na"!fl1r hycroxytamine l1lhrrrrda)

^dv
I r0urrnlro;ai 6s eukaryor€ dnri,u{ni tlri:bdry nalufia (slr.rhu) on!
ffai,luf,ir (fldon)
Q hrlndr
1. DlplomoDadida u]!] eufaryoe *dr lrll orgEnelle i tlagellum nalu
dlJ ! 2 ihlifils rd! ciadia liujlartr&'{dnu
2. Pa$basala liu euk4lt€ fudr h! organene i iagenrun z !&t djatt
s
3
lrsriritlaat,ll or. Tnchonympha da4tdrld arnuuu mutuaLrsm
ffoutiou cellulose, Thchomonas drirlriiardolurio.lnaon
Eugleoozoa Fon,nfrnf,o!frln! flagelum rdl Euglena dl! eyespot
ffi
'Hnouaus.rdoun{
!a!! cNoroplasr e-.rriuq'a6m:drrllr.r4j, Trypano n\
soma iiuri:dnulrLatlNrndu /hh
Alv€olata ion?nd! aveou dudol6nllrifraul"C orfdrdorl'lnari
4.1 DDollagellale ! 2 flaqelum rllilin 'rnlmroi red dde r-o
,V
/ tdt
trla-lrF iintl! liluMor: ra n'rlx'dn iri,rnruli

J
4-2 Apicomple{a rflu rRn i organele liun{ond lrii organeue
6hni!lndaufr 'lun6narjr.!a1n'ln sporozoa rtitr plasmodrum

rioLnrnnrdu (d{udul nqrriurJrinulumn:

a.3 Clliate ld citia radouii in1rlxmn$R]Urnn td! palamecium,

5.
Vonicella. Slentor
Rhizopoda Forilnilndouiirul'irrfio! (pseuaopodiu!) ld! Amo€ba. S rqry
ftltamoeba id.n'e fio n mroDnca ritirinlr'|i?Air,. E. gingivals
\'/
o{n:.riudruiuuuar-rlu. E cox naui!ttrlnfi !5r]irhlt rfi nuff dludr'td
* Drhdu6uduu.iafrliu Eschenchia cotl (E col [,lioudu) iFouti,r,l
20IrUtunl16tI4t nUAU
mrra-nan'ivirlmlndroqfuldo"l protozoa un:eluunoonnrlla:,lqii{tl1d
r;;
Q
ralouirf,u a nri!
1 !fldouri?! flageUum nlnlfl Euglenozoa DtjNrnaul
{#
2.6daun"ra cilra ldl,lrnn Criliare 0rh,lrnrdlriu!
3.ndouir! peeudopodium tdl']'t'tn RhDopoda oti't.tolilll
q.lrjila:rairrefior.fi Fonl sporozoa 0r,'t\rr016h!f, lrJ
.8ii
! nrira rfu{ednrfi6"r$flqarulnn i:sn{oqdrin:r: drrllnwirir{1dlulrlotfl! chloroptas{
1. sEameDopila riuauiruinnrifur{!{! 2 flagettum duii.rilu dndulrii $ .!!i! 2 n!i!
1.t mrirueltrmr !ar.r agin riunrlrhuilir'ldi'lrfi'ta'otltlqa rdu Padina. LamiDan€,
zucus (g ri'rdiln$nnriur$r). sargussum (dilrj'rutiu ilo1of,tJ$), xeb (il'nnnlvd
lnulurrrrn)
1.2 Dtatoh lir]drrilunaddt'l iflri!$adul!6olrh :lnurlu r0uarmnifinr rdonra
l:Jrfu nllur:tn 6un atiaionaceous eanh l"nlf,1nrrfiqrnrnflfltlulaRsN liu
nlorudr urrialnw urifiu r#ouror ul?i'ru:tar isl
2. nhodophyta r!:otr.liuAur.r lliur:u#i flagelum i61i agar, carageenan drddaoon
rnrqdd nj! PorphFa 6dlu, fui) b'nhEllril, Gncillaia (dlrfhuellllN) lf,t/a*iJ
3. chloroDhyta la6'r'i1ualttn ldu chlorella, Scenedesmus rina.rilJ:tr6, sliroorna
(rfld1) b'tholtnr, Acetabutaria b'inyrlorirrn6rn, Volvox riuriou colony ns!'I,
ct amyctomonas. chaia tflnislrl) rf,ua, rirufilnrihar{uf,lmniiqn

ffi d W&@%
volvox cr'lrry&lmas Aor.birlai. SpyrcgyE CnhrdL

o flflon (nq! mvcorozoa) o'r{flni{ln rrrtil]u!! phagocyrosis mollllou ('Nl.m!uuut1ni!1

r-iauudr2air) !n:nfioufli {f,.:hra6or.frirld roorFrr1rliiqJorj'Nflr!i!!fi0hr0!it0.!fi!fr) rdu
decompo€er ld! sremonftis, Physarum ll]uj:anufi! (du Plasmodiophora rl' fiinl:n:rnld. u
nltn]Un fluan! z ulru it
1. plasnodrd 6lme mold ril]dalJutu1 i aluiln6ut fiunarunour:l lr
2. cellular slime mon riunndrdaro{Ear! udli 1 o?mdud
C n1! d'n{rlvi1ar60m'rodulrlfiJ Mlromycophyta d'rlldilrhulri.!0onii!f, ?tui'].!'l 60
1. chlorophyta nruiraitiur rdu chlorella, scenedosmus
2. Phaeophyta auiraiJrnra nfu Kelp
3. chrysoph!'ta flr.rhtid;rnrnunuru6o.t xloaflo{ 60 Diatom
4. Euglenophyta ianrnXniur
5. Rhodophyta nl iiuim! ldu PorphFa
6. PFrophyta nrrrhudujar'lri f,o Dinoflagelate
o ionin r n (mushroom), 11 (mold) ua:g6ti (yeast) nirulflfitliuJtrilrnnffii titr decom-
poser ddrar"qrou:luiir:n
o f,.lhritl eukaryote d!!fin! hypha) ualndrno.rldulu (mycetiud dohnr?rilunnfiuuuu$iicfl
do!uc-?iri! !fiosrqujduuriuoirn:nr:flu6rJoiirilni tuiting body rlf{Enddrnr: chitin
ua:d.laa#*ruunirjli n'rNilnlnltruur saproptrytisn (n*lfrlioroottlntr#lryri!) parasitism
(riu .ai) ris trrutualisn (i!m) Itrld ojli 2 non f,o sexual spole ltu msioGis n1J asexual
spore lau miosu d{trrld sexua spore tiumrur{unr:iruunf{rsonriu 4ltls'u [iltrlliii
f,dfi{ltitli aserual spore uhttrr tiun'jrrnn lugi inperlecd rilr I'eniciliu& Asper€Dlus
1. ctytddiomycota f,otnn chyEid : r ri.ir1ii!6u1
r'uariiuriirri*s:nrJo{! fl agerum dlriDllud r
1l !'ur!l11n1mfisi
2. zygomyclta rdu tlai (rhlzopus) d$toqjulsulih
: bypha UJlll]lNnU A:'N s€r{ral spore n0 rygo6pole
3. Asconycota inhnrrntlE rdr oai Lr:n rlr'irlla
't'tun{ : hypha lrri{ntu alr.c sexual spore rtun
ascGpore lurNrtun ascus Liutali dl! unjc€Iular
uajhii rryprra inr:dur$rqlnuunnvtlo driordourr)
nio neiosis (fifrunn)
4. Badido@ycota rdu rindrq 1roiil flt$hti1 1'l mycothiza io{rirflnzuru-r muu.raim
druqaurrua:uior1 : tryptra iHrirriu *fn so<ua spore |tun basidiodpore 1u fruiting bodv
wrah{ drubrjlaludrdr!fi N !f, rttil
O rT[n.! ldrhdliun{lra:uir{$, eoni"iltiu- ldtfiudli'u! penic IiIL Atp€rgiilus ,avus !n11
anao:oa rhlf,rirl|lr5.tfit, Awtgilus ,iger Haimtitin, Fhizopus n@dcans xhnn:nlCuin
dndqrlrrn$rahuul ld o tiuoonaaod Bo! co ltunl!!?un1:rrln i{dEariurinbd
tv81 u8: lduq^nD nfirulrJltlll! lom1nut ' rdrjinahrnf {eJliiili2 !*rdm 0"'1$!h
I l:aarnf,.rlr rdu nor m{otr .irluirrio! rar uollrnqrnla0l :rsrirdr rdrd'n Lalutni
rriu ltn luftti nttlntl! ll

! Ianl{ ftcrreos) tdu Cous! tloti! rfluii.rif,tndnron ifinarnrr {ascomycete llo msidr-
olnyc€te) aadl?lrluruiJ mutuaism ti.r,ll]!.ht (dritn l'iodrilruntlrirriu) ba:rti'uiol1 co,
uruarudu d'runrnrhatiorn: qo; o, hrruddrii.tiiinlnrin trlnioufiuld uo:riuctuf,
faornr; rrrr:furibidufufhlornrntilufirr '[anud! 3 tfisu fio cnrstoee 0nr:riuuriulsi
u!ftu), folio€e (atiruhr'LiuCrutl) lla; fruti@6e ([l!CDUlil)
! o"a$rorruilo lrdodo riu mul[celu]ar ti! producer irfilloririu calluloGe unr! anemation
of generation (?.rdnlrl]!dd'!) d\ llan.t ro-ii6! uatrr'tri

,.-dO:>,**;
-.* (9 mb&6 l::h ^',."'"
\
*hrnr#
SeO"O"*"re 1Zn1 t"*'" I

q4nolophvr.

".br.
^4e"-}\
LD .,r."i"

tn"r.
'^q\g"meor(-/
rA<" r-.,
.ata- a " rh: ..ttU \ )
srmore _ ^n*"/ ^

^.,"".M)a1
i6Mle ss@ta.9i6 rura E rmde
gamlophyle
'Jfl";ffi""
e altorDatloD of golleration
6od'r{flnlo{fin din1'6al!:!xi1.!t!gt diploid (2n) i6uni sforophyte uo!!!!! haploid (n)
iriunir gametophla€ lnu sporophyre tilldl.rilrro.!fi!frii$fitlnil spore Tau meioes d?u
gamerophyt€ !f,trit.fiiao'!fili!!,nitidi1.llradiu{u{ {gamere) lnu mitosis riouoridur{urirn
r.lf arirlufi r:L,i sproptryte ludolJ

sporangiudl - oil'ldiTld oi luror6un,jr capsule

sporophyll = ll,irhyfif,nl'rd 0i ltlfti sporangium ai
cone = sporophyl fio"aniruril u$w:ihmab{ rulu grymneperm
stobilus = sporcphyll io"iniruli! rulu Vcophyra m!xri100n dr.l
sorus = n4! spolangium llolrtlu
gamelangium - o"rair.lnadduriiuri (gamete) lufirfirCr urj.rdlu archaegomurn
di't.r female g€mete !,8: adheridium d$,! nale gEmet€
nale ganere luidrjiorin$llmiim:! nagelum rrifl;lfijruludona,rdunr:rJinu6
rniiol]ufirqlBn'r ilu
young gametophpe luloa 6tn'Jr proonema luriuriuflrflh rian-jr pro*ulus
fufuf,uir gameoptryte r:niryInarimirun:lorqmun,it slDroph!'re udalriort.ldniios
a{q0tn?fluln^tq{iit tLttn0nM! gamercphyre alJltqlntldl.t!ldnlt lur-u
n-Mslonr:airln oiifi!.rsiiar6t]? (hoeo3pore) lrdfilu, {!i:m:aiN{ Di 2 riit
(betorospore) f,o mrcrospore uo: megaspore d.te:rrlrXtir] male r!5a temale gam"to-
phyl€ uundu l!n:aJl{ male $to Iemale gamere ur frnuidu fltiiairl heterospore
$Ln sehgmella, f l!,tlu!u r, tlltltll lts:wuutan

I rmirurnfir
. chara 6115rutL{,lqo lunrlnnltruflltrtlDt'ouarolullo
'ltfu
- lualloalrilr.! {vascular tissue) FB Xylem (ai16u,!th u0Jl!1614) pt oem (8.1!5U.101l,]t)
- uAn 6o ovule r'ln'ilnrrml ua: ovule riulnntotrdfi femate gamere oqj.l"riu rfoL,i
irRl:rdl]r'u male gamete rrlinnrnjtditi !a!d{f ourie ulduubullrutda
- lnr.rnirdi mate gamere o{rir.rlulo.rirlur6n6o alDo{rrq (pouen)
- fillur6nott gamere untfirmtealutldu -xlii gametangurn
. ur0tu0rJlj1:n0uillJru80nn![lran (seed coao lal]E ura'l'ltioth0totltdnt t{ r!,1]u
tr2n anEosperm riafueor rhbiienr,lar{l ,iun gyrnnosperm ntofilu6rui60u ldud
mnau rl:.t ui:ff':tt ua;rt:riou
- ,llutuuaa l]o!!in atll telnn ul6!nw0{ qamete fr010!u-lo t!9na{triott:.!0n
ruu sporophyre ruralu irnnrlPrl rn{uo r11:r,rutilqn?un 0i (n) dru a{!aNni:r1u
ril{o'?0!r6o (2n)
 O f,tltiirlodi!6u.! gametophyte
rF ss{- 5.
r; riun'jr us: riuis':! sporophye do.r

s o1fruo{u! gametophyto iaoniit

EgFiFFggF
o-o-aao-ao-o'o- o-
ldifln uri!:'rnrfirj! hhizoid lriii
vascular tissue &*r 6t{nunr:un'j
un:ooo&tn uirrfu drlridrrirqiriu
iosiiamrrSn driuuerbfibiufei.!
.t,
tlJ9 il[ota.l $lt 1?u riun'ii thallus llud ror
(btyophyta) livelwens (hepatophlta)
l!ttl!llottitc!
un; homwelts (anthocercphyta)
Q firiiriontrfiu.r (tacheophyta) i
tuat sporophyte dltn-jl ontll6nr: r.fig
1UnU gametopnyt€ flla t?ullrQ!flfl
lllrluttlJaa,lrtoJ llltaolu09'ltlu{ dou Bnr&r,rlur:louriulnrfr a!
tro: gynmosperm nir,rftlu rdtn{ r u
t{,! lti$o!u0tla!t0t!110 rrnufr

O Bryophyta f,oriTnma ullnnlMiarmrdrim young gametophlte 6unir protonema riu{

:lnt0nriomnlomrd ldu riimonqlf (sphagrum moss) dsltlr:lutdnrrnr:mrr, un;rfinulutiti
rdour6'rli
o Lycophyta 6iNn sllu sEobilus ! 3 nri! f,o
1. Lycopodium ldu dulrrl$d. siolqmu, nufoouan, dolurlnd sirl homoepore
2. Sel,agtrela rdu f,!{nun afis hereroopore
3. Isoetes f,o m:rfiu$h glN heteroepore

o Ptorophytai3nlirf,o
1. t?'r!rt!uD!r (psilotuln) qrnli{ia:{sr drrirlrl3iarldrirr ue;ldrriuldhu
(dichoromoue)

Z. rqiroeadin (equisetum) eht'!d!i!1ns?\ s'rnlrril'rlii6n1 lurdnlrlu.rrf,ursrouio

fia'rn'uldfiu6un rhrzome uac! sfob[us lnd!firrdt
3. ris ! sorus {ralludDuri?urirrlrloluullrn (ctcitaie vernadon) do{?seln mubnitll
young gametoph'Ie 6uni'r prothalus rilil]! 2 uuu o1!$r1rri'!l! n3of'rdrria{r-r
dru'bqjsir tomoepore rd! dlns"lrd.lrlu nlllrh'lf nu{rlnr inrln prf,u: druf,un
'N'l!rs unt{lflrnfluil iaiN heterospore !d! lon{ q [x!un! r1n['ju

LTt rf'ro.!lo.!

Q funurie (seed plant) itu! sporophyt€ ltiudnsnlo'r?u'ru gametoph''te 6nlrn laa gymno-

spem i ovule u:Jroqjuu lnllriiolhuriorfl dorltnnr: lcuirlrtl ovr:le noiutirturda

c,one

uJ6oo drrr angioeperm iaontiuar-or:etlil{ ! ortte oqlu ovary luton dolfinnrr inui
rhti ovute narurtuurdnoqfu ovary d.rr:narrr0uro fi!fiuJ6ntr {oon!fir 5Irl&J
1. cycadophyta f,orh.lti.}ll $! doeckrus plant (uunlrrin"u) lud$rrh!fltniodulfrril
2. Gidgophyta nt6o sp€cles tdal eo ciikga broba ?tlou0ifuu ur6nia rrf,ldriuufiu
3. co[forophyta fiomnsu rdu dlJtadu qudd!
4. cD€tophyta rd! !:d0! (gnebrm) r0uiirurdauJdouilariruf,ciofldfiumlurdu\dlllnfrqt
60! fu ).1'lero indt.tnon urdtl.t z lu rar
vegsel

5- Aitbophyta f,ofitaon ulunriurirnfh{cuidD! in2'Drnelnna]rjll1ndqn rdu ran uw

}irJr (*r) a1llfEr,|1.ln:::on arn'jrarirrruiur aun:n au::6n?i r:rirr urhr rnr
d'rfrnonn{uurnlrfuriu ln Amboretla firaonu:.jsaondr fulurdusi {aicot) ua:fialr
rduldar (monoclt)
 4o
2 lti 1bl
9o LdULII

t'tR
t1{ [ta
urh
ut1|r
doa
riaal!f,u{
catrrbium I IIJ'J

ltfultlttlurtrl{ l.n
{!!rlouNn0?
',!
rhm!n6! 4X, 5X 3X
't'] u1nlt tlnl1 ao1! 6{nil
qynnospeirn

!
ln__
rio':irdordoua:rolu{o d! muhicerular ufl consumer i colaqen dufurir.iudordoldur*u
InodriiiCru'uuniiqn 3 lrift]t!fi 60 Anhropoda > Mollusca > chodata
I rnafdlilla, nrrltaft,i
r. C.n rlt*rncftdo gem tayer lur:wfriou s fiJ f,o €croden! meooderm tra: erdoderm
. ulrrtlJtuo germ hyer aD flo{u']
- fi Z f,u (ecmaenn ril endodem) 60 cnidarian
-!3!!aournt
2. do!d.ri? (co€tom)
llldo.rrfi n"r llorio.rir, cnidarian, nuorJ#tuuu
do'lsfitrltfiu! (pseudocoelom o{l!t!,j't,l endoderm niu mesoderm) f,Dl,lltsuritnn!
' do.rrir*ruri (eucoelom oqlu nresocam) 6oiu6o

ffi
l-
o Tr.ro,lltlr
\w ffi &
o "r-'l'
t
3. ttlrnari, {n1!, (symmetry)
- lrilaunr: lasyrnmeryl du ileutr
- Allrrn:lai {mOat sylrunety) tdu cnidarian
- nrrnnrCrurirt bilatsal synm€ty) e6inr6o

ffi
a. tiSrdli? (sogmentation, metamerjsm) riulot'tiu arnelid, arthropoal Un! chordale
5. 13!t tlNr;rrolll1i (dlgestive tlact)
- lriidaur6uarm 6o rlou:r, ruriC,ia
ilrn{iuormr'lrjnlrJ:ni (incornptere digesrive racr) - i 1 ? filJrrN}, oonnNlu F0 qfdarian.
ttl]Dufiruju (undr]nulift tr)
linr6uarr.trrnltlmi {camplete digestlve tract) - i
2 ? fiorhnr{umr:nin 6oiru6o
6. rnrnlqrol dastopore (ruhdn-iiultl bilatemt symmety) i.r$l#rfiaddu::u:rouuilo
protostomia T6rrio! io blastopore rrirXriudrn lilri wouri2nn!. l,!uoun".lr!uu,
annelid, mollurk, arthopod
- deuterostomia Tri.ixd! 60 blaslopore Fie[]lrnTr.rin lduri echinodem, chordat€

O_ ffA^ri,Ir#;"rllxil*l dlg6.tiw td

7. nrlciqlo{fidou lnuludn'i# rfu proloslomia)

- ulru trochophore n'?rjau! cilla irujr'la'lduri vuoun-luUu, mollusk annelid
- ulJ! ecdysozm a"?da!finra0nnfl1rrav:nlqrir-rln liuri tnJo!fr?nd!, arthropod
8. t:udl'a'ttl (Dervous sys-tem)
- liirwu :rcr 6o rlo.rir
- il:!u]:i6'u uilril1]uu rdrfid'una1! io cnidarian (liuluu Derve net)
- lhr'lrl lli d1lJnat! + dl ::crdur! uurrlrduoll,tli (dorsal nerve cord) f,o chordate
- i:yurlttf,rrdtunall * ro'urJr:ar lrqj 1n'nrl6!o.lmt (vmtsal newe c!rd) f,o n'lrda
9. 1arut!fl 6!ul.lr (circdatory sy6len)
' ldirunrrqlr'twlafir is rloclr, cniaarian, rnrsrrhuuu, rtrstrf,inru I

- iturt0a (@ed circulatory systern) fior6onuaa!-rordnhmful'uril heodvrnph luix

*rf,Jdrlrn hemocoel ld[tin2n trDlusk (unrir flrdn), arthropod ecl$noddftr chortato
*!th (n6u!rh D!, amphio.us)
- SrtJUii (clo€ed clculatory syEt€m) f,ordoaaqfiunaa6onreont, er lfui ann€[4 mol-
h.trk (rn'| s in), chordare f,u6 Oen tratel

E-q 6tl.g
cE
E.Ei!E
EE6E:
o-oo-z<
o-o-o'o.o-
!iE8
'&F€
o.ao-o-

r:urh:rrn
tl1itla a1t1t

llatittlrt
bldoF.E

tt z.tl& z,
ff il*urr,rri"
lm,
,llttllo i$rilt 3 nu l

rrrni: Edlal ,t!1i1 tilel€.el

lt
I
t|ffi,
! ****
i
I!l,,'llrllo lltu$t0
g€aln hyoa golm hyrr iL __l i

ih{ irdordoue:rollilo
lO P. Porirera f,Drilndo.tfr ido$iruir6ln ooa ua:riroonrx osolum dui3m.lnoNfiun mesohyl
€ndnrroifio couar c€ll {choaDocyre) idaor-niirm:douaTT fi amoebocyt€ n0ud?udoua]xlt
avdrotm: un:airm'm (6picutre) 1nulr1ilqhl].unriruosrloqiraonlrroiinasl?2"]n lrlrJrlolril
lfi (!,21nri! spoDon) rlo!fiiuJn (rnlnrf,ufiuJ! cacor) ualrio.r.hui? (x?1nril16enl)
O P. cntdarla !d! larrl nonlfrlllq J!n1i dnilnl

#
u!.!n!'|r$ loi6u inndnroiis neroatocyst $u!6!fir
E{1urna.i cnidocyte d.raqjuurura (tentacle) !l iN
2 uu!6D polyp m: medusa drunn:n1u q"rvrlni?.iin
r$uddu (mer€genesls) 6ans-u::rirl z lJ irrdlurdr (}
drtridC rnrluolnrt'hiduJloiriun gast ovascular
lacrl
cavity rf,rldoi 2 fu fuiunr{na1{riun mesoglea dl!i't"u i:rli1.!su! poryp

lanrrriuiiraadd!fru2.ialrfirnrl r 2 lOt 60 glad ce!

liv firrirdaarior,rui a riuiu,6n.1 rfislri numwe ce[ oiiou
Utiodu$arieiob
O P, Platyhelminthes fiottuoun-luuu lrtluuroqjia:l tdu riarur6t rfiorfluhir rdu luriluli
uarrmif,if,r nurEfif,#ulriilxr.lrf,lorur: nnturfiudrllrlo.tonlwi (regeneratron) dsleu 't
n{ld ruow-ruudd flaoe ceu lunr, :t"urhu m:druhqjulln:tna (monoecious)
O P. NeDatoda fioruaun-rnar irtlo{6sr; rdu woulufrdr.raraX, rf,ullriolvau tdu rurio-lt1
unlriu rinfufil rduldr6ouco! !.ruouihnalli!6onua1f,n, 'irqutiutlmrua,h p€eudocoelom
EltftfiJdlu 60 excleory canal rlniif,u cuticle !ia{!iNn.u (ls!(rlnlrlfl (dioeclous)
O P. Amelida 6or.!!ou n'0.! ri!ruodniryiiqn lluuldoniJadli.! lt11!i hemoglobin eid'ru
oqhlhrdaa niftrfu.lrio.rl rdorhrJa'a.r6un septa drullfitilnltru (monoecrous) oiul:liu
ri'ruEun ootanephridia ld^fl2trftr.nuh uoonrFoalitru#ruldulurlalriurhlddludardon ldui
ldrf,ou (iriou setae rjrulunrta(oui). lddowlto ulauritniu.! (!6ou setae un: parapodia
drundauiua:nr r), JA.!i1at drii!6ou). f)*lmruti, tnn?t!60n
ruaurJdo.rri'rlruqnrdontii:tllioU6'r': hirudin oonrrtfrslri'l 6oaloadu{'rnn 6uuutlud'l't
hepario idiGofintio'!t:-ua"roonuriolrlu6onlullaoa16ondutl'u

O P. Morusca irlnru :cnoun'ru 3 dru6o ltir irlnrrddour]l [83 mantte iltiu&fi nn1rl
i{n1u usldlrffndiNuj6onuiuruuon (exo6keleton) riufurluli ilnrimr"ar;rilriru mlh
*ru|ion rdu trn, dun:l8 (chitln !i!dof[u r1fl) !ao!th!tu'] (!d!tnnl$uu arymmetrv fliu
murilrJl]) rou6o'!C1 (fi{u1n:uuu bllateral t!6!lrii!t1 ttu loluntl no!$]s!d) $iin
$in!'nf un oulridr! * drrtttou rnt0nl!1i morusk tilJdtddt{8:!flltifihut3utr 6o
P. Brachiopoda
 nln nlnini !6;nDU'r2'rt?{ t u mollusk lals r'r:rcr d!uur"rli!r,!u1i (teDtacle), lh!!u
6oain ir (firr:or: hemocyanin) i siphon drufunrtFdoufr uw:aturh:a'uFtqSiqalu
d#11'!nrqn&r*r dmrNdrluifionlftnrufu (endekeleron) nairuudi!:til rlm {triua

moftsr {l

O P. Anb@poda riu{ridlCrmurnnn'qeluTnn d'nvnr:d.rd'rX6o

- uitrivnr:
exoskeletron chtrn
- ::uu!6ort!i chirin uillll.fl.t
- i'r.rrnruhaonriu*ru1 niu 3 d2u (ft + an + rir.!) 1. €ro€tsl€ton ,0.! arlhrcpod ,2
2 d?u {lhduonldrtli'rr 6un cephalothorax + y"a.i)
:c€llYlxo.turur
r-odu a'0.r1 Qg
. nonnrruriur:u: (!ni.t:!iu ecdysozoa) .!ntar1!
uta,llrnr crurtac€€n iii netarnoahosis

t!!r l|ta ------------ -ietr

I- l- 11_ 10!t
t-
adhmpod II -
*!s[.. .-J -ri6tr
I I
1
'
Lir''nnr', a r. -.1- n1 n'orn: 1 ri - C. Chilopoda

t-
L!$U1n2nm:nl€-t0
L rlrJi's{f,: 2 .i
-
C. Dplopoda

afihopod iiurtnlitlld{rslur,ruraua:rhtlrurlrliudrn-A ldti! 6 aass d'.rdo}lfi

1. c. Arachhida niDurN rdv ulll ul,rrlo.r rfiu l:r{u ri.r irmuui.liu 2 dru $tulairu
$r,!rlar (book lung)
2- C. Melostomata $3ou!!or ir.lnruutj!!0u 2 dr! rnuhi'ruu(slvian (book gin)
3. c. Insecta n-ou!s.t irrnuui.lli! 3 dru rtr rr'r!::uurioal riurhudrl Malpighian
NLde 60n1a\ sro.illdlii r6a\ t!ffniilia
 4. c. ctilopoda rfiornn cenEpede niu rlr,1u nlriu i1{rnuui{0onriujdE{1 trfit v1u1.
i1!rira!
5. c. Dtplopoda xlDri?n milipede rdu i'{fiE ni:quilr!6u# talo{1uiil 1'l 'i.!m!$j\aarl
tiutJdoq nruleirurionl
6. c. cru.stac€a rdu {r ri.r r,l urli 1:urr lrm.! ri?nf r l}!f,! {nd'un!n irmuuri.rriu 2
d?u iirl]dri"ruNlftfrtih mdm'rlltlon fi !6orAi1 onflld]: henocyanin) Sfiitl.li
dorrd!2 (Eeen gldndj liriir-rro{6u ue;!rh,ri.rriuoiur;*iNrhriou
e P. Echiloddmata riud#orfur:rart'rnla lliu a'rr'r? $orsi! (uiurEls) drullnllo rid'lnd.r
n!!o h:!!i!o!u{oid!r.r1n:[!u bilate€] Mnolol],rriuutltr radial tri?ux.] rfihrrhru6uo'r
utJl]mulu (endo6keleto!) ona"nuoif,a water vaeculrtr syst€m 1dah6u!sr'ri'N.l fl:a;arulu
ituru isororuc iou'u:ra ld nr.be teer lunrrra6oud {uu.rdo ua:r.rrulc dlrbdmuleiruu'lan
1 fiu:nurohdra respiraiory tree) .::,un}t:finJslarrulut.tutltrlr tion Derve ring

e P. cbordara io.riinrcurtr! I
orh.riouir{nir.lxdlaoldin
1. riai?if,Ttfla?{n'1lxrd! (dorsal neNe cord) |1leualn ec,toderm l:traenaluduarlo{ua!
h{ur6'.r (wi!0.ldrflrld'ldm:dwiorj:nrrfuahdo{ flo venEal neive cord)
2 riulaNrorh.rnro {nidrl]luqjriialndur:ln:lqndutld{
notochord (ven€bra) lllunufi
3. dolurilonrfiaouou (pharyngeal gin stt)
4. rl,! ltfl 8Tltluo {mutcutar tall)
* lnudoifiilrfido-nuo:nnrrtio fi 2 nqruiru'u f,o ndlnna! fir smptuoxus

O Prctochordate rou chordaE f,w"r ri.:hiin::qn$]l,la".r ir3uufiEi! n [rj!!fiJ 2 nd!

1. Urochorclate ni! n6!\lFivo! (tunicate) ilnluinnqllt'?udlrnaihu c€llulGe rluR tutuc
ro!6nil 4 dnEnr: lnurrydowi gilt stit
2. cephalochordate ldu amphioxus (rdurdilun'jr lancelet l!d?u!)

t
O vertebrate nlod#fiwqnfirm"r d! choldate *r6dl notoctotd qnunuflCrrn:r1n{ura'.r
ritrirdriu1a:.rairdnumuh (erdosketerod) ifitl6oniid{i hemoslot'in 0{'ludi6otut!
u!i{O! 7 clars
1, c. AgDrtba (cycloeomara) n'Ilhnnnr diiam:lnt urrhdlrtjrai IuliludtJl l n
mdr rdl hagfstr, lamprey
d?uimfirrrrr'lm b'uriJflrnlindo!$: qrwinufi r:i*rafu{ue;n'fu rdur !rn6n
Qmflt2rluuodr!
d?1./t
c. cb@&ichtby6 flnr:qnriau ln'iuiuiarfion (opercuturn) irr uulondrrq! rJrno{
fil]rlD.! btnr:l'n!fl
{air bhdder) d! ta1aa'u molr]n tjs'}rnlltjrl sT rwtilu
c. ortdchthyes qim:qnu+r ! opero:tum ftrfu$fionlrif,i tJmD{f,Nrnh !m!nn:sr
(an bbdded iod?lldrfltlrlr grn:$n:Jer ln'uri r]er*rtj
c. A.Epblbia {ndn:riuJro:rfl!,l-rn ltriounfii 1!'irn6n ! meranorpttcis du fl! riun
rhr dsd'N aNan $rlnic ftanl'r ornruurnoi) Xfu rmu'r
5. c. Rspdlia {i'idouiql! iA?rrrl.! lnhin:omlroi du uil 1 rrrrd ainn {nun {a{
iirrir rlirilfrnor lnlurall
c. Ave8 {frJin l'tr (feattter) u}dri meta}olisn qr &rnrlftrnq'rar (ai 6ac) d?ufiu
ornraua:rilfnrlrulcirh:tuiarn m:lnilrflulnrd?u$ft u.rl !rmar?-drn! rd! li
in::nnrisolr! fii'lldfi.!!f,m liud un lri dn unMl]nlu ifi u"lnqirlJnto ardaeop-
t€ryJ( t{llomr0lJ'rrflu reptrre

?. c. MaDDatla {n'idu.rqnriru!! thJ! (fn, hair) fironinrniifuhulu{ridllla! f,o io!

fru \ ndrrrfonraFal iolcr(o rn4n1 o dl (n"ou fi hau) m:dn6onm.m'hd!
iluirejhi!0rrndrra lfurl au i.r dr rh lb mru uJr nn un: ur: rrr hm wttrtr
iram rar

Asnatha
tj6dlnng
;fu*ae ftu1lC 2
'trifurrmlnr
ihnn r:lnr
u rSn
rhle z rfo'r 4 rlar

dllnlr:c1rdrr.r 10 rdu rlqlndrlN 12

dritdonriu diti
Q riolnlna*,: ! hrosdn,iin::ln{ur,ra".r
- lFir 1, lh 3 rir! 60 aEium 2 + vonticle 1. fth a !a"o{!
2 !ia't 6a atrium 1 + venrdcle
arlr,trmi 6o ni.r venmcte riuhitor, rhlr a r'NilrFni f,a aEjum 2 + ventricle 2

t qrrBiriu reptite dirilh 4 fo{6!!tai

- nr:r-urirr ldlnrtr z ctass drunlrrroh nrn orldruion, amphlblan noutin{dErltls
us:Mian noulnlfirrtirtlnlrJot. repdle r drrrSn r mamrna blJotiifiqss! (alveolus)
{ri!6or !6! o"nfl metabolism a rir"!rn!q.! {!n't!u0n qaui.r4ii{n1u[ ir]"ur'ruq.!r-qli
mtuDn a)uafr)$atau tnt't metabol$rn [fi xner"ufiJqru$Jlimluan qruu4ihrullet
ntn!fr0aonrra1

- nlrallr!"uri rJn'na-Irdlauiarulu, dlnrtqnuilii6uSrtlulron (uflt5! a'lti! 6ot sr"ao

s,}!un{!), amphibian dialinuronlildEu{!, repde r dniinrJ$suiartil oonqnululi

di! 6ant!, manmal rJiar.ria,u'll,l aonenriul{$iariltn ldfilln mammal aDndi]
3 r:l'ln
r. oonqnril]hi tiun monoEeme lrju ilJfintit f1-nrrutit,tul! (d'?llullinfiuuiu)
2. oanqn!ftit? udrnUui.tu:.r 4nrioro'r1:JaElun::ulurirrior tlun marsupial tdu itli
rilasrdr lonoafir
s. oonqntfiud'r ls'rnuonr duluffn 01411 sd!10!!estluiNnl!,to\u! 6un euthedan
lna"tu order rd! ttimate iorim6.!, cetacean f,glrr lalr dun'u
O order Ptimate 6o?i'lna\ id'nt,ru:f,o urllloli i s dr r6luuuurur o drr-ruriia.loli1$r
fiiald inqinr:rdur'ou rl-roanliu 2 rq,
ouarlrad
t. prosrntan riuftuufiiri liu +!n! (u-nolu) nliriui
2.anthopoidi2n!i!
z.r 6$r,nr liuri 6.r1snhli (o1q !ri'rni1) o{uun'tllf lirrsrioubuli orlda winr rdu6lnll roai
unrh{anuh larqbrlnir) Gurriuudu ituun'lrdririu o{fruorGnr roriu rdtt tuml
6.!ulrJu
2.2 aili!i.r.! (ape) ! 4 ron f,o !!i qr-!qn"r nolarir ua:iluriui
 ou'lllJtll(ullalltli !!
@ ii;r
n1n $oUfi1n = mollusk
mnitlii.i = anmlid i.rn!u i{in = r€ptt€
ua{!n u*ll.Ti - smlii .161 6'.rrnir = amprruian
rlirn:ra = cctrinoo"- r'rtonq19 = lor
iatio$nlra i0 lr!l!ln,.t = ann€li, $r!-looedd'0.! = pt6mphyle

',iiordor, = n mstod€ rnri.ri ' = tycopoaium

tuTlrtiot = n€matod€ e$nrti${' - gymn€perm
rlror& nrrrrll! = g'ymnosp€.m
sr ::6r-ni agr:rn = filoon
mriluxlrnr:ton fl$ilgfrlliur = itron
Itt 'l tllait : ct!3lac€.n sPruIna (m$'.1!Inru1?r0J) = tululun!slr.tt{
splrogy.a (lh: rrll) nrlnUdlnUi
{rilliiu{ = ann lld uttn:n mtt:lu$fiu ! mr lrllJJ
,niuli$ rlrirlloadr$ = datrdn non !r.r$ ura iln = innon
rl{:0lt{l$a! llJttg{60! lyrrJarru = chordale tonnnu lrr$ni = rflBri1
grfsrroeba col = ItitltnTr
tii$tl:lt = crud@an Eschdi.hie cdi = !;'li&t
lnlJr nlQlr $!tn)'rTr = mammd iriir = In:lndr e rtro{ntca
ol,r1, - glntindoir r]o lrJrlllt = ulJrnn! Shig€lla
Lif, r lts !11t1 : :Ja tnt;inll.'j.! lounD{ = n1{lnt$ 4tr{
r.lolar: = larnufrneudr
1 H.'.tEa,la'2 Etut-t6Jt 3,.d!.odrnrtua crd'efu
I rrrftluurp fo*nfindtrilr:unnft drilrnqr&riolu*rnallrarlagr h:.r*frsrdnlr;nol
C'ruu{ft ridurlroYu:rhmulola:arluor.r
O qltnlft (rnctoor oow) riun{lo;rmrdumqu*1itfl *r:anrtdr$r rndru}dntx&nqa
dldrhJimslufrh{l

caftoryl
o rnnlwriri ril n:rrhdl,
il
rnruill. rnalrnll. mrua
-c-oH
o
catbonyl il aldohyde rd! rhma
-c o -H
tetme rdl rlrma
_c-
il

tndorq/t lonnoDod rd! edaDol fl,rtoloa

-oH
H
emine tdu n:ro:iIu
_N_H
I

o-
phoophate
I nrrf l?i!6n, A1?, phGpbdiFid
-o-P-o' I
o

duifttdryt mm:iluurfr
-sH
! nrornr: fio dlrniD.lit€nouborn:dirhilulridotrr i 6 nfin f,E 1:J,lf,u arildara:n
Itillt lillt! m80[t un5]T
- u,ihdusrriwiri lo I rf,u nr{ arn:n }rfir imi}u rtrq,r:o0r.n1i f,o o$oui rir
- ruilril*lrtho"rqu f,o I r6u nrilularn:n lsrlu rluu"lfr,6.r,r^u f,o ln-iu n6oui r!
- drldurmlfi{xlr3wrlnrioutJrrifu 6o arilulorffn * l$fu * Ifitu
-llrftius:nrJfuL$'rnlr'nd!.r'runimil A0 + tcaynlu drul:n-u1fire-l.rl! 9 kc€vnr-!
O polymer ion'r#rfimlnyi, odr! monomer !.1fli1.! covalenr bond fi! rdu 1 rf,u, a,#lulorn:n,
n:airadin Inunr:qir.r 1 r"uo:iolroliroon 1 Lts4s !5!n.j.l dohydtatton d?l,ln,tlda,tD
t fuo:is.rlf,iri, 1lura4n fiunil hydrotysb dl$iuhfuorlutr Lraqnbldor: potymer

tlril peptide bond

arilulsrr:r glycosidic bond
nti0 !6n phosphodi€ster bond

I arllulora:r r:noln'rrtllq c. lt o d!r.u ni H : o = 2 : I Insorno! ! monomer f,oJrrnn

fu nlodur (monosaccharide) ix{il.!ddudin-r!60 c6rtonyl group

a m@osaccharide frrn?,rr riuldn ua:s:arrlli arr#il qx.o, lnu a < n g z d.rtnn#r

H : O+ 2 : 1 rddu aeoryrifoee (CrH,oq) !.rd1uun monosac€lEride drailljtrJo:rou C tiu
rriose (i 3C), (i 4C), peDrose (i
terose bC). hoxore (! 6C) usi heprose (i 7C)
rimalr rana #uriarrfin
1. penrose frfiief,o rtbos€ (C5H&O5) lulu mtA uo: deoxyrtbore (C5Hroq) nulu DNA
2. he\ce 3 r0iii{rtTlln4otriouri'u (C6H],O,) rlri$rh:.lrfir(lei6u'lhrn{mur ni{du
- glucose lulrnqnluo:anim:luirmra nulrnlualultfuni rirnaq.iu
- galactose luldlrnnr.rdown
- tuctoso tturnlultrfi ua:ritrorrmrdtnr'ro4i
O o[gosacrhrrlde !:asrrl u]uto-n un:a:ni!l;ild' fini,ln dehydration !0.! monosac.charide
2 10 fuls4q tir clvalent bond irilni glycosidic bond un:fr t furn4orio r n-ut: ln'du
disacchadde. tdsac€haride_

drufinr:Lnnn cxo
1. Daltose (ghrco6e + glucose) ridud-nloaiun:mmto-1? (mrdou[o,!)
2. suco€e (glucose , fuct!6e) tiurnnho'ou ri:firqr rlun fr*ramru
3. lacto€e (gluco6e + galactose) rulu!!
O Dolysaccbadd€ inlriynnr lritiuis-n uqjLiaitrruJl 6ifln dehydration lo.t monosaccharide
rt furoqad r.t rdo!fiid?tl slycosidrc bond rlrrrirfiluii'riftn z uuuia !f,uln dJ1.r xto d!a!
. ul riuornr:a:sdufil :J::nauiru 2la:snJrsrjou ;a amylop€ciin rluuruunruru.t
ua! anylose uluuuulriurnuur
- glycogeD riuorrma:qdussdf,lJua:gsdndrlrdoaru [rnu,?iu.!n'jl aoylopecrin
- chidn !idar.l6fi!1,o{ exo€keleton 1ldriirnn anluo@ m!{u-!$q.i!0ri.lle lor1fiud
nah{rf,u monomer
- cellutoce riuar:iuniddirnnliqnlulan rf,ulaxair{reri.rnorilorfit lnlairrriuaru
illrlintniluhiunnLxur trrir{r1u! hy&ogen bood itD(idru drlimi'rsnfuo.rilic'nu
ufiu:lrn r:gln"urnhi
' uonqrnd&! p""tn luerftnsrfuorfir, agar }rm'trhoeu$! 0imr galacrose) uq! irdm
lsfillrlrin rdl r{ur6.r rvirlnri (lincln fructose)
Q n'suis, glycogen m! cellulo€e drfiriu potymer taln$ns uiirlafluurnd'Ntjo.! glycosidic
mna frrfiadu rildao'rnr:u:ndoulidrlJrziott amylase tli cellulo€e doaluir.rnruqlralrili'
um:Caidrl.rriou ceuutase

&
*rmril roofrr

M
porytnc"

1 .-j
\J{*
\

Q nrarnsounr{Iulon:n
1. nrrn:aralolof,u dirma uunld!*rufi u]lJiuSriu wnld gtvcogen riudua.l
z. rnrnfureqarCurua:tj (unt&1li:c) fildiln'trt'lt8t8'luuJruendif,r r:iian;norirrn.t
d1 utrorauiirdrlun reducurg sugar drurirourn lhrarfinrJlfiturddow'r'hldoudrurlr
tiou sucrase rSsn'!ftrrnnriaqr.rlirl\n hydtolysis 6urio!

I
I tJriuh:noudruorq c, H, o, N drr!.ni llnourd'n tiu polymer loqrno;iIu (amino acid)

drtrnll:f ludrr:r'rliriul:m'udlu
Q rnao:ilurJ::norJ*run{ carboKyl, l,ti armno, c, H ua:i.{ R dlxlj R 1!!.li{alrllulndl'!1jo{
nT rin lnuluflnqjtltjloondl rnnoclln'rtiu (easentia ammo acid) I lin At
ao:iturts zo
irrnru&rn:r:!{ro'r'lri}i uo:nroa:fllbirdl (non'ess€ntial amino acid) 12 lit 6oi'NnTU
d.rnruln.r'ld
 n:, o3ilui,T,in
H I R rir.:iorrhlirL$ .:1* sryd.. Ln$:ro:il'ririnir"
ql- c - coor 2. fi'iDR !n1!:d'n (s) o1r*rtn
"E''ioi*
rio cysrcir
r. n:ro:iillir0r lmtar m*o .dd) ll{llsq 6 n_?io rryptoch.n.
)\ ph.ntr.bnh., ih@nln., mhbnrr. v.ttm, bodE, tFrF, iFbodm
li,,Eurnftr 'h@Y
q/op

4. hr.ddinB rr: aqintnorinn o:illifirnuon:llrln

5. srui.nic .cd aa: dp..t .dd i n i -coon idCorirn:r

drul:1'rtuqruti6.r nlluift l rduiln.rnolU1un.l$trn.lurlnri'.t ltud dodri rJarl raia{u

$ ihufiol fnnima*iltnlu1tllJftftufJl:$rlJrfiufnunndr niu irJ.r-rnrflnf! iun 4Jldanh
Q n:no:dr z L!o4er: aehy&ation riulirh 1 L!e4e us! covalenr bond tiGrjnal peptide bond
naruriunrumsnrna:illuil6!ni1 peptide lrufilnr]rliu2unrnoillsilod riu dipepride (io{
2), tripepndo 6o!j 3), .... , polypeptide (io{mn!lu) d.rllrf,uuio:liinqcfiahu?lldlu potyp€p-
tiae lula:.:sllnrdlf, urnritn'u
In'xeiwo{ .1f, udldlm 4 r:rili liu.lahrr-uilnxrhuriouqal ml$dqnldfili
t- h:srirsrl5l4n brimary sructue) ;Dahiunlnol| ! (amtno aod sequence) drdam-u
,i2! peptide bond darod1l] i.!6rjn,jr C rcrminal fir1lilrhod?oltd ca$oxyl drudndrurian
N-terninal $fl!o.lri1uC?!{ arnno lnaaifuiignn?uqlTru.1lt,tnddn-uqnfi!10,luriacd{i
iin ldrillr:rd a:tafi{ !!{idiorli hydo.ysF rrrau rdu dolndouiraroultririoulrJ:Fu
(protease)

a'roti'lllo.l fuau !d! Eypsia pepsiq carboxypeptidase {Cnnrralillld c.bnninal),

proteese
aminopepridase (Crnfnololud l.t-tennna) r,rlo papain huN!!R:na, bromelain fudurj:rn rio
urinrfoa-T olru:n:nortori{urJ;ra fsn'rlirdorju rfiu
2. Iffo'ldlr.!4fuj'lil (secondary srrucrure) hoarurotn:no:ifurha hy&ogen bond noiutf,!
n6!? (Ct,helix) !tto$hl! (O -pleated sheet
3. Ia:lgii.raiuri (rertiaty srructure) f,orn6urffioueiuiufufitrhurirur{uo:rir,r1 dllt!
covalent bond ldlr hy&ogen boDd, u:,tlaoo0n, (:lururnoirrnd, u:l hydrophobic dun'u
4. 1n1.!di'r'!cqqii (quatemary sEucrue) mrlul :f,uu.rqiniiaru polypepEde utnn-h 1
d1ulld'r:no!fiit i'?orh.!ldu hemoglobin i 4 diu, colagen i 3 fl1D (dd .rfi1riil'l1a,qnhJN
nru oqllrdordoriultul unldoldr'unldou nrn rud !.iol0souro{an: lj,rf,ueduarnnln:r
l
dfi'ldo 2.-4. tiun d€DaturarioD Inldnin-unrao:tjlulridduur a! !d! r,:sldllld $ionsrr{
Uriuurfi nr:ilnwirulull:luriounu (stobular proiein) iin:nrtnir'lfi d! hemoglobin,
alburmn, lDuLrtrit.l u.f.trimlrirllJrf,tlddu (fbrous prorein) dhia:nrauYrlarbfFfllui.!{:,!
rd! col{eD, €lastin, ibriD, keratin tim'u
 h.trEcoort (lb) i 2.blE d*r llc 2 b.d. cne ]

NlooFn bond Io1{1tlL.nr. u1Hbar ro tla uranar.uol

p6pfde bond

P-pl6et6d sh€€l

h6rn€

pdmsry 3buctura 36condary sl^rctrr8 trrbry strJctns quatamery sltucbrc

O fu:iuriu*nqd!64ndfialulnrnratuun tllnl:tllNfnolnrna:illu n?1ltulld1rt polvpep'

dde [aj.i'rj$wt1Nn\nr:laoldsi?ar rr?rfi ocl :6lr1ulidf,h liuri
- nrlriedulnrorirrnru uanjolulldruidnrto
ri.lJifilri1ii : loulnd (9s.99% dulhi!])
- rrn4!:r,!uni:! : !a{!u (lnlilooil$rltif,ualooilr&irdoutnnlt*ruon ulu sterord)
- ti!d,!: hemoglobiD hernocya.Din, mvoglobin.fi6tt! o,1u6snln Ganflr ua:fundrardo
- rXlir{udu : antilody
- radsutr,n : actlo, rnyosur ludrlrdo r6E tubuln 1u cixa u8! flagellum
- ln nirr : qto"koleton ti n:rail$nd tio keratin o{fufi? H!:,u rm 6u l'1a rr
- du1 riu uanoomtniuqnl (histone), dt{!d'l:, dhirliruqlflllufutlod liotluar:d
sir\dlrnldlunr:drrlian tdu fie (toxin), 1u1r!, luuNq!
Q ntrnnnofiJ:f,u
1. biuret tesl - !4uod'll8!sltl NaOH + C\Sq ldl rf,! dirc:r duufluerhl
2. )@nthoproterc t€6t - llunmt HNo3 uirduundsluliif,u r:!ilnelt60'l

I
Q rirsr#Md polymer mibia:nrath l!naud?! c H o uti H:o*211l t ituliJ
nrilulara:n a:rasou}ilnrrfitinr:nrvl itum blYui 3 tlurn f,o

1) simpleliprd 'lllnlurilrCur 2) clmplex lipid - ltfurisdou 3) derived lipid - olri]u6futl"u

O stmple xpid 6obftrftrCur rinrrnnrrrrlftfiamrnaltrilituoanoaod i2 ::un 6o wax

u8: gilyceride
n:nbfutiunr:tnldrlrrnsudrulrdsla':naiuo!ua:n{ caftoxvt trticoon!f,unraltlfu6li"r
(satuat€d fatty acid) ua:nlalafithduri"l (unsaturated fatty acid)
dnnru: li!*ru n f,oiqrhfirt:drn
r&r:s
drorlra -tic, -tic d! p€lmitic, rtsarlc
do0 c chfir pdon pnaoumT quir
snnraarufi $tirufiprnnh
im!dlfiq rduriol:nfrh ue:neor6on
nllrrnLr l:rrh{ri ttO Jrhrualn
ur, frurthilJ (!Tni!)

naldnrorfuss

XHHIIHHXHIIXXHHHH
x-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c H
,t,i li l,i,i,1 i i * i,i,i,i,i I
H -C- Olt
nnloirilr-r : pa,'ri, rio I
H-c-cfi
I

-rriii-:-:-iiiiiiiJ
i t*i I l' H HHH ti H
H-C-CH
I
H
L

"-i-T"*i
nnbristidlr",r : p€tntbt€ic a:it

1. glyceddo dlnqrnmnlufir t-s lllra4nlr d€hydEdon i'uuoanooodfirllnir n6l's'oa

d.c!6r: c,n tofl lidr 1-3 hn4nuw covEtenr bond #dun-jr estar bod bul?lttln
gvcendo i1liu?lJnfiIlrfufhh tmuldun6llolos n-o morcglycerido dislycerid€
bubrlutdr{dl$adl'lrhus,rr:rlnuronr#$ r;orflup hslyeride lturn-n
Eiglyceltde
lnrYrof],rrdlJ stearic acid 3 fura4e + ndsoron r 1!ra4a li rir : Itltsla r!s, Ejrtearin
drrf,u tiglycelide loendr lau gtj,ceride i z linfio
- rirnna toit) riuloltns2 fiar:lmilr$Idiirrfitlm
- bfiriii (60 riurosuir rm:ln:nbrfud$'rnn
z. wax dl) finqrnn:nhrtr t lrn4aumufu t Lra4maluonnooodr'bildneoo:Da rra:
ln{nhrn {utnrirno.ruir ruuJualroruudlliiloulunr:qqrduu'r r,rlr{lrnelrl uiri
I complo< lipid viobfultldo! 6osrlrv$dr.rleulud!*ltd! tdltniln{tlod$it, arilulstll rlo
llrftr naluul! phospholipid, glycolpid uw lipoprotern tT !8htl!
O dertved uptd r,r-ooqri"udbrYu lilirJ::nouirunrnluYuualuoenoaDritnfiEudDltj:lulrurn wiii
n sllfhn, {n1or1rrxlodlrfu ri! nr:lie:arsfr laa derivea rpid n{rid'rft!fio $eroid
d.!du?.I c 4 i\ ldu cholesterol

A. "t i r-#ra l

s%J#ffi.
tidy6dd. . 3 hlty .dd. a glyo.rol ptto.tadlpS

cbolestsol d.lnl,rlv'liddu nulrnlunlo.rfiiunitd[fr{ cholestercl lffrtTni{arurrnt duu

riuimihdln'rioqnn::rfun'ru w
tirdru r:nourolmdoutrd, r0llall*lriu,tio.l steroid hormone
dlfi6oooJlluuaua:oaJTlumnrioun'nn'lrfiruon tdu teetosterone, aldocterone, prog€s{elone
estogen unrrhditatrluirunua:iav{ fdutdorfiond6nCrt
dl6tNttlaoiluTjnD! lipogotein dfidQ 2 tin f,o IDL (chotesterol lFi-) mt
cholesterol
tDL {cholesterol t-rts1) ftl&thti tl'tlsonrdanui'rfr rinrid:nirarirslti tt! 2 liltiaidluh
dlia.iC?fii rcceptor-mediarcd endocytosis

O il 2 ir!$ f,D DNAuai RNA ltil,/ polyme. rio! nucleotide ui8:jl!la48nDl nucleotide l;aEJ
rirurl,nra penoee, n{ioauln unltua lnutirrn peotose + rld !'u6!nd1 nuclsoside tJ[dn:
Illsqa nucleotide $ldDurlun'r! phcplrcdiesl€r bona nqruttlnru polynudeotide
O llja (Nrogenous base) r0!fl16widiiio:ro ulnltl! (M fi 2 ifil'lll fio
1. Pudre (i?,!c 2 ?.!)lduri cuanine (G) Adenine (A)
2. Pyrimidine (!?{ C 1?!)ltiu.i cyto6ine {C)' Thvmins (I) Uracil {U)

O DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) i polyrucbotide 2 filu ti1ma deotqrib@ (CIloOJ uJ{ A T C G

uri&nfu IiNA (ribonucleic acid) ! polvnuqlootide 1 6'lu, f'lma rjboGe (cF,do5) llld A U C G
O DNA ilfrNdl'Nriutrinralui lruiin{riof,trlr! uqr}]iln ptrrto€e riuTn
(double helDd 1ux21
l'u1n ilruaoo.rurin:nralDr polynudeonde ril]fuu]lrln us$drfiJdJin-uina h]rdrogen bond
orh.liulluru fio A - T ua: c = G Tru DNA d!6rrfu4n:1r1ud.:!fiodrub4i rnflrfl.u.no
fiaord'rtsidlunrru .tradlitl: nt€rphase uni Dm rkr uriuuuiurmfitnrr:rdhhfu iovrn
Ilra4oh{nir RNa sCt6troilr!'aftiaanir nubfhnalr, n{lochondria un: ctitoroplasi

nudeo(de !t rmnonior loJ potynudooH€

ONA fimln polFuchotde 2 rtullild x : g.I$iolrlJ't 1etn6!2
irrjrlomrh + frmarfl rrrru-dn fi idry'unauu,ilfi rh,lc ti,turr

Q rua ilarrairriurlu#m (shsle srrand) riusuyuqn:: udtiflnrl1.lloa ldu hi6u.N!i:n,

'h;oudqntfin
riutjru fiuhnr:1un.rftm:r:dl!:il ruliluitndua, cyloplasm, nucleotus,
ribosome, mitochon&ia llnt cNoroplasi

ilFf.*
Q riunr:rniiilrniqalu.JNnt! f,o 70% to.rrirufn riuloltltoriliraon-$rrn0!$s?{.1lriri:i
hydrogen bond ifrurll.llirlirrirs:srsdirnn dolirfinnr:dlf,ulua:nr:f,uriru riun-rgjriru
rnerabolilrn ie !ff?,u1a?1!iD$Cl$i1i{.1 l.r:-nvrqrur4irorlfldur?hqrur}iifiufoulrn

I dunr:fliruran'owrhrJllrruriou udrnnlrjln"ra! irlldln:mull!fir lCuri o f 6 ra ro;adu

J'xnrulCrrniiunrfiull druirdldru6oa-o i i 1ri6:d!6!a-ud?ufi!oonw11.$1d61?i ur,iri{
01x11usyfoldno{ln.itdolarlhdr n:arol.Ilu'u lnrlRdrtt,i nun16,u ln'unn{rorlilurrfr
6'nl
q $iaDlne) 0.10 !t!r1 ?n2ao!!o nnudrq:r ururiulr ,
& (lbdavin) '
IJOUutr m lqrnt o{fu coepz}'rne FAD i'laua'?lil] 1nlnntqon
dacitr
*
ruo tQll! oqlu coenzyme NAD' mt NADP
rnnu{lfiro'nml riosritt ::!!tj::flt !f,
B. (!'yddcocoo)
;
luo 6Qna Hn rnnq*fafi mN *rn-nj::grnlrif,
p@tofulic add o{u coenzlme A !ral!d?fi!! l:dln'trif,
"',-#.trj
e"nfurim d! defi!
folic acid (fohdn) _..,.:
Bu (cddasin) ruouu lll m9[n1t6$ie\! t:lr!u1:alnu]t
botitr
t-.-
tutllul! 4n lrru*rr:tlu :larnlrif, Fixf{dntau
-;.-j-
C (6cotbic acid) tr6lut6lllll!2 m!t{Iff?'l:ll coll,agen lllo8lnuura
n'nraq{ao5r:
nlunrn! te ma(&1ln onDtnnl!ll'lu
ffiffi rdoul}r fnenbidrudo.r irw$jaiar: tilcdlur, tnitra"?r1lroino1{f,!

ffiSa,n
ffidauuli druqni! ca I drlrn:qn :nnu&rnr:nnrjou
ll1lruit !n8!!!? oirrolpin:r r)o.rdurdol'lnariuan
ua udrorrlnfimrr
dnluriu,t n:un'r rirrlrin nr: uim-rrarGoo rnaudr Gonufi*rdr
flA2 n1tiou n,ttdt\ln't:tnua:llu nltun{t1lrt{latn
4n tu lolll llt! $1nna1!rututtlt:t1n 1{1u
rdoullri dqfir mtdtl{nllinua!fliJ arJllJmornfl atn. Alv
l}6u aqlun rna:lilur-rruin
rutuutn iJnenuJ qr lurndr * u:.td'uooafuin d?u t:61rrh{'ru
ntirliJrnra
mnDun{ ql$urul'r * ufl n"loosLaq d2ltlrvd'ruti'Nru
duo.rd r:nsulou:a1urn:yi, :orur:
InnOUn.l qurllmrufr * urrd'looalriin d?rl t!6'rnd'Nt
n"nlurirn r'efi! n,)undlxruollo:'lt:d1'l'lMv
unutlut lltoull il d1t]tlllnouno'! hemoglobrn uffi cytocluorne
irgit l:riom.r d.rfu.hunEi e rnn udrlnflnlr.r

ourlrr:ra Jrui irm utN utlt

'l1tfit
Dlr,r-rtn:tn !n600udu oqlu ttlroid hormone rnn udrrvtiul:n rio
m6osrln: (cletjnjsE) !.t1o6ono!Jnon (simple goite0
1. Ca P, F, l'1llrf, d?uldllldfNnllinuarfu
2. tlryroid holtrtone (i I) d?rirn!ry netabotisdr us:n1:6uhtDrh{n'tudltlsl
3. Fe,li1ilri 6, f, 12, iotat€,iflllud li1lnnl!fierliulnfircl{
L ca, lntliutn i,lutlrdonui!f,i
s. lunft{udomr:larluiurnqn ua:lnriirdriouqa
6. ir1lltrll ueli nnrha'ruli.irumn*rurznr5ou
7. liftro i ua:6 ullar:*uoqlndar! ilo,lrirlirln,ttlc.tn triBarmJin'l!,f,.r i:*!d
8. !:ldJ.lllmi!$, i 12, biodn uac tota€ b'qrnunifiulurirl{hqj ua;*fnlmliuf,rrn
chol€sterol l*Afili{
s. {n$rio.rnr: Fe !Tni1&1ll t'm:r'o !,rdaatf,ulh:qi
lo. ftFlmrriuaslfiruli: ir{m ca, Ms mnriuitfitt
11. ca P d?u*+Nrhuu nammal $n!t danlxlu{rfin
rz. nurie!i"!!A!di, Na uqr cl oriNlrlufl ftiDrrnrmaouinaum.r
13. Na, K d?ufimlu{ ::nrn drl ca drwdlnrrdarh:nrn

14. Na, K, cl diulnt/lll:.tduoostriiq imru|jr uo;finriblirrfrorFunri

15. it{Mi Z nlaorr paftodrcnlc aoa r0rnrrfudulnn'alr{untrrnulnr:6tgnduaymfturn#

t-?!!a.!
ro.lmiuia;erulurirdlildlmilJi liu i 1,0 2. niacirL biotio d! co€nzyEe rjr.dtffien
ri1.r1 udlri't!frd?llrjrj .ri{,rrrl,t{1!
17. drsr:midorlmfruilihsnoiediu0{ifl d 0106! lr}rriur:er.re.r

18. dof,tiru lnln ornra{nildudrudr:nsuolJNn1uf,o O > c > H > N *auirlrydnf,o

Ca>P>Ms>K>....
O nelabolsn f,or.J!fiiurreilui$din lnuirouhririuri'rri.rd!fiiu. Lri{oonriu 2 r:r.ln
1. aDabolism 6an-nftrntr:rinr: Iodl'nd'r$uarulunori tldrrnrJifiiur catabotFm) l\!i!
ifiiurtnna-!'!1rl nil nr:&ra:r:ril rf,u nr-:iwl:riiruual dlaalriiinrrniryri n
2. catabollso ;omrda, uor: {nriurJifiirrarund'.r.!]u rdu nrltuh::riunnd uionr:dunr
n{nooJNau,pni r:lCrn's.ruaanrroqlutr !a! ATP (adenosine tnphosphat€) d{!f,tr611
rd.ruu4roonrr 36 - 38 lr]r.ladardlnqlaa ror'till'drtlurJfiiur anabolsin ial
O r1r61!'r'rnino"nfl metabolsm to.liNmsliuin O, dld fia co, ; iiausonm filf,ue,:o"rrfu
ua:ahnrinnirowrmrlq'::nirnari d.rriuJlfiurrd'nfiirlrruaj^.r aTp .lryi! rnerrboLisrn r 1.!'l
lilloilr metabolism uuluflml8onquud:d0']l{0o,urra!n].!flunafittnLna1,)tlllt60tnqnllla6nr

e ATP rfl!61r4!rj1ufii0.r Ducleotide tmrllu r 1rtraqnrJ::noulld,u rt.ta aa.rr-e (A), ri-ln.tq

nbose (t'uli8n)1 adenosme) ualiorltln : r.r{ firiu::nirrrun.rlullnndsqj 2 rir_u'l ii.!
hydrclysls 1o'!uia!riu6!i!tl'{lii.{rlodltin (P,) qooon!lfia!${ niorn'!!an!irisons-.!.!1!aan!1
7.3 kcaymoln6auli! ADP (adenosme diphosphate) m! AMP (adenosine monophosphale) mu
drniu dru*un:i:r.nrtinouo:lon$inr{qnriruln'rii'.t!1uli!.r 4.6 kcavmol uil!fir r-.!dr]n1.'
ATP+HO+ ADP I + rie"!.rlu 7.3 kcaymol ...........-(1)
+

ADP+HO+ AMP + q + B-.r\i!t 7.3 kcaymol ............(2)

AMP + HO + adenosrne + q + iia".!.!1! 4.6 kcaymol ............(3)
 rulnf, meraboltm dulqjr:nnro A're uri 1 f,lo:dorhndqrurnlf,uirdl f,sr?tn*lui
runrr 1t; riururualuirhhndlnl rirrlnfu are r llraqn rrnfuriftnull z.e kcavmol ue: 2
bra4m:*ixnfsruli 2.3 x 2 - 14.6 kcaymol rilftr lurnndur'lv nr:&rn:r;rl{uo#ndrur
fi rioqnr&nvlvrfhnruuh{1fi u

e'iEe\dd' m:rnar$ro{r}rrl|1rl
, a0n

Q lnrJifilurrnlcdo.rfine-r.trulirnrurd.ldrrimir rdctnnr;fr fiona"ssruriofiufid (activation

energy: E.; Iaunrirrln'ir E, ;o -:lltalid{!1lllioufrqnfin";f'rdrl:n'o.r riofra:ulduurlunrr
rdna-odli fitliffiu{n! E riounjl uda{i,nTrnlndladlfiiu'r'li.irun'irua;rirn'j, rn,rsdas
n^:rn!{'rulJln!!url'!nnmrulmm$u&1 i1 E, 10{[rs!!4namr:un{i alrria!nt ' 'hldi'r
lir Afilul (caraly$, $aorilltuliidftfirrt! Afiim (inhjb or)
uanrmi fiiriuCrl1rJlo{liffim (AE fio Ac) d'rr]'ln'riorjrnd'r{11lra!611Hairtoi nu
rihrarrftrfir riurhnrtld, nir AfiimlaInftl fitirfl r!rJ{ trlfJurnloanrf,u 2 ::un
1. tJamur!fidrlrrl (endergonic reaction) drr*rfiliin6Nlr,fnn titfnrearinJr{indcflu
ryn'u fulrndorqor4in\ai fil AE liutlrn
2. tJ!fiiaralui&lrg {el<ergonic reacrioD) nr:n'sdumuna-rluaonl riifdrn6ni{urii
ndtwhn i'rurnniorqruqiiq.fiu dr Ae u)uau

,l6iiInolutra-t!
T
E

_t
E^,
I
al I

/\ ^:ll
O roulfii (enzyme) filo bioqata.lyst 6on'?ri! motaiolism launr;on e. r'rlirJiiiulfiatirhdunir
riurnl ftnnrflwfriun'rrriu'ir r., riudrndwun::riv:.Jni E, liufin6'N1unr:rl"silorq'!
uioldroubd dru Ae rlubuJdwlln{01 lauddnr:frilurfiurauhriFa
r. rauh{r1ntoa (99.99%) rflddrf,u
2. ouhriudo:tininfilCrlrillriE subsuat€ (ilrilouladqh1rnllr.fffitnd1u)d'].!du ffi1!
€ulnluri8ltiirillrFr2oril (aclve slt€) ftl'h.!i1.ti'u lolliilui'll sulssEte ite:lon
unndrrn"ul
3. nrrirquo.rrolbirdsirid hduc€d-frt rh€ory n!i,.6a n nelirli/tjl
t:!?utNlutatn: [nu]ou srDsEate ',uuqra
lmne !i[?oltl{l!0nt!ruu']mtnul6uL"'lt't{ Blnon
livrof, nlu sulstate mlfi r
4. llolautnrhr"udu slDstsate ufiir:6!n'.hnr iosrnitiund'sltn:lriu G,) urfluurw"lro lrj
lluJrJ€ttN!*TnrN0tnM[wnu*u!ia']u!nJ{6u liotfllttiurl'N1ukifrtr./ !-!rni cofacror
dsirt{iulllooorda sn: rdl zn}, Fer tllodritor:iufiri (6m coenz}ne) ldu inliu
d.}.!l, NAD', FAD
5. nArriNrumir substrate d.liunrrr"lrfu c:r dus tiunr:edni'rurl lnltlrstlbll'Liujduu u a.l
lamdl fyltrrr un:rF nrurna rf,unruqdrd'rpiirolhdrJlururiolarllnri,nlifilun-Frnru
rnn}i
6. f,c{ifiiflsriDo".r'rnlivrhs, uro.rroutti ln'uri
6.1 q,ur4ii rioqrdrrn'r irl!ffiulinld'lrndu rufi.r::llnd,r {35 - 4ooc) rrhtilouhi
fin deoahration quli{rulili unriuroulrrirorurafirfulur.!-rniou finldanrrrdou
n{'!!1n
6.2 pHi lotinridNlim:iidr.r pH l"rt-ruidrlrl'u rdu pepsin 1un.r:m1rlrvuH6lumn
r.d nypsrn lurirldr6nn.rmulfn'lurus fio papain luuru:a:nod pH Lill,{ori,rrr.:
drqumsoubri dufir

:
.E .a
E F
qffi{i Cc)
 6.3 rjlurruouloi: lurm:nlori ii.rnnii.r r*f,
6.4 dlmfl substrat€: lurm:l::utri ii.rrniirrird uiriofu$1r,rftdr1lrm rinrJif iur
l: tll tlt!fitttt,l: tdu lriltlt t'lu2ue1fin
6.5 inhibito!: ti.rf.rnnrirrnna$aubri

F F

e tnbtbttorr'iosrrrlurirovtli r'rlfiJ!ffiarrfinln'urndrua:drar srur:nrourlirl?rdourildtr

mqJll lrn16lnuld inhibtor 1,Dr Afi6ur1nn.ll rrhlfflnn lrllrixo! Afiimrfusnel m:nrrC.r
filnndu rdu JtrfiltrrxfNn z frr Inluisdriioulli x uar v durdurdo.r ruirdofiulr
drrh v elt$sonnneo'! r:ri$fuirfia c rin r rnn4furio4 ua: A aaordoal un:dofilsr:
rfuu1 x ntl crhtfuirfinJ!fiiar i.ldTdld'n.fififl0dtrfi1n{5e o -I- 6 -I- 6

e !!ffiur6iond f,otlfffiariirn:rhulou e- lnnllrd*Ju'.:6narrudl frti

(redox reaction)
$msrtindtrlornr:ulduuujart4uo rlfinouuibu 2 ifiirndo! ;o oxidadon us: reduction
oxidadon fioiimu1dtlr1ri1rl e- {fl1r;ln'l]lnoanilnd) sr:*sfuq:lra,rsonilif,urfiltdu
Hu Na+Nar r e'
reductlon fi o trmuif, in, :iu e- 1n rr*.rdu4ni6rd) ar:qi.lduilrngoonittduaear
tdu Cl + 2e + 2CI'
dodr !filurrftaowmld! 1![n" in-3ul reao;< Eoinr:rirllau e- lrn Na ld{ cl,
dlalnrr 2Na r Cl, + 2-r'IaC1
ilil reducer. reducing agent fio ftlirl' f,onhithlfflr6l]lu e- {!fii r€ductiod ltuddltlu
€$ru e' lit!,]iJ (fin oxidauon) drua'rjr oxjduer, o)odrang agent uia iroonilnd ionirfr
rhb"m:duir e' (rtti oxidatiod liui*)!-uir e- o"uriu (rlli reducion)
trtltrnn,lldlimaoumfNriu l.Ia riufiSimi ua: q riuftoonilnd
 'rrt
6 re('rlr*mGdLrlr![lE cdrt 50

Q nr:oirrerlra".wruar e'IP uuudun1':6ur{riaan{n1ti ADp tiun p}ro6pholylarion ii.r! 3 rJ i:urn

1. subsEale-level phocphorylation ru1u g\'"o!=" unt Kreb6 cycle 1a{nr:m!1a.:oi!rlnai
2. oxidative phosphorylation fllFrldnilRr:ai1ufloo e- lunrfl.rrulo:niu!1aii b' ,qtp
sl'nthase
3. photophosphorylation wJnrudtiun,lfi'rumao e- 'lunrrdrraraidrrun ld err slartlase

(| ltfitur redd iidln'Aluai.liiitt

iduri nr':raiah::i'u tl o.i (cetlular
vrirr,ulu:rl arp
respuation) uarml{.!!ff rrridlu u{.!
(photos\mthes$J lJFlludunlDll.tibl

1t0.tdll n tll?tldi r-tu u0!1J4fl :u1

redox 6ona:rarah:lri'urra!i td
c.H,,q - o" lrldl6utf,uo'IIRU () lnuaorfln
lir.r Ho ue: co, riiorlri{ arldou
nd'.t.r'tuoonlrluli eTP dru
fl1rdllarlrir'1utt,d.r 1d H,o ua:
nsJttrluitlui.t co, twrrsrafurmrnuss rrair.r
i,qrra unJrian oo dri! O

I
I rl
CH O + Co. + H,o H,O ' CO, O. + C"H, O
tt \-y'|
e bdu.tid
t

O l,]o'rr'rn ATP u,ir rtndrirint:nd'wrlqt;n 13ull1 60o"?iuA!6no;auiirrhir!.rlurliffiarioand

01'!'l t'tiL NAII . tnO d.roiuoqlul-ror co"rzyn e r.a:.loJu6r6rqrarud:ar! !dr;61d lt',.r
1. NAD' (ncotinarrude adenine djnucleotide) iiirnil nracrn rfluorri!::raldre"rg ruhm:
yrale'::ri'u$ori iu e_ ii'.ld!n'tl NAD- + 2e + H + NADH
2. NADP' (nrcolinarrnde adenue dinucleotiale phosphab) mnliu macln liuotri t:trau
drd'rg tulunr:dlrnfl: 5! e d'!d!n1l NADP + 2e_ + H'+ NADPH
i'roua.!
3. FAD (fla!1n adcrune dmucleorde) frin'riui 2 (nboflaun) riuo.lri ::rordra"rp ndunrr
urdr::oiurla;i r"r e_ q"\6!n'E FAD + 2e + 2H + FADH.
* etp durd's'trduriiuo:rid.liruq{ 2 r[]i: druniril e' riurn-lqdu e lta"{.!'tud! 2 alnm
! mrnrrlrr:ftruri {cethllar respirarion) {rdu catalotign odrurir f,orn:,rJ?um.sr1u*no1mi
rior dwu audrsruuid.rarjluljaosri'uo:rai lflrofluflloun-rmrnfllsr: t;nou
n$Nru6.r rdr err dldlu m€tabotism ir.!.lrlolrtnd lnuud.rriu z urr
1. tuuldooniFu (aercbtc rcrpitation) f,oi o, d!fi?lu s- rl2qtflu
z. (ur-rkldoonircv {anaerobtc respirarion) f,oisrdudhli o, riuflrfi e' irqariru
rdu rn:rnr"n, rnrnruhu.! anaerobic bacl€da
l| rnrrrrk::fturinuutleeriirfl uhmoonibdmrorrm hurmr:nqlnrti c ntllttrifi{ 6
o:ro! $qioofllntlalo:ior.prodtrp-t c oluri:tfux co, rftnln unqn#r#i co, uqaoomn
MfrrhilrmdflrrFrrcni c-c filufif,o co!"almr boDd *u]urn:li e' i?ulil"o{ 2 o:io!) do
r{no;$lla*]ll e' +iriito{ fi's.r1ulun"uo:rniiio{upros e- ridsqnrfiuriltndhof)lh e- 2 tit
io NA.D'16r FAD nnrurlu NADH us: FAIH, nrua'rd! drar:rftaardln!:Jirlud'r1i e-
(reducins a€rent) rfroldlunrriruor e- rioU lounourts$laduiuonriu I riraiou fio

1. slycolysis rini cytaoot lnuooranqlad (c 6 o!r0!) liDqlulnn:n (c 3 o!io!) 2 funq8

2. firrftr acetyl coe drriu*-r:rJun'rnm Krcb€ cycle fiii natdx lirlrnrhl&rfl c a
o:aorrdodurie:fumqn u6o! usrr c 2 olror ftftn co, rqroo nn ua:rfurrfilr e- 1i11
NADH
3. Ftebs cycle dlnd matrix riuC4{n:irirll c 6!tt!d 2 D:tord!fl;o qnoonilndriu
c oirllridro.r co, *.ttrtln ua;rfurfrur e- ivqnoonrrf ilu neou ua: r',anH,
4. nrllharoi €- (electon transpon cirain: rrc) rllnlirdodlf,ulu (inner mernbnrre) !t!0
cdrstae 10\ miloctDndria rlunr1rhrid:.rruraiflotjlufl e' d!6udu?!o{fl! NA.DH 18!

FADH !'r oi riouri!!'ruflmioq ua;1f,n&vnrirlenr.Jdoluru'urn*ir arr luiqn

 al ra tl lo drr
impl ,- lrp i iarp I

I rJ!filuraornr:mahr:nilganlnubn$an6o qHj?q + 602 + 6H,o + 6cO? + 12H?O

rorndtrl n"unrrur*rnronqlnoluarmn unlunlldutl.r:J!fiiu, r.rJuflrulna:ldouri6'!.t1u
oonrnCr!?uxm !fiuni'td Iradii.riiilm#ubr l.tilulend,irrirLonrir-.rdot16i'nnd{{1u0Enli
fi n$r"ou rrd? afllda!fi oiin riiorirlrafiuftrulufl et:t

(O glycoly6ir
rilrltrilarsnrunqlnariotili pymvare (C,H,O,) dirlirrn.rr c 3 orno! 2 glucos€
furoqa i ro rlunou uddalriudorfiu'r I ftlnourdousa.rlirfiuqr:inrri6'n
60 PGAL (phosphoglyceratdehycte - rilfrnrn C 3 a!na!) [aJ pcA I
2 PGAL
(phoophoglycerate ' rfumr c 3 oino!) n'un1Cu lauihiodlnrjr bnlrdsnl#
{
Crlun\ r:fla pcA rio! pcAL d!frrldldldu 2 PGA
duiunqlnn t fura4a r!1d en z Lnrln ua:ld am + Iluo1a irrfin
ATP {nadrr,tir glycolysis 2 hra4a nr:urunrlair.r ATp de:rfluulu
I
2 pyrwale
sub€ftate-level phcphorytarion dwnaftnrrnJrs a1? lnunr:i eop l urj.fi{
*onulriun:oqjfii:nniiun?unlJ:ld*rro.r uornrndrirld NADIr 6n z Llra4oiro
dimtnqni ;o c H, o, * 2 ADP + 2 P, + 2 NAD' + 2 pFuvate + 2 Alry + 2 NADH
I nrrrln acetyl coA (ptruvato oxidation)
@enzyme A riu coenanp drmd.r dsmnrm pantotheDic acid rfuxrirJrnol r{fiimd
r:riti pyruv'ate qnoaniladru @, nqnaomn r llrn4a niorn"u e' rhll wao' lr e fir-rrorli
narrdu NAng

NAD.
pyruvel€ + co€nzymo A-1 acetyl CoA

iiirl{ri Aa pfuvar€ + NAD + coenzt'rne A + ac€tyl CoA + NADH + cO,

(o Kreb6 cyde (tic€rboKylic acid cycle: TCA cycle, citric acid cycle)

acsv coA t2)

_-!___..--
oAA (4) tV r.no,
"iu-".t"

\--MDH
\..*."
mable {4) i6oioimroturt )
d*otogluterate (5)
\
(4) NAD.

FADH NADH

succlnato (4) co
ATP

ulunr.lrhli c iuriri 2 o:ro$lmqrnnqhnlunotru:n poonilndnaruril co, rtsuln

lnur+d acetyl coA i,ru*r'i'u o<atoacetate (oaA d.rrfumt c 4 o:.0! nmuliunln c 6 D!no!,
s Dinlr, 4 olnDr ufiflfinnfiu oAA biiff*indr fumri ndrfirlln Tn c 6wfd c:{nftft
sonrrcurrln{u ld'orjluflirr1 rtr naon, neou. ua: ATP (dlditrrn substrate-level
phosphorylation rniaulu glycolysis) risufi NADH nR: FADH, 1rltt'ldrn:!?unrtdlluot e-
daU ua;1uigl-mdrouL{dri.r:Jfliflur!#rararro{1u rntrlx ua:fu*roqjw inn€{ rEmbrdne
fln aceryl coA 1&t6rls r':mild O UoH z cq, r FADH, u8! 1 A'IP do${tdl{m 1 tol.r
Q arrrhama6rinmu (electron transpon chain)
iorrnu'r e. doglu NADH uss FADH, md{tiotifiriranon o' ftdulrirnonl fi.iTnoa e-
rfiou*.tnllrq:firfifir'lu fu#ro1ir-nrrdmlr mitoctrcrdia dulu idr6'rg6o cyioctuoms (cyD d!!- Fe
ulunlwi rnor Snfi,ud q rfu*ri-r e- *rqnriunn-r e- rurltnrb usqnafiiirmft;o
e tTfrdlrru{tualrru{ na{lTlliJ e nlrio!.I
Qnuai Saloonr1a2u n!u!u'} autuiqi
e n6Nrotrnu 0 m:ullnflN1rJtl$nioonu]e1ndlt01rrll1ro{lr4ntalJ fi{.t!1utn81lJ-uiilttlttljtrou
6f1 arn rnanix 1frr*-rUo{ludoviN1lll-j, .!!dot! mtochon&ia (inrormett$rane space) d{Hsti
uirrrudi pt ir nr:urunr:dia.rb'ndlr{rll{rnrlnd ln:,llrirn r:irsrrmndl r'l'u'iuioub$1
rlittriurnn (actjve Eanslon; rd'mrnfulJ:naufic:n1nn'uni.lJlu matn< lno?irtllo.!torttrri A't?
6yrltiase !{luulu:nunruo$[!ruaunu n1:ulun ]1r./llj!n']'![lt: t{ll]tD{Ltns!{luqlnliad
(passve Eanspod uo:nr:urrjloirl:nauirol r:tiun_rn::q11f nte synthase {u€,1 ADP t1
:?!i!i4rlod!rir narariu erp 1u -ur"o luiqn lium:dir\ ATP l!u! oxidaove pho6plbrylarion
ua:n'uu'rnrrunfur'uoarfu:naulrldlririu ::Iulriuuud rirn chemiosmods

drr
il'3.! -"." ior"l
@.o

@@. @ @ ATP synthase

-9o @ @
@@
m nrdrtlrt onno,llrllmrrrr ulrr:rirta{
nrkuaiil*rilulourr:
llttnurru0$! milochondria t01 llnl0: llu1{ I oonchf
1. nrl l:ldtEon nira r€c6plor. a$ann€|, c€ni€r
nillruailtr; ror ntot, nox,
2. tilur'one lita cytochromo Jerc
g- eirrm:na_rlrnar 6a elp
nr'rmr.1lmJr, s'

l. ril$raulailu Kreos cyde * lt

tt: I l"*
nnlnli'nd1{*no.r tt'
i, ']
I lx.*$ AIP .y'trr.s
nri{lrutllun"ullro,r ATP
rO o- n1n NADH t &lqa olmnfltlrrou$isfir ere li
s fura4i *:rr FADH, r llrn4o fl
irlrnodr{rfi.r arp lC z Lrn4n d.rrturn r nqlam:o4rifir

glycolydr 4 nto 6 (a]n 2 NADH ltl cyro6ol)*

mldil{ aceM coA 6 (ern 2 NADH fu rnatlx)
Krebs cycle 18 (l'rn 6 NADH h !oas8
4 (c1n 2 FADH, lu loatix)

t A1? qntddtifD fui'rn A'I? irfim1fluu! sl.rbgEate-tevel r!n! oddative ui z waog dl6n
fln 4poty"t h rir riorahmthnon e' n'4r1,!d{rhld1!{u mitoctDndia utifi NADH
"yt*ot
rfuUelrnn:fi urilrrlu mitochon&ia roiC Crrf, lrio!f,.cyirnrrrhulou e- mnftohr tln'nf,l.r
lu mimomaria riurrh ::lufidrr (suuttte syst€d drfirrilnluraadfrlq h fu arain:riu
NADH rhlti 2 Ivlnn f,Nlud dotfinnr,rhuuon e- 6q1C 6 Alp udrhriutrcus{ n$uldomtl
*-r:r?nluirriinin:u]rr paos dorirwoa e- udr filC a erp rirrlu rio:.lu erp tlrfiafi#.c
run fia:I6-turoqriildlr fu eo 38 Aw l!fitl? h *u uaz sa ew luauol n&Nt oaluiuto',

e mrrhunoi e lar prot<aryote rindlulurdorfltn#ulufrdug?rlr lmesosome) fiflirh!! mfto-

chondriausibi! slNtd6 syEten u1{rondliu onaerobtc bacteria *rl! e- i'rqnrhrn:ulua^ndq
urru q rd! Nor', so.&, co3'?' rlinnrrmr,lquluUlioofiinu

o firrdr sukaryote lrNgadfisur:uruleuuulrildoonircultl rirmnlri! o, rn:urrrnrCrllfic

qn::fu\.lulum4 f,o rhumr e- fiLilC. llr1u xreoe cycte fibilf uddlrna dycolysis lCo{nil;
Irlodrduuadruudl (!fl6{dTIC'j1 o, riuhrn:{ut{rlin Krebs cyclo mlnrrlilaloa eJ
dl pruvata dlCrrn glycolyris durntjrfid re* cycte urir:rir{nranunnfhlsrrh fi'rllr!"n
(tementaflon) firrilnr:riulquruu-ldooiinu isqntd.! rfiafrrlu cytoeot ruirotnr u
 1. mfifnllornotoi - riub6di fu larrufifiliu loulfi pymvaie rlsrlriou c 0on!1 1

a!radu?! co, nnlud!{'rl c 2 aina! dfiundl acetatdehyde d{{llfi fiudrdriun-rlu

e- fiqtrhurln NADH firi ettlanol (CAOI' uai 2 ATP fln glycolysjs r2srhl2iftis!
in rd'ql"LlormnfirrdroDn ri0lrid6rifinn1 !"n!'uror (uidrr:if.rlrrjrorldq:lru-rnirlu
lrsriruldulmonosoddu ac6dc acLt nrlriftnul4nlit

*@T*. b|m.btbn

rrrnrtnlrtttettrn - rulunartuoa,ru ruror,in ue;uuairlu lauld pnrvare riudrriu

e- f,rqnrirumn leOH fii lactic acid (CaHpr) uq! 2 ATP c'tn glycolysis nrnunnf,ndfin
iund.uldoarm:rirlftnrioudr r0u:rhdooondrft nruudn qnrhur:qndll:Jr dwriu
nqlaadcir

gluco6B

I urdudrturarnndronmnarifulan, n rrlu-idhfurirtuuri{:0.! uell :f,urirurd.rqafra

nrdrltr1uuduutriqd',r\ru rhlilnufin6rtoroall:Jdsuti! phosphoglyceraldehyde
1ecar,1 dlrf,ualb gtycolysis drnrnllririur:omt'urrinultlioul riouas 2 C [d'?uJduu!i!
acotyl CoA riDfi!'rrf,r Kr€b6 cycle m:ulun'nir-anralfliufi:rr1ln,ir 0-orddadon d,!r!!du
nd.t.r'ruUfluuuh 2 A'I? ua:Iiurrrf,uranaouli (qt'-N6rriuiul{uur6! narr?larJllBurde:ldrir
lrlil0lu?ru1trar:lhrd'ssrlglulr:nrnhrhl t Lreqadlmlolri aceryl coA lCrrnlru trs:los
6ufl nrn:neruhu'uf, o ketooe bodies
rnrhlrJ:itttnr0uuurfirre"!.rru Inunraofllrft 20 liiruzu {ilrinddutrilarr'ldoirllrlu
tt! pytuvat€, acetyl CoA ue:sr, irnardu Krebc cycle d.rrioue:u"rlrldbi n'oldrdr${ amino riu
rior rhln- z li f,o rt aeenuauon *nftUlau 2) tralsaainatton rirdrfldar:du rhlrinl,r
'fiD
aarultJriul*!o{6rnrn${ smino dum ltrfiu (NH) drriunrrfin fnqnr dlurilrlriuid'u udr
n'usonriulor dard'nlu qarr:
 Fd*t sbotry*.b Itsd

L glircoc€

I
PGAL
t
pyruvele
I
I
acolyl CoA
I
I
rr:i-lnm{dl{1
tI

!flrrliul*jl acetyl coA liudlrd'rnnlrdviuftlunr:narolt:f,u alilularn:n ualbfit

ooo
 . url8Jt*!*t .s

i. unn

lnfi qu:*qrun:ft tanCfrarn

e .!fi-r.-rtl {prgmenr) 6adrtetnduun.! dfiLlnqnn6ur:riu6inty'ar.ooruvfi-n ,rr ri lu'a'r.b.A
ad'u nju dnrhocyann ildrirr nulu n:v tirri x un:a a rd'rpd'u ,f,r.oiu -nulrfilrcioqu itinie:
ului\ttlnfl fl nUurd !tnt1:l,lOlll{ld.! lOIn

tbotoautotroph
7 234
abcd
eukaryote

dlr,infid l1jfi )
d'I,rii! Au1n1n

arvir!duo'l
prokaryote .l

I
d ttllIunt.ll!1llnuu1l!u
u!nullu!'1.!!uo

1. chtorcphyl 6lriar]ufllaliur qondudd, Gu ilowld i tr.,Ig ud: N rir]o'rriU']nold1F''ru

lrarutiinyft chlorophyll a b c m!d
2. cdorenoid urilriu cdiorenp.i:r"oumridlun! uAi xdn hophyll nlriour"aridr,v6oi Rt
iliin4ntioii.r rnr r:rid ru uadd r:n carorenord riualidrr"or.qni.rr: ttrr]orfir"dr.o'r^u
firinrrnurr uan,ufirl rrnfllrnonduadL-alrt,lli
3. phycobilin ujrdu phycocyanin o;n'ouunldd'ttiu q^i phycoeryl,hrin 6!ria![6.!a[u.t
4. bacteriocblorophyll rir'luuunfrririftrn:tl4d-r![6'liii' ni! gneen bacteria. puple sulix
baclena, green sulfuJ bacteria
O i{niiqurioltiiiorrlrrnpnfiuK.!in?,t!!t?ndu[nnrir\fu u,andCC,rudunli abeorption
rpec[um na${nr-rq!0iC'q tla;do:wlnqmtUrinrnri-r.nu#rurfulu cNorophst rrth$iililiai
rful .rn:r#fruue.:drrnun,lndurir.qta'urndrtfii uanllCdrudunrrri acdon rpostrum

I r..t
ab6orplion Bp6cfum actlon spectrum tondt

Q ronrllu eutoryote il:ufiqtrnr:Star#*ruussr:oq;fu ctrloroptast dl!f,! organele i[dD{!

aorfu rionrulufuiowudurfil.lGsnd1 rhyla&old moobraBe nto tamela d.rriudo{aa.r
uNd?trcrfiJrirliuAraar$riuq riun gtanue uin:Rrrniuqrdolnfuira etrooa
'lnfiqiNl
laE€Ia tndu thylakoid membrane ido.lriun lumen ua:n'tuu cNoropiast i!o{ua?6un
stroma ur4to tridlrn:r!ir'?uu6.r, 70s riboeome, RNA ua: DNA dnrh prokaryote l!ftlfil1lri
druuadltdo pnotosy'nttretic lamera lu cytoplasm

e n'ul.t!it1!;52!ut! (lhotoslnthesis)
dairrlm'rr:fismr, riu 6co, + 12H?o + CHO+60+6HO
utfusljif,riu!1.rliirrit] 6cO + 12H S + CH O + 12S + 6HO
ru!uinlmriu?r0{51,!lln1nnu116{{1u
r*lrhmlu::uuiinn laalfi qrhdrr z fir
uas:!|lual r! mrr{ Ln uF{
1. tlitBlr1nt! (hqhr reaction) dlrfr !r.l
thylakoid membrane dltdt!1uu*!
}l]niN NADPH tla! Alry
2. alrri.r CO, (CO, fixarioD) d?u
Calvin cycle tfiod snoma lnuuh
NADPH llnr erP dldr, u.Jdut
co lririurhnrn
Q e- aoo:nardoqflllainq rJnioqlurnrrrJnl (ground slate) risln'lulo-l.rruriudlernotarn
uf,.! r:!i'u-u!10!'[ur:niuno-lfiuiqliu or,lurarnrllrir (excted srate) taoniiifir phot -
oddation [aJrio e'rRnn"lutlfir] fin:Jsn riour!6t{1r.J0onrn r.rar-rnudaa0alddrrin-r.rru
niNnuun.I:m:tllt e_

t
."tur1Yf,

Q ru ttrylakold membrane u&ua:fir rudrn:r#iruu$lliun8irlu{ {photlsystem pg d{ rtfls!

I fi ll1.lnlrqd1.11fi.lr'20{urlJrf,u n{r,,uo!r.rnl'rqrudrfilan antenna rh{ruirldulunrrrjru
ronnftlugn.rtflriqudnnN in-l!'uollluuuf,l (reactioo c€Dter) dlriu chlorophyl a fi ran
ndrrfio riouarnnn::ru antenna in"!!T uud.ti:{nrirulanqrnr{ainnrid dnflilnq rufi{d.r
naNMn:lilt reaciion cenler It e-,!tN chlorophyll a filflUm reacnon center i!!t6{i1r!1
photosystem ul.roandu 2 lin mlnllrnrndulo.urn-ruuildnr:ri'u reachon cenrer 6o psl
(P700) flrid{lr'ldhi 7OO run nlu mtr ftso) irnsl.l,lulfii 680 Dm

Q doila.r lsirlf ps rla: psll !fiidovjliru e- drC.rduun:iifinlrirlr]onldaosuuu 6o

1. mnhu oi e- uu dritdr{m (non-cyclic elecnon fansfer)
rio e- no.r reaction center fu psn ddurn n'rlri psn fslnr: e- othqnn fi.riluri.r e
rarn du ltrro"n nhlhirunnf,r laaiorq lrn Ba: c'l ltitd?u filni,tdln photolysis fiia
Itil's reaction d.!d!n']r H o + 1/2 a,+ 2H' + 2 e- dl O, i6ndulrnnr:ftn:.r:driru
[n{nUuilat&auntlnuuntu'L[.]l$E.!
e- i
!o.r Ps[ drdrdr./qllnmrlJqadovjron p€t e- aolrlufiri.rdu$loln-l nrrrorl
qflrrr:il1lln:i! )!m101!nDr e- !{t$ltEununTullhtlri!rlad ilulnl]llllu e Ntr Di.l
fio PSI + plastoqurnone (Pq) + c]'tochome complex (! Fe duo,rdrJ::nou1 +
plastocyaoin (Pc, ii cu ri!D.!6lrn0!) * Pgl ua:lu!.u:rirglsn
ra"lsrunqlds:q l e'
nD! m[ dfirliori.lQnrlsr .iouoonr]t fi1ti6i1,l AT? d.tua! chemiosmosis rniotdulu
nlrrrulq'&d'rlna.i fionrridrquduiu g' nir'ltfit tumen 6.r! pH il) [e'? ]r rh?urnn
lu tumen fir:ulrjnd'urfiulu stroma rhuadnri AT? sym*nse nr;{dfroultddsdr,r
ATP rln ADP !a {riodnl' lu *rona rfrunnildl.nuunllruJdauriudirvurnifup
fio:na"r.rtrqrto.r ATP ilunn,l.'dfi! AT? [ur]#jl photophosphoryladoo
 lhu e- lar reaction center lu Psl drC'rfiiul rlur;qnrhanoillLl femdo)dn (Fd i
Fs rtlt{i r:nou) riousl [Jild l'IaoE dralnrr weop' + Ir + 2 e- + NADPH uqi
nou6rd'rvruur$lnr:{lruuaotrnaqnrfulilu NADPH ua, erp rluriorufi

aSAF"'.
pltm.ylr.n I

rl lr ffil,.|b 6 lraBld : I
-
2 .-3{445+E
4t't 'o.a-
rfier'ui I'yre,o,o
""r'0.-, Sitlrp ! q/dic e llGlbr:4-5--3*4{5 +3-a+.,,
lo

2. tnt hanEi e- luludut0{'r: (c},clic elecroo tansfer)

l'i:r;lu catrin cycte ld arp !'rnn'ii NADPH i.rriomrdruroauurdtdotdujlrns
arp laurildo fenedoxin lu e' fln Pstt ua'r !r1c!!0{ riiunon e- dJ1'r ATP bri
photophosphoryta[on riour!€r e' uLtld psl mrrl! 2ljrdraihlrio4

't!uu(s! I
photolyete 'lr[fin
nrrdNnr6dli
IIJIJ

: uu*!filf,
 urltEffi.F rt

- C.M! Cyrls

e 6snlidlal'rn6'.r.liud.! ATp u8t

NADPH !1-62d CO, b'ndr! ril./
u tnlB lnutt!n?1lJnntuIu.lllu$I
(dark reactioD) udhiai! tnrll
!0ultlr51ulr4Q0a !!nmlnurnu$d.r
nau (t!nnnnintlt (iatun d.lenl
ii : rfunau

- rirnrrlhd,ora C 5 o:rolriun RuBp (nbulose 1,5-bjsphosphare)

1. carboxylation
! .u4nMnu uu llrlnu!,0!t!!ta ruDisco (,ulJturntrl u!-nfr4ntutd'r) tod-r c 6
a:no!frhirndu: Lalunnr''r.ilLr:o C 3 r:0lDuliun PGA {phosphoglycamF) rilarr.afi!:
n-? |]'1nl0!-t:4int
2. rcduclion la1nri lEA fi'kir,riirririru NADPH [s!rh Afiiu']n"! AT? }itrr0la c 3

o!no!!i!n CJP rglycaradFnyda-J-pnosphare) u3o PGAI rphosphogly.erdldehyder i rn

'a
PGA.L dfti'u'r.lni2i:aanrln catvln cycle l r?lnlD PGA' fr1du n8lulil]a-r{ulotarolrlrio
lnqnu nu!on1:ulJ.!i.irlluo D!116:a!lu vacuole !atra6nIn t5allctdt!ltua t!.1frn ,.;i.!
1u pNoem
3. regenelation - Jrora pcat iru6ae:nniur'.hi4ah: Ialrl'rrJii-lriu AT" liflnla RuBp
lnit]rltllJri'u Co dall
e cabm cycle fiorq:oi t :a!l n:1{i PcAr (c 3 o!no!) 1 Illnqaoanlre-suaua]n 1d 9 ATp
!!sr 6 NADPH riaornldrlo,a C 6 o:oarodr.rnqlenin'a{ {1rir-nr 2 rou nr:drqilt'iriu
6O.ltti1

Q rrnarnr: 6CO, + 12H,O + C,H.,O, + 60, + 6Hro rlrfilil o'luulorarreT Co.

uri o lu o, rtonor"'urlrnJr

rrrrrtlfll8ti! c u.! cAu

Q indrurh.rd'r riuifuarin ca tlriirfildrulrar! uil:lilr':rfiuli'r[rnri!
pcA (3 c a:ool])
fitur.rn{rrfrortrlunrniau r:ni.! co liioua.!,nr,:arn.FioL.,ffnn!nrLloYriou riorf,ar-rrhaor
lrrn_uri ua:rio phororespuauon ;1o1tu r i!!iollriuifl- rrur:n-r rfiarru CO i 3!tru
rnncla ua:onllltfio photoresptation naluliuf,! c olr tirrlnn l'r:ir.r iiou rrruhill
niaf,! cAM (crassulacean acld metabolEm) rdu ndr f n:luorfrtr fu :tqr iruurn::rrj
o:ur.rrlni
Q nrrnrulrmt (photor€apfatio!) r"uoun;6oldl cellular respiration lfiicintil'llil6tno.!
roultri rulisco Eugp cab@rytase curygenase) iuorwrm:{u
rnthfiJ Co, (oarbo)<yladon)
RuBP
udrrftr'rurlrdu o, (oxysenadon) h-'i1d lnurom:n*{ou1 q r:uhtt RulP fiilird,rt
c 5 o:m! u*)rrnn! u c 3 olrouao{ pcA ifud1i c z o:rorildbil{ nlrir{ndrfio{dnx
rnlllrzu d.rrdurft ett unltftrhlin5.r cq lfiiDoal uC photorcsptadon fiuouftlrllltflu
nrfi ilutr ATP lrnf\m:lilf,thra1

- $1t calvin qd€

ooooo RugP
,co, O
/. rurrffn litjt ul'x ur li
iD!lru$rr11$ltrn11ml!
ri z co ftlmrnrlGurr

Q f,t c. lTn'xnir.:1uiirsmnfir c, rxil

bmdle-sheath c€u i chlooplast aa;tdsuf,aftl
mesophyll (iuunlriDon'ilriu palisado t,lto
slongy) nti plasmodesrData rmti.! co, #'!
u:nficd mesophyu lna Hatch-slack Dathway
c 3 o!r0! PEP (phoepboenolpyru-
d.rrirtflnra
vate) nfi co,lnuiodri PE? caftoxyla6€ i?u
llir c,
lin:a c 4 o:nor oAA (ox6toaceraE) d.!ri!
dltrdfilrtdi[tn ua:riudr,rordo C riou
r;uJduurfunrn c 4 ogio! Id! malic actd d.r
r:ridru co llh bunclle-shearh cel B6? malu
aoa fm:adrruriu PIB 5n#.!nd.! dilr co i
r:qnfi .!n:'.rd5D.rr'?u calvin cycle
rJdau ur-r'l,

doirl nrrlnfudu co lu bundte Eheath +!i{orj

tt0tt?n1
Lfr c
* rirrlrin rirlh'r riufr cn uidrrr{r rirr
tnt€n ?n1dla !t11Lt/tuul '1i'1 tllull! c

O f,n cAM (crassulacean Acid Metaboljsm) rlrfitruudrua:orufr rln:lndrnlurorrna'Niu

ua:riln:-hnlurounnr.:f,u udrri.: Co ghn"u PEP d1!r PEP carboxylase ld oea dluJduu
du malic acid udrdul'ilu vacuole oolnatnarviu rauna'Nfii mailc acid frr::lliau co.
r,ir ca.lvin cycb 1u chloroplast riou nrrrgirriu co. fi{.ralotnaldliir
O PEP cdborylare f,n'jr mbrsco flr.tfre:u co, 0d1$tdu,rm!fuodNi l3artrlri '-Nlrirhlt!"i!
c4 ua! cAM rinnrl.trulqun! unlrl.rlhrulfi6urhCotlaru ft rnn:nitlfitrtrnoqinrfu

ffi=
8

e
t

OOO pcAL

il c, nir co e'rr: ttarct*tao< rnway ir ca t .ir co. i'lllar caMn.td6

nlr:rlririudrfi n cetvn que rlr{rirnn-l u.inui:Lrn

bundle sheath c€ll lI,illO I'l11

'J
ctrloroplast fu bundle-sheaft ll.lu u $Jti

cel 1u'rn'lx4i
!2{lzA1nlflint:u2un1t na1l2u Ra'tnl! nhT.tiu
d! nrr:fira uq.r

Cuun9{unrrnf.l co t ai.r z cis z alt

mlnih co
^ins1m6
- tltulrilMln nrbisco PEP carboxylase PEP carboxylale
- 6Tnld RUBP PEP PEP
- ilntn tnlntt PGA (3C) oAA (4C) oAA (4C)

- i1{t1mum9 narc"u ns1{lu nn1!fi!

$odifir callrn c'ycle me3ophyll bundle sheath mesophyll
o"mllin photoresptation 6N
Q irr-rno.rnr:& ra:T :firuuqodit
lunrmnnorfndnrnr:d'tn rrlia'ruun.r r-fl imrnrtft cq ttlrnnfi *.ltltt:lri6ruusii
rrn tiifl.tcull'Jta tn(n
t. arrumaduu*r - dr!-rrtuua:unrrirli{.rnl#rirou4.:llfi drudtiurdln:r:idruuo$Jou
rrlf,o action spectrum duros
idlJn,

2. mrlr:iriuq.! - ltght compensation poifi f,0a11lldlu*linhtl6't:rrntd'llaflsiti, Uud!

r rdus-aflnr:uruh rirtidr,rnrrrir co, qnB'iuirri (d dot) drulniiulo.l =
([ght saturado! notnt) f,opirir]arurfulqludrdn:1d{nfl#ftunnri:lrfirli,tu ll c,
e:ilnrtwo.rn'rndrfi t cn uridraruniruaurrnl1en'rlfdr:rd.:ra:r:ia'rouft{at'eofu in
rtrro.oiin rilmrnoqln6qr;rhllblni drufiduiiddud{ffi0nliarfidlrn'n:ffruulsli
rirldlrdr futr lghr sanmdon pornr irnirf,dufrIq".r
3. Ll'lm0r cq - rdufiurnilmrr9fuuzu finfi! cq compelradoD polDt [E 1id!th!o.!
cq (cq satuadon pofirt) !x!0!n1u Inafu c, rdlnrtrnauirnirfit c.

ba 8 A fr,lrllt:illlr'! b a g ,{ co lll.rnri
a b = llghi dmpens.ilon poid a b . @, dP..r..lbn ponl
A B = ligln stlblion polnt A 8 = cg s.lur.lio poitn

d'ululndorjn'rdrulolo! lght clmpensation point ua: co) mmpeDsa[on poml fll

nuildr:lnr:& rnar!!.{d, uuarriuqrd filbiqirsorm:udcldorr,nrlnrnralo:fi'utlaa'l
rioal dlf,oim:aq'lrilCraurirfndraT runiruarrlolfirn co, rioun'jr z rird
4. rJ.r$lru o, - lraranl:lsfi! c, rrrr:dlu':ti-r photoresptafion {i.rurruhrfidufu co) lnu
tN () !1nnd{$t1!Vdlnud\tLtaaA{
5 rFnculrf,u - rirlufiuirirdoun:rhbrjrnfunn Jfulor co iatatf,\
 6. qon4n - ircrion'nthflwsrrolbri irqora4n6llnlorhbroubrlfirhsnrHLll uomrn
dornrniourtrrlradolFno co, tls: n'nfli pbotorryiltioD rhiortrfu q r:&ufl:r{
ftuur i'ud*lrui c !ftrtor4rrrral

\:
r cc) Trc)

z. orqlu - lududhln:orjsrluihrm;d*rrlrflUtldrnrtnr$rm
8. mlolrnt - r1i N + Mg filfrra ctrlorophyu tn;$rf,o.qti (cblotosts), rfirqfidru
di$irn{*ruu*r ldll l"tn + o d?u photolysts, cu + Fe D{d :furhrrDi e-
I ntrJhrft mrfi rrlolrnn:iirsurr
i eploermts rilfihtlro.tluurtnlu*r droqjtrdu*onm$llnfto drdcle drumltr ar cNo-
rcphyl ll flrnulfri fu pslisade rn€sophyl rdrfiuaruarvmdu drfufirlnlo$udllurhrtl
ruhls! rdnr!u'!q'rn1 tr lflCfu mlrntlqn

qnfini'ru{rlon'| fin*rdrdlilrlnernrhutrrir lgOrOrl

nrmnsodrn:orlUb ib{ornrltrllujdluriuorrnd
nuCr1qsrlqnirrllhfi riodoiu*r ur:uorrirft lddrru co
mt c ,u'lad
rmrffrl$fua:rnrrr eld co- ualH
ron'ir rnlnfiuiaoruauedim;uron cq
 .C.o!rr. {-rri1lll6!2}
riniaaltojtattm$r
lll.mdc b..rd. lr*]ltil! .plogtE
turri'rr$r! r i n{odrrllrl11
ifi rloriCr fu i{u:'nlii$th!{ii
nnfrrnl'r{lhouft m#.r larlmtldr!
o
"rn--nrrrttur

ldrJlfuuunr*wrrrfu i{.rds. JtlsM:hrl rhJr;lf,M.cdriN1airnfl ti

*ruumli q oonlr q&Eh a€robic bac@na ddlltou q rf,lliarfuh
e:hlrnrn-Eoodlmrmdii flnlit1&hlnuua:qNJdou o, mn
drvdriu?rdou o, oonrndou ;oar{oqi'u acdon sDecnum lalftddtd
rCtlluuntrluddicnflr{fiuuflI.ur dur Hs li! s !a:wuD"h
ihfirirr:uJdrru 4o olu q !6wurr!ft1
ldlsldrrlnnnovhurl 0q{n io q rtrem qo

* h!o:l:
ctrloroplagt + Jr + uar + Fee ololn) * Fe,' (o{o{r) + q
altnlrnn pnoofyos E[['s reactiod li o firiorioif iJ e- lds Fe'
chbropla$ + fi + tr&! + ADP + P,

clrlooplast + rlr + u6N + ADP + P, + NADP' + A1?+NADPH+Ol

clrloroplasr + fr + [d.r + ADP + Pr + NADP + CO, + A1? + NADPH
+ o + J-r*-ra

rdorf;ld.dr:n4rf#novoo.rrn:ururmdrqa#*roud{rf. ttn ni tt
Q rdorie ltrsuet tonriunaririrdnliuur*nnh*hlrtr nuronr:luti.r!firfirqr 2 o,r.udft 60
{riua:fu trdrrli I ::urn
1. tdodoqfu (epithelium tissue) rirnirdr{udrurir.rlftnruranua:aruluir.rrnu
- !1lrilrriulrssidul6ur6u.rn'uur1 rdu er&qledurlan, nri{naordoitlou
-
urqiin6nriuyatrf,icilnedlnimaunurlorn ldrJ irrttlq, rsoiarflt
-
u.}{tiiii dndovini (iidl|lulfittl rnlqofirament) rfludrwolrdo{luaddwrini!f,rr td!
uu vilus !o!a" ftin, ;riond2dt
- uNiiai citia (6riD1dr6! miclotnbule) dralunuo:*nnrnrr rdu imoaou risrh}j
- !1.lt0ar0uriorsF.liiriNl ldu don u*rru rn{o rharu ra.r
z. rdododurfir (comsctive rissue) T:orurdordodll !na1u r:un rdu
- rdord'ordlrrftrfhlIt oglfrdordoqAr rdu liftnd{ lderhynonGon ldlftr colagen ull.!
i?l!d.!!a: elastln urirn?"u0nxrlriuo.rffuh:aou d1[it cottagen lilduI :iuiiirn
trnluirnra unl!'lmfuid?udi,! drfillmiiuiun'?&rhtintr !i'{ rario{liu r6onoannul:
lluli
- rfordolufu (adipos6 tissue) n:subrtrl'ilunadllrir (ht ce[ adipocyre)
- m:indo! (c€rtilag€) !nrnr:!n dlJlolui{ldavhdtflnndo{
Oone)
. r6u0ant2n (t€ndon) trnr:in- nrirlrdo, r6uiml'o 1igarDoDt) irm:An - m:in
' Gon (blood) r:nor*runoralr drdoruar riarfionrrn ua;n6ndon
a. rdordrnfirr6 (musqnar dssue) rrri{oon$u 3 riii
- nd rdosru (skel€.tal muscle, na"rurdadan:lp) aqjhanrlln Frrine:nruq C
- n{rurdorlur (smoorh muscle) artrluor-ut:arulurhq ranuqulrjki
- nd,tttr ortrrlc (cadiac muscle) a{irhh maru4 riLi
q. riodorh:mn (nervous tissus) drsnourlo{3hlii th:noudtutra.i 2 liil
- oarifi:arrl (neuron) dtwm :Jd'nl
- ,ts{ii,rlu ($rpporting ceu glial cel) d?!!tad l!fintfilru
a Dd!2: (oruan) ::nolCrlrdodott{ 4 linrrr'Nrud1ufiu larupitn:rnnhoudradufrnaru
ulur:luoftn: rt! tl f,o
(organ syrt€m)
-
1. r:urdDuD.nt dororrnlfrodrUdunr a$wifrss'ruidr:uurfwn
2. ::u$rulc - uenuJdrruufia rioto,!fit o. urdunr ifu{r:olfiit
3. l:UUr$Jr,!u! - qirdu{oid t11o'nnr flti.}ll [arDalleu
4. rrlJurhlxaoluslliiildlr - ni0{i'}.!nrurlne{[ nntjao!
5. l:Urjfirdru - drri-urssduern mehboli€m oonl
6. €uu 1:6'ttt - muqMitil.l'1uao.li1.rfl"rlu8lnoud'!0.{nuntlsddfid1
z. ::uuliodiio - fi?u+mrtN1rraDlil.trnuuq:rsunuo{husoilrlu
8. lluud!firi
9. llrrln1:ln
ro. :a-undrlrdo
11. irJuriDtvh'lrnu
2 + 3 + 4 + 5 J2ufulumrfnt/llalrntlr,!'i'lrrn! (horneostasjs)
6 + 7 n'1.lluirrd]]lunarqounug.rirrir Gesponse) unrmludt{rqinr:r :rrtllnitt:llu
tl:d'r.r.!lu (coorditEtiDg syslem)
I + to rhsrrJrun-ulunrrndoulur

: .
.6@
rlltnntt LUlllitlu.l
. -!
\=zal
r- uoi !T,t rxtor:nrnlra"ranr,u ttttaurutr6:r'tt ,tattrnru d
-,

iotmt o lNolrn'ltlll
2- ti tn,rnrxrDt:nln1ll$rntlr [iut:mtm mtfifoit
.- r ..1 2
uitnl1!tu !l,trl!!nt IttlintnlMllllu liunna{'tall-!tronn!
n.l
3- l{ It n'NYlt$qot:tn ltnnrttirq lt/ln:nDllllltt'lnt:ill

t{ Ln91fii a! lttltoittlitn{sa a0 0n! r0 ula t!1ta!0nn lt 0$

rrr irs:l:nirtl z
i" = 1
sio"r'a 1ri
rrir{ = lorr GlK-
lir-u = ,i,1;'", Vg
-!:
fl'Ittl = laaotorlt1itl
n::ntt::jm = nt:tvrl:ill
,.!
!un{ = r0!fn.!11!idti
anEfl:at{tiad lgnJn,llJn.ll,llllll

m!.'!ehas€
O
rtr**, O .*o*

W,i a rtofn*1i
o
aDO)@
D dnSade&'
$ o"@ &RBC
o
LiaR$t ralldlan auuu villus b $arnlnoi{tttuu$as$u{tutt0'l
R?rll.fr
tiSnorq$aDrmmr. t colledjnq duct ttalln'lDlllllult
lnadldrtlrrsraa! 8 ltrltamu2n-u1[n !{ l]rdulul:llnuun:rtna!^r rnu
(saolxfuliudri,rlu g nr!Qn

lgariqrio$fillrnoun'u ljQnulrri 10 l.antnl.lurututtmtmlu

ooo
 urs

Q rrurnlunrriuur.l'rdlif,iroonriu 2 iriulrl
t. iklibfrnrurnairorm:ro ri 6ln autotroph titinrnrt]1$un {tir broduc€r)
z. d6finisiloTr:roslild riun teterotropn 1uli\itrf,inmuli\til] t1Jlbfl (mnsrrnet
uor l"tjounnrz (decomposer) drririuio$nrrdouolnrur'otildaqrnar6nlls'rr,irkJair.r
ld$w nr:dsmrur.rtLhosnriu
- arftiollgtled (intracellular digestion) r!d,t011.1.rr!d.trgndrfl food vacuole i!{i
lysosomo r:rrnnraorm:lfiliaqarar6nl rfroulllsirrnn-l.trl nrnorrr:ddoulrJldiqn
d.toonmn nan'l:l
- rn:do!,!on!!ari (exEacellular digesljon) rnlnoutittjauggn!r!ouuon$ndauLioqara
r6n1 udr6.rqnfur,frnaiiriiani'Nrdlr,ru druirjoulriliiriunrn Lifinrrffirt nju n1t
ua".rfrdsuoanmlurn.r fiuarmrlosuluri d?uflhil saprophytism ullnrfliosuonrm.i
tr:ulrn,rd.r iiriidrdo!aomruoni,r.:nra udrqailnr#rio rintorn6ufirjni{nnii nulu
decomposer 6oilh untwnfirluurqin rdu rinrjoulouli rtaarmrn{ni
- nraioutiua (mechanical digesrion) rhldorur:rinnl duiArlrndu f,or dutrlrlo,l
nr.rnrsarn liolfiiouri{rnild.irud!
tnidoul}{lid {cherrucal djges-hon} 6o hydroS,ss ralovrrlault'rl.rrot ,finrJiFiurre!
o fir irriu saprophyte A! 6joui ujouoo rrlrdoun rr duridfr rrr: u.i?arilloun tF. tl r,ii-t rlod
e o:!m c:iu pseudopodium rfrarliou
(phagocytosis) alrlirirhrjoulurgnd
nllmtilon
rr'iririul n"nlun cilia d oral groove
lio'rrlrn) 1fs1nrffitrllndudrnnrlr u
food vacuole ldri,rdaulusad
ulldut unoluu dutoiroph uolu,ul tJ
n[D]ud{nd1!'rt0ltlu heterorroph |rilo!
onire, rdrll r.f, urdr
O tlD.lir dnduD1l,lllfiu collar coll (choanocyte) tli nagelun dnorwrlrh'hlioulurgnd !!n:I
amoebocyle d2ujou + ucnCluDl$li

! loa:r irnrriuorn:llorlai riun gastlovarcdar cavtty n-nfu$dod?ut'nnr (@nracb) +ii

t{riu nernatocl,rt otititrltqri cnidcyte ufrohtmdowsnsari*ruJrdarnrnnariior (gtud cell)
ruliotr:fi16n1 ns.idolslllu (nutitive ce[) l.lrllou!f,itJrjoulugariio6nfiti.l

O nnlul6uftN6llolxtlrinuq:ni ieoror (ph€rynxt i'nr"u

orvni rt{r6ttol$1l[nnd!do.!d1.! 6on diverticutuD d?u
lllt16i1it u]lliT iumm: ltlttrutlta1lll]tnu0uuafl,0{
t tttiuR'rtlnl a1t?t.!io.!!u80!!1nta:uuuqt.l
nrur6l
| 1{r6ouiuua:uas!nr$1:r{n (crop) ldri-nornr: m;iu {sizzad) 1duro1rl1 !fiBulstou
iuaosqui luulnldulrnl! d! int€stiDe i Matpighian ru.bute riuo?r-u?lflri,tll
sromach
:;rirr gizzard d! slomach iiolaiqhrjou ua:a'rnudorJrnrulnn'1 rn druluri.l irTl{,r
riror"ur:n5r$irdo!

ld6oliu: mouttr + pha4'rx + esophag!.6 + dop + glzzard + int€stine + anus

+
UIA!; houth pharynx + esophagus + crop + glzzard + stomach + intestine
+ Iectum + anUS

Q erirl'rnrdu ldu ft * pharyx + tqotarrtn 3 d2u * abona$n[ * flnl

p,TU; rnouth

intestine + targe rntestine + -u. lnur,'nonorrrn*r : dlur:lrind.flihtjou urjlri!

1. ruEeD (ft#1) luunitiuunrln:fudrorftro{uuu mutualism droainn:no: l n:n
'brYu
imilui 12 uq!!o!hi cellulase [-]LioB ceihnoce fri r:urrdiid r{urdrtn
lEllrl!lt
2. tedclrlum (l.rejl) d2lllnuo: a'lorm:
3. omarum (d1!aundu) dltDaua:qalorml
 nrdu?rda! (ruminaring) r iudvfilriouorrrr#oflurooaamr:*nr 1 ua: 2 oonmrdur
d11 f,1u abomasun f,gn, :ui':frlrici'! {6romach) alrnlnt+Nur, rioaldrovrdruaoorqud

| {rifu6inut fterbivore) x-ofiurtlinunrrdo (omruvore) l{uribir$n! funirrn\f,rioa a'rl{

urr vm:itln&lledfirjoBtnn ualilawiio{uu! mutuatism druairrJrdou ru'l1rrlri{le!
ormdnutonr:drldb{dr caeorm flirmafu4 ui{l iliurdo (camtvore) i!r;sra! tduruo:
efinrJrildlrnnir drld{umi uarn'r'Idlfildru caecum 6nnh

Q lr;nouiru
1. tl1!rl!8]tllt (digestive tract, almentay canal) tiutioulz 5-6 uJtl irtinifutnrtldn
mouth cavlty + pharyrx + esophagur + t@nach + srnall intestine + l^{ge
inteottte+rcctum+anus
Inuiqnoqjulu::a:1f.ruri esophagms ue:ruilru-{nrtiuormrrilrdorda a *utfu't
ri'u ld'rlurfuriufuaolndrlrdorluu drarrqlldlC 6! rr'otrfudolror eondlurfomuurroqj

uon na1!u,loltouuJ unt2uint:tn1301t!11!f,1u1un n0!na1!$lo'l!u{lluJMu1 ttlJml

r,!itrali&rltiD{n*uliioLuufirihr:oonlriolffinnr:u?urrr:dt!urjr peristalsir drud!raFou
o'rtrr m:l1tlrtuflr:lDurfuna mnrnoaarrartiufiruru antlperist€lsis vdrllbrr6uu
2. 8ll"']alltdo!r/'-fir (digestir€ gtand) d2rri'uei:mlilunrrdou io ii,r fidou riouhnru
uavqsJr6

O fu (t€stb) ri!i{uu:ru! zoi iuuri sz d lqnrn* muuua;nl.r 1lrdN 0 c PM !]l1 2123

f,a ri1rdN (ntoi,uuu) !f,l]ir d f,|]ifn$iEiuldu? (canine) z d fit,lun (premolar)
(nesor) 4
4 it uq:fllnl1rl (motar) 6 d ileri'rnf! (rmt) hnhlJhrwqmnn:r1nr ualis'nriiouflnf!
(c€menrum) d?uttrrnfu d flledriulrnr:lnrtilnir*lir {crown) Ia:.rairwosidalrndou
f! (enameD oEifuuonqn uluaruiui.rtqnno$Nn'uxriDd dnnhlrriurda*r (denbne) r?NliJ
qariuh:.rilu bdp caviry) ixoorldorm:ldu :!n'ryr

M
M
M
P,

nt rnu$ttt ot$-nnrrJ
e d1o (mouth) !d0!'rn (moulh x;a oral cauty) duruluitrnrurjou Foft palate) $ill]ui\
(ha.rd palate) 6u (loDgue) dtui-raqnradruo:iu:etri irioliliistn.Ttiold1alu (salivary gLand)

rir 3 nri.r 6a iliiiu ft.n:rlnr ua:finnttr lud.nra r:noud'tuir rlor ca Hco- un:rouhd
amvtase flrn.lmuld6frnr1:oaL1i'r{.ua lorritLt ]r,t r1fri runr,Ft"]mlna1ula1ul5!n'j1 bolus

O a1 l! (swallowtng) tiauolnlt (bolus) rldil Imlrrn

tta1u00uIaiSuln ll,|utn1.!rtuE ]n rff lanttn
ua-rndo.rrdur rlarynx) r:tn0-?dfiJr^Fl erdo! e
rd!! (epiglotlis) riolRir.iimd)i1o!:niio.ttdl,'t
(gloms) liE rNriu l! t!'l01n11rn 0{ lU l!fi40! n! tr.!
t:luu0utt tull 1f 01tr1tnnnf.8ue:l luF0!lEll
(pharynx) aiurf,lrn.! jrr]1outrtf, lottn:ua:nrt
rhuarma udrr:qn peristatsis i1r]$aoto1$il
(esophaaru.s) iolil
O nr:trtlt {emmactD lndurdor4trn z uvi.r 6oi
ttft'lrattotml ua:rtinual$l8n ffl{nl:ln1:
rurua:inra{uliirnrr:idurdrlrdorlur- : du
nrlr, olur!.r'ldl]-.r 10-40 rtil (500-2000 cn') 6'l
ll'toUl Un!J!lulntlUn rugae !
oto.ltuml1l!]Um
a nainun"rflnn::,rr: (gasEic iulce) i 4 oJr.!

ea ,DjI!L gastnn. don. Hcl La!fidou prorannn

nu p€psmogen traqu2! proenzvme frau{nNTl
1rili runirr:qnnr:riuilr Hcl raunou ldliu rt"rdatrlirin chyme

rennin uu pepsin 01l]n1nu a :n1!lunt:ln1:

nmtnflunl
idnltu:n:1uo:rf un rn riun'n chyme
I r *n$o$rtaill
O nr:$i:i pH o'r Foinfllriun:ngr rodtfiu rrllltnaatttt allna{
n:srvttrirvulddluril pH d urnfi rlattnorra't 3 nla*fuon!fu 3niodudr
finrudru pH d udi,.qnrundnaln atri'uu'T tjou I i'traotsm'Eiald
rjsofi'rr':rtol f,o 5 pcdlbEB

L rnnu1uoua0f!1lu?u proenzyme 6: .,irnntll:rlt1ltl{

z dt Nlllonnluualltln2n qlycoprotem ua:
!qniru!ludunfr i!nl!rn1!
3, 6llt!lnanl!,r!1ll.Jutfl nurullolrllln.l
4. fiotil!rnrir..!lrdiirni.!nr:,nr:*Ljuo u' Hct druuhl li
I rir {uver) drasi'nu*ri (lite) mriuiqtl]fi (sal bladder) ;16i
qndrfuua fial:fllia;oa d?v rrnoudld'r!;onerJrf Oib satr)
riu steroid lilrni.r ia'urtnqniurrnrirldr6nrrihrinb'ltrdn
nlrudriliu emutsifier ilnfiiunnri'rriur.ruar6n.l llla emulsion
to.r!'rua:frrlu uane'mdun'rdrnurudrqJri bitinrtnn) drrfin q

{lnnr mnfno.! li*eaiun!6nr'ra .r{ar"rnfr6narirdriusr:ii!

niriindntfqmr::uo:ind1?:idr f,o,r
O l,utjog (parseas) r0urtrrioliro un:riouliria rio!liise:n:-..!
ooilrtuid,fiq !ri! insulin dluortld'unqlnalunr:unrdan i.l,irr0udrmiunlriurururtu dru
oioririor:rn"rmrdtl l*uri fl, amylas€, tipase, NaHcor d{ul!$t !n: prenzyme irll lduri
tr!!s!ogen, ch],motrlpsinogen ua! procarboxlleptidase
O drlrlrin (sncall itrte3tine) uri.!ri! 3 d,ruo.]r]si.rr"lJ
t. duodenum riudruituiqn ihiofiniuar:mFnniuua:Cudou drn.r:sl'.t[6!trrii{n1lnn.
u'uqnnr:oiulddruooihua, nfilld6ntr'd1ff'e 2 liii 6s secretin unr chol€cysrokinin i,!fit
nr:doul, ndqnii trypsr.nogen t^rniurjaurlQrftlgiuriru€dli enterohnase ii*tt-l duode.
num litiu
trypsin u,a'r rypsin a:nrldui.t trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen uo!
procarloxyleptidase b'riu lr}!sln, chymotpsin ud! caftoxypeptidase mlJniC'u
uonrrndtgndfleu'.! duodenum !0.!?y!dfi.!tiriou dip€ptidase, dipeptidase, aminopepti
dase, lipase uat disarcharase roniNl la"ffi maltase, sucrase mc lactase d.!d?r.rh,!1![ti
f,fionrr:rirrus &irriudo'r! NaHco usrhd urdrun-uriir pH
2. iejunum lnTdou6ndfliDu
L iteum rflldrufiulr#qn tsund'rurniqn drueotuin]iui 12 u0im60llif, a.!.!TSdaB
ul.ua:0ontnilna1l.l$nt:!n J,l mnD tm.t
Q a'r'l{h{ (large intestine, coloD) i.i'neo!
.0u:rJnir u nd'urFr fld-ril lappendut r6n. riornrj
ri.w:r 'r: {caecum) d'nrlnrirldrin d^ldlr,try
co,""
r:dlornr:ltildnN (recnrm) dldnoannrnrr
x!-n (anus) drldlwrnhnirfirlu rlan ua:qnir
il*m
ar:fr rirraru6ohn'mol.n: iuunfi Gleir.lldru
ftrn']:ri inriu. folat€. biotin uaimfilt 12 ffin
il6uniritiin6ufisru':onfilufi. NH, cH, rlo app€dr'

H,s d nhnn::rrunr:riD!d0-ruo1x'rlto\til.l
o onlr riunnult n.l
Q nar,urrdouourr
f!rl. -fo|lir- 9l*rr llgH
1n lir, gtycogen polyp€prb€ nolr1M

{ "-*
m€ltm6, poly.acoharid€
moill rril a"rtri,

p"pr,a. rtu*r*, I """"

I qirnr:nnuLiluir
_-- r.

I 'ip"*
f€tty add + gtc€rol

lrrltr nhd
pepsin nl!tll'l! tjDu polypeptide
rennin m:M1! douli rfu casein luuulrinnnrnor
tryFin nfuriou tiou polypephde
ch''noEYPsln t!do! do! polypephde
c€rboxtpeptldase n"uriou t"tnrnaliliitio.l polypeptide dT rda1u ca$oxyl
amjnop€pddase a1Klan i'nnrno:ilwn polypeptide Cnr nTU amno
tdpeptidase ml6lnn dou tsipepude
dipepndase a116lAn rjo! dipepride
amylase tSlrlna'tulr8!n!o0u tjo!dl\[o: glycogen

maltase natautn riou maltose

suqas€ alKtan tiou sucoee
lact€se 8116lan dou lactose
iip€s€ rluriolr tjo! Eiglyceride

mlUourt!16!atrrltuluou 00uln!) m0u1al],)1m:uEur!{nanu$qno2u1! lNn11l8.!L li

d.rriu emul$ier rirldlllirmnn-r, nrirdll, penstalsg. nr:lflir.ludri uluiu
 ' nnl latan
€nt.rciinae
ta/psinogon typ8in

tryp3lnog€n
lil rlrrjoullrfiu (protease) drulnrlq:la".r
lrMl]luln rna
00n!1lt/?u proenzl'Ine
-
chymotyplnogen $ cnymotrypsin u0{nua!t'tlunulual!a nl trypslnoqen,
procadorypeptdas€ --L cartoxypeptirlaae chymolrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase
arnn'lrjou ua: prorennin. pepsinogen
flnI!ttl1!

G ,#:il:
HCt nlnnl:lll l: i.ltl.!Mllnut0.!Qnm:QUGUn0U
HCt

mll$ddr?firrrarudrga r:
gastrin rrdlnlarorn:lrml lnurotri:n:ounsirrio!
secretin n::riunrrlunr:munrlia uatrldrAn rrr6rnr:ua"r NaHco l,lnfudru
cholecystokidn n!:fi lrdailunt:u )unittatlun tldln n tltjntntnllto)10{nl

Q nr:trrin
- riuin::!'rt dlaaiu,ronnsooi,rn:mur.uinrorli
arildonrn lL:er uo:laliu doidouriuraiudouriou 60 monosaccharide n:no! !
4lrtlurJ f&ltroaon r.!rlnql!lo d?l.tir llu rfnatll llani1fl't!'llr and!tinu
. n,rliinrmtflJlnn4tn un: tFtunum tfit.!
duodenum
fiI{rdnqcidr]Jrs!Hf'lduoonll,lEun vitti m:uurn..i
ttau ltlll r! r [lun
(tra^lJetud )tJl0l tu0t:tl,tr 6nuLaD
'il microvilli riarfrlCufiirlun.rnnir nruh vru !
x oao !doe u0;$aani_ ty60.! (lacteal) le!!ra on 6or un.!
rltu uraail&oilrl t?1lJ t () u1!0U.! d,tultooa$onn1n:
,fl t naar,6oogroorfr ld!l d?ud_rrrnlafr rhuarlniu
lilln monosaccnancle nlno:llu ua:1011]lJu6:nttl0
ldr (ii i)
raonrdonahrrnrirl{rfirn:oi' ddunr,:uoon
!60nt\'r hepatic ponal vein d'ui.r.iuofu?:utndle"
l- v{h! -----l

lua r10u1t$d{nirdou rnl:duriuoirr:dil il.run61"a

marabolism n.!Ln:qio!n?uql
lunrvurrdsnlnaddluriu glycogen m:6urorli isrrnuruarrolm#udo{lnir{r{drurir
qudalurhl rn ru d rr.nrnlurfu un:r 6 r.raro n rd.trrld'rriuSnnl.ri nn rirdoqirri.l$ ua:lnriu
#n:ar uhrliu {ro f, 6 lat rlrdrdr:uuut'u6o.trt'r tu"t"ol lnulld^uCf:- *drulryioqfi.
e!!r$'rdr!uu.r\!SuLr6onulrlruraonrdsnn'rdh.rri lrir-rh6u6aiall
 iln'rl{r6ndru duodenum r:inrttillrniqn fildrtrii palsjve Gnspon. achve trars'
pon ud: pmoc1,t6i6 druahldluq.h:pdlutrriud hqj i2!fiuujtllm:itliiu
o l:UULOUAl$',rlti!rINlltt!lr,$iU01!FiUBi|'lnnU[81
rnA]lmttlunlfln{ gasErn u8!u1ua!ltl1.!'l

ua:nr:dod!'nn'th:mo r2 drlN laooqlu cdon u'uqt

o ff ?'r!di{qJnNaAonnolnNfi uslillr
1. nr:m!dn$! (gaslritis) uffliudrdrjdrnar uriirrioufuoomnuhtrnr *ruuonnassd
alr{6u un:orln rdncihJrn:ritrnrfl ii.r gastrin lC frlh.nralnrndmndrdouird.rlurn enru
nluo rliourur o0oflnnnroir!Eonllnfilri'rJfiirn ialJuniluun$u H. pyloti i'i)*tr
rhlin r;ur:o-nwu
z. drllq.rdrd (gallsiones) !n11!iuralflttn cholesrerol luu'r66rllrnudrrfi adrqnn"u
(ridrlunrrun:iaa'n:fi ttlndltoonli!nn)
3. f,i'ru oaundice) rfilii'?!r,!60.!r1!$60.! !fii1di1nvn1!fl'l$-q !d! litlaoaun.![t!fllr1n Na'l-tq
ulnrntlrllln. nou1'Qrt!, nljonlB!
4. rioldu vlo fosir.r finqrneu-.laildbqiqnrnrufiardofin lfioof,r, ri rhtipnar-uriruw
u'jsriliriounr lnr.rirj-oonlJ1lJln {d?ua'!i0.!n1rM6tufi nlru
5. riDl$ $nnlniri{fitdh{1nn6'uriua:uiorqlrn6utl io.rn"ul nuiuolrrrilrdularrnl
rffT :urh;tjoulrilduddruf,o.rn"rrio'r4nld rlor4nrioul:rfirl1onrariuladarlnrrl m:utl.t
nhldlrtrx
6. lr-rriouoivlr rina:ardlun:n iurioulluhr 30 lJlfi dflsllrd{o,n1! r1nlrpdriln:n ulo
qnrhoruCrun:n fiuxd'.!i!d'r? 15-30 l]lfr

ooa
I mrlnlrqrrrnrnnltms (hom€o6tadr) ullrloalrhirftfiqlarii.rlila qlahuu.rudrl
'lCuri
rcrrmllc r uaidtll ::lurfurili :;ul}rulal un:al4nr$nit

I nrrnlnrnnulr i z fi.um f,o

r. rmuanujdwriE 60fi o
rf,runlolrtror co oonll ledifiifNulnulluuufis dsl!
rllrflrtt 3 r:rn: io 1) flfturl 2) *tlhrna ua: s1 fii rCo}lMra:*rarh
2. fir:lh o, dl*rlnrmusnulduuldnuleo:furlsri rdorfnnrndwrutrllo arr ldd
tf h:rsfnuanu.lduliclulitaiuq:fffin lirrri
t. rdarfonri nutr*!f,,lrssdriur ldlt o!!ur rrn!!is! gntu,l
z. fu*rrnrgmnuJ*,ldalnur:.r nuluir#trlr rdu rloqir 'ban imurrl!
s. ornr&fldrriuanujlnds rdu lifio! amplnbjaD
4. iluudear (Each€61systen; unnr dalua:drrinufi{ rid!u!&! rD!}p€de ul: oeDtiFde
a:uutioslt:JnDUti?u
do{tt-ruli (spfacle) o{tld5t{tls.! +
rioq! (uaclrca) + !tu{rio.! (Eadeole) +
Ead rf,ulaflstrsuanddsuufidriiafiurtl o. nruuonrf,rrrnroadlauar dao:ulfior
ldlldl{*rr5rl.ruficnio!{rlfu ur'Hfi rirlr.ra.r: d! lotds rrnr l6aas!&.r$rLitrtt h:.r
ituiuruuonun:r:r.rumu1qu!ufro{i.!riur,-sCrdiao,luradJLllllnql tulmiidiorr!
tlsu (ai. sac) ftrliji.unhdu{uffd
s. ulmlu{#ri rrl:luf.r! o, a:eruoqjriou ua:rdoqnnqlEfiifia:erulfiious.! lxtron
e:drulfunnddu ri$uorir.rfi rilrtrllrlorrirl :Jeli,? rlalxtn rualui ou"tacean
6n6or rnr lru amph.ibian rdunurfu rourlnll:urahdrurNonunllrn& udrobn
r:mulqft! orm:irrrrl.!
 6. dsr rulurouuuun (l'rn $ournn) drilm:infund{uund?ubq! Iaarorir:lnriu{rii
i:uuuan$lduluffddliou lrifllii merabolm q$do{-flioli! llirNar (air sac) 9 q.!
irufuus:.irunflrnati.lon unlridruusnujdw fr!&m:uanrJdluuffn z rouds t n{s
muh
7. la,'rairrdll tdu respiraory tree lu ilrtrn, book lung (utNJoa) fuu:lrtltt iro.rtnmdru
dr6rNufia, book gil {M!uion) luulqar, mantle 10.! molluBk u'r!ai,], hrbe feet 1ro!
echinoderm !1!r''), parapoaia luui$ilut riw'u

Q mrrf,ttnuh; ?rln (no6trils) * tr:m1n (nasal cavity) + ffono! (pharynx) + taanall

(trachea) + f on (bronchus) + stu.nir't 0i (brcnchiole) + q{o! (alveolus) * taoq
doiCou (capinary) i.rriu*rworrarunhfius (orc1rlatory systern)

I rgn inhn
1) nro.r0'rnlnrilu'luaqndon sa! cilia
1 : tllln
2 : Itr:.$n
2) l'rqrux{iuaiff?1lld!:rDla'lrnf,
3l tlnau
. : ndtrllllj I r:ra'ir.t pharynx d:J trachea ldd'rilt
nrio.!!ao.r (€piglottis) c!indo.!reu{ (larynx)
dqJT :nouiruorad!.t ?nd0{6u! (glottis)
7 : n!::J-,tt!
qnn:r6on un:da rT oud

O Eachea bronchus lra: bronctriote ulun'r:nn

dosTlft c GtNt"oudu r{ua'ru rfi rfnnnr.t

rduo'rr,n#o{rir'run'.r rirb'dr idu.larmr'ld.iru
x I mrrr+rlin duidsrfin pedstalsis nn.irdoqi clta ua:rion
Y I o1r,n:a.taoro1$t
drar{n*r d nndsol
O qla! (alveolur) au-.rriutmrifitiar dol
diuxa0n6onlloullrnrnudslrirfi riutlndf,u
6ur finnrrusnujdriuufi ald
manumzuan
u.Jdau ufla& dunr uni (sitnple diffusion)
mrdl ua:riunrrurjrhurdoursl z fir
lO tlEi ouDg) rlondrur6n.rjr on"z] [r:T:irilho{
J?rllrrlloi (L)
drrfiu rhrdrai z 4 f,nrnli 3 I doriul0n i 2
fu nr:ilnnrJhrr:rolrlonro: rulcldraio.!
aDirom€tar lilnuilulJltlt'tulr8ondt.t$a? nur!
dlei!
oT1fi rfl lfND{'lurloildlD (r{unrrdd'Tn?1)
mammal otitqlr:nrulqrf,rqnlurladrdr{rilf nrshrlni
rm'r:!ntrJ.tr! (diaptuagrln) !f,ulDnfnroirj:lCl
inT q i0luunaniluaiut!!t?'M0 !onfl utrD.trlN mt
mulrttl[a!Donnrrtlnnl'lnln u0u1{tlfi !Dnlr1:
u'irn dru rfon*rJ.r ol nn'T !ldodrdlifilroluon
ndru ru'odedla:.r uouh uo:na'rr rdolnirl-s.r

O hemoglobir (Hb) rilljrftrfo!04uuir!fiorm$ rfinl,rn polypeptide 4 t'ru!'rj n"u !rr6n

F6) O!&u1h:noudlde {ufir lrfidldna,llEiii ri!
1. {rnjrJ O, t1n'1$nj!oJrolr!D! Fe nnlurilr orryheooglobin (Hbo,)
2. {Jfir CO- n61!!ir.t catbamlnohenoglobln (t{bCO-)
3. {Jdu co idrunho:rorrum Fe nqlslolJ carbocyhemoglobin {Hbco) dlr.rrllntdrii!
co 1d6ilT n firrilrrnoqfunrnrurndolfirilti*lu co rdrfimsldiuiil"u fiarhli o.
ltrhmruliriu':ro ltlndlJn.nudlr1ttLl
e mrfidE cq h6oni 3 It
1. 7% ersruoqfufidoi
2. 23% d1!6u. nu nt ludn6anuns
e. zox :r!Cri'uu11uria60nua{ li
H,co. ua'runnd'rdu H' du Hcq-
O n1r*r!io. q b6oin 2 16
1. 1.5% acmuoqlui]tdot
2. 98.5% s'16$. rlr ro tldnr6oom.r
 ftlruumn!61!mt
Hb + O+ HbO ...........................................A HbO i Hb + O -.--.-.-..-.................-................a
lr+HCO- -. HCO r- HO+CO.....B HO + CO
-HCO dtr + HCO -...-....b
Hbco
-Hb + co ... ...c Hb + CO ...r ltbco ..................... ...............c

aiti'j1 dlnl:t!finduuinlrr alveolus i:u1rrnrrir o, rf,id

!6on uslddsa co oontroni'llmuh Ao A B ua: c lunrsndil *rrlriivfi.rolrfi dsarnirr
fti arn'nfrrfirfirul nrudo 66i1!.lriorh.!mu ii!0umrd!isu o,
uh{oad aa::lu co, fln metabolsm to{tlasilfdldutaonl
6s a b un; c uanerndudb alnslnr: b ri\uofllC'h r?rlnddi
metabolism !'rR riurdfi cO- mn r:r'rtirSoadunra pH
ann'rar folim:drr-n co daonl lsn.hrnralfilndll lnrnrr
nrtirlfidu ni.ru't co, ($!D H ) lsr0uf,r{u#arrqu'r:rnr1a
E?"-.q:
lunu rirtn, rriiruuruardffirrjl o, r:analrlor4 ua: co, !-'r:
r:M!i!ra0u1i!0r.ihrnll.fn!nlu!:'r riu9rSrniln met€bolsm !fl l
nr:uanuldsuduto.r
O !t!1r! co, un: o, d1lllnuonor-q'r1 metabotism rorauli nrn:i cq qruo: o. n'rrio!
merabolrsm {{ drorafiaernnr:oonrid.rnru r-ooqlufldqrur4ir{r rJiuru CO, dqrdur:lJ
n::{ufrnnnoifualo.rdrunouilucrud'nor d.rc:d{flnrr$ruhiidu fioni r nllirrirrurl
drltJ?i (aruq rilo") udmrrdadr:raruquln" rdu n*urrulq rloJ0!$6{ rf,!flaur{rndro.!
"' (riniunrrrheunrrUln'uronu:t
fl?ltt:lltaiotllrnn (muQlJtttl]rriurrtu{
! rn0nr:oitoq:rrunruhinr:iq"n
1. onu?r (pneumorua) flnlrnntd'n$uuarf,nrdosuai6rfiiolrr'a drlfdudldunrruan
ujd!uuffaonfti
2. qrad {no{ {emph}€ema) rfinernnrrSnuffnfiu rirtiqlau nar,ulnrriu lrnira iufiir
l!.nuldg!ana.!
J, 0ton,n9Q1nnltlnal!lllouiiln't{ue:no1ltruan1:!.!allrN1ul!olJltl,ltnlt
E. m riunrid co dilmlufiDilrioonU

O lrif{irlo.!fi brrr luour-rruu lii::rrudr6ur h-nr:uriirarar:rdr{ir'rnru n-ru"ududfiri.t

dldernn d?uruoud2nerfihiir;uuri'rr6urrdrlir ldnr:urlrrluuro.runrfu pseualocoelom
O {r'tuNaiirirluunh!6rN[lJu0n
h'bnogluraonGonaaonnar ud :rlurfu
heDolymph

rhno! fllu atnphioee)

(open ctculatory syrt€E)

uta&rnotor$uldv'rlun hemoco€l lduti arduo

pod molu.sk lunr{uuin rinrlnt' uauv\dT) echinoderm (itiu!
d16rN!on{n!oi!iun water valcular syrtem) ctrcrdab dti'l (!triu.r
d?!{iinuir!fiDah6Nuluirr
cLculabry sy&em) f,ofiono{t]1,td0irdonroon liuri anneld
6at
fruda{nlorrynrriun

(clos€d
in
e ::u:riorir
tronncoot rnul$i h.flntyrnph

uinrinf muu't!'rr dn1in::indfu$a-l ?!uu 16 onc r ord foi:lnr-nq

fiuah6u! O,1u6oi ldv hemoslobin (! Fe) thlildDnlluN rdu
huosua:! 1{r6ouf,u dflinr:2n{uld's t43a hemocyanin (fi cu)
rhlrirdoaidr rdulurirnuin cmstacean unlurra&fionbii 6o
lift.rafrq ridudridldrlonlrnuln od'N{$a{ c€ntipede milipede

ir{i16orurrrrr: trenngtotin
t. invene*ate rril liriori$ $E!un:{ Hb o:nluorillirr6o;
2. v6nebrer6 n:irinr6oruoldrrirurrr gt '*4
3. nemmd r:it1littniuimr - .
organe e luliiotEEnuar 'r'

Q "ddoulr:urr6onin unonfionn, qirniufrfiriun'u-lh {nu6n) m!}nDr!6ai (dr!irN) 6st

idunsul:i hemoglobrn n:oruorJfuu'rr6oa liiaioqludnr6onunrmiou{n'lin, :nnfruri't
e grJs'ruslriliirruJGoirir 60io!$luidMilJlri!fildr r o. uda'r6rnarmr to.rrdu unonhsn
ursdrurirnhdriufidq druft!fthromrnrrrir rdonilt ir
mrio.$hr6o rir{oniruionriou
ttr,r?lrauoiluKU{d?!i1{.110.!fl !n1u
| ftldnri 2 fN (1 atium + 1 venrdcle)
6onni + aEium + venEicle * utron 6anr*r * i1lrnu + rdordrdnn{.r
-
l:rfiuldirrdoafiirur"rhrtrr,rhrtrooniuoi16onniriiaqudn}jrlan#ruion ori.rrf,udliln'r1n
fi J$dwin 6uiitidrld{!6i !toaoi,r
Q ridl arnphibian i 3 tr'o.! (2 aEium + 1 venEicle)
6onnh "-i right atrium + ventdcle oim:unnr duuufis + l6ottri.! + left
*
atdrrm + venmcle * iT.rnru * r6aoni6nafi: crriuldrr ventncle iutrr6onunruo:
rSoanh rhlfGoa un'u lii €er6n1ri
I rirh reptite i e rioirinrrlrni (ru-.$iu vennicle bioon 6orc6!rir) lnriuar:ddfi + r,ios

rrr;rni {r'i0nual rnamnal I4 riarnu,;rai rnr$r,"lar6onl$i0!ilu1:rlu.i16u!lo.riu

 :, :. :,

Q nr:lnoriodai rirrnru
r6oniifi co, q.nrnrdordo * fr'hdowur, r * fi'rhfo.trirvnr * :..loa* 16oo o-

{{r1n on * ifrhr"o ruud'tu * rirhrio.rdr.rdru * riardodr.rlra$rrn, U* r6ond!

co, rydnnir
e:riui rrirhilrari, # ludn lA anlu 2 nlrt 60{!60r;ann"ldylori an Lnr{udn!6or.olt
rhiNnru
e d?h ftean) o4lurior{ru'rla lt'oruurian amum ria.!.iN6un venricte r:$'ii.! atrium m:
ventncte !au$l!r llun !'lr.r1r atnoveDriqrlar (Av) valve dlldluliun bicuspid valve t4lo
fi aal vaive rila?i?rliun hcusprd valve rdaen'^a:nir{ noht arrium lerot4lnont6aco"t,r!
lrfl supenor uena cava ftr?ututFontr'lr'n.)iurlifuu ra: udenor vena cava dwulrrdon
drc'rnofuliindl{ danajlva ru iricuspid valve !'fld riqht ventriclo udrqudnl rloniirloelau
left !!a: nghl puirnonary anery tlniiuld nn un.!frtiEnFa.r lla r r: t{16 ief( atnum fl1l. 1"1 .!d!
nght pulnoDary vein ii1rJ bicuspicl valve !d1d bft ventricie m"rqlinl r'l"rirmr nauaanraan
un{w!
"o.a
uonrlnL vaan$anl$rurllnu MCuonoamtnlt?l1 tlrl pulmonary anery ua: aorta lrt.l:lau
iirfun'j, pu.lmonary a€mihDar valve uai aortlc ser lunar valv6 nlrliilgiu rdruriiorirlc
{car(|lac musclF) lll,/t,1.r'U1n UA:ULlf qen' tefr venrncle ur:r:riorsu6nl norn'rluru
9a rct tFlI: *r-Er

\ r = purmonary vorn

2 = putmonary adery

I rhuirl.po.u-rt
A! !up6.io. v6na.€v. A = lnlbart \,?ll ff
7 = hepalic porla v€in
D: pulmo.ary adary E = l6lt pulioitry v€ln
8 - me*nt6nc v6in
:
F dg pdmEry v€in G = l6n dtum
9 = reenr6nc a.re.y
H = l€ll vanrricl6 l=dt

3: polmonary valvo 4 = aorlic wlv€

Q rtndna'urdoni1iri merabotism q.luar

rnrrochondra liuruuln firn!i!ti'o.!nlt
ra0or$u.yan!utu u onir!Jldanvn:dlofl E
oannr.! aona 1!i!Nd?ubardh{ coronary
artery lut6!{ndturl.ro1,lth ttd:|l]0ltlala
ua"rr !1$ afl ditl r1i1lr"dallu coronary vein
nlrno)rlraonlaae coronary nuol]r: ?r'r lr,l

na luruar4llnt!!al]hln onitnlt'tlouYl]u ttl

h'td iiiotioa6!
e puhonary ar-rery i o. ri'r fl sem unar
valve ur:rlrio.rau6erdooo'rhtianfi Jao asi
pulnonary vem !o d!lr6:ulu serouunar
vaLve Lfll t:Fl d lYl llllt tlt'lltn a o [o !!1t'1 :'1 n n
T
rnilofl(drd Ieft amum

'i
I rrnrigrioa r"nrrnrnsn6sndiarruiilndriulilJfrh rdu raoaGonun.t
Oloo<t pre.ssue)
friuulu mrnlniirir 120180 ri.trln6!fl systolic pressure riunrud'utrurirhoufi dua-.r
6un diastolic presrue lflun?1ln-ulnr:u_rhanrln"l rirnrui'turnrrir 140/90 e:Aoimrl!
e'ufl.! (hlpenenslon) d.ruluolunllu drunrrrilCr hypotension) f,ofourrh 90/60 o1r!finfln
rPrladoru:rnlodurl'rldi rrlrjnlrdo16oaihiarltrCihsllr q:tirfieu-r$non!6an!finn'rldut:rfiau
r1n#r#frhqr-rdnr6on m:ituq:rfloldiluni inrr (putse) ror'lr"1dlnd'nlm:rn'um{r{dc ua:

Eirri.rfiffinorjl"r fiarrlniu16oaLorina:orlrrolnlddrulfr (srerhoscope) ua:ilcnflrl'u

(sphygrnomanoneter) Inaflu4 ftra aurnion aldtu nuduLnrhhrSoorr,nru ecialrtCrl

{rnr nulh.l ntlrou aulririul:arYrlrylorurlnrr nrttd'rC'u

g.rn'jr r6n
Q drtrn:rfioorhb turo zb a,1nnfi us:uia:a&frrfrlqliur:inrrr duuruiarnrudrrdnrj
hrtq!indurdor{rlq r:r ddrurnla.r etectrocardiograph ldeaoonrrtiln:rriitluni'r
electrocardiogram (EcG) fr!:1fntfi ua:itr,!0-.ui1? d.!nM'!ntllr{unrrlinrinf,driari'u
r{rlalC

dT Clfinn?T u oonlnfirh rli1{r'rtl lid!'tYlrnl{t:u'lt6aoi1

us:6orunr
o s m
unliu pulmonary anery tlntiu pulmonary veill
ant{u:

o
aofta > artery > anedole vena cava > ven > veDule

nruEnrrjr l]lnR1a lo.ltuUi!OU6\ !o!n?a

AIT!IiU1A.l 1' !d1du z' icrl{l s'qirunn#ur6ur
arruni'rdrrr 2^d

nTurir6oa
2,d

lull n Mt
until prrmonary artery gnt'i! pulnonary vein

nalnrirr6rn t!:{nutoon 1. iilrio!i!n.r1$ariou 1E{rr.!a?t!tDnllltilnu

2. n0T! tuta,lut0u.l$nt2 simple difiusion
 $ffi*
O r!'n 7-9% 1o.lli'rtnind? 6oour.r pH 7.4 !6onn'1 pH 7.35 6onir:n0lidho 2 d.llrf,o
1. ;i6or (pla6ma) 55%
2. !ii!5ot {blood corpuscle) 45% rf'rrindonun dafionflr ua:un6n6on
O nrirm (!lasn6) i rriudrurjrrnourfiourirrrn durdoriufiqnonru rir looou qr:orln:
no'! ltu !d! ql6u n ra$n l rduidra'ryluGon uanernaaJbuun:roultiudr &i albumin globulin
!a! fbrinogen GllnrldlilarnrnnUiar d.rdrurrnl'nft lnhddla'a 60
m:1:dfrd'u
1. albumh : r"nrnr:niU(Nn"uoo tliaaralu$aoarfioa drfilrnu:u"uoonllinirrn uo:t].t
drur{rrilrin.ror;hunonriai {d?uul.rFuii$Jlrnau aiburun lurasndrturhlrirarnrr$oon
ulDin $qon!60nda! rirblir{nrluuJrld
2. slobulh : ri.trJflflurdrr{u'iaror- !ar!fr!2d0.!du4iq'ri'u
3. fbdnogen , riullftluarririrtir6oa!,i.rri'? (clotting factors) tl'rrin'xri :Tliln cloning
factors tiifi{1[d? lr]ll6urh serum

16or xslrrn (55%)

b :F,:F
rlr
nr:nmaluan*ru*rl.pslliot
t. riniedrj$*nlul rhllodrjr:nounlmrinlurrfrfo
z. il*r$n*r ooarts bdor. ltrnmnnrrnsrmhtlrleruft ir

! rlrrlorum (erytbrocyt€, rcd blood cell RBc) ls.ral ii irs$]r{uriduniri nril,lfia

1. l
irrurunrsnnrln'rrdrlrdu riorilluiirlurnruanr dluufia
z. rionlryrf,ldlltrJi0rrfl6ufl mtochondna [n! organel]e 5u1 #orildu#r-r:,r{rl:iu
hemoglobin rh{u liu$ndarllrnatrlrid.rlrula-dlunr:tralcuuirlld O,
dr6nltl6oni hemoglolrn o{da! Gunj{!fiaclt (anenud dlormcfiatrnrrrnin.t0u
ui:[i6il ldu ir,]!l]i] 6. i 12.6, folate uo:or+r6n fim.nrhJqm !u autosome rdtr
srckle cell anemla trinrdonunsriupriurl. rhalassenua flafim1.turirfiOn rhlririulnd,
f,ria niu rirlln) uiaorm:finernirdadulfrH
od .omtr 0eucocyte, wnite blood cet wBc) TJiNneu aurel"nl,r4rrh
uir !6sr ur! qfii}lr'liljd uiadontrruriururiridl z tonio
1. pbaqocyt€ drurir{aii.rstlan as n!n'r'ru,io! (phagocyto6is)
2. lydphocyt4 dJ'N{!4!i! (irnmunity) lnuro".r anuoay rn{tdoltn
@
do6ornmrllruj!r1rJnrtrqlr,dnlildruufu nrnnodunulut'eri (granule)
u]l] z 1ia6o (B
1. grarulocyt€ f,on'n! qrarute du phagocyte r"srra
1.1 ba&pbll trdn!u!!u4 no{tJlr{u t'tu,!u6rlrn!'ttu4!qtnu .$J
nlmonll{m $t0 rtamiDe 1l.l$maolnT:tln
heparin
1.2 eosinophil f,niiriun:n 6oiur{ d?utiTli rari r!'ri rillslr
@
murnu{u!n!
1.3 Deut&pbl ladiriunar.r ioArh.! i2lotouai.luiantno!
2. agranulocytc f,onrnlrii grande
@
2.1 riu phagocyte u-n!1jioufiTus naroomrn::uudr
@
moDocyt€
r 60\1firaler*nuirta6oirll rlun macrophage
2.2 lymphocyt€ stnrrnlun:En u {Orr 2 rifl n-o B-ceu fflr.n
rio}Jf,hn::qn u,er T-ceI n:ntl,irio nrTe rdofaurudr
lyrnphocyre rf.r 2 liar;rirqufiiouhruSo.rriurah rir.rin,6sn CB
lltiutLttnrr9!t!t lurtlu

ohuar,!",6n*du,6n", n"uooot r ,r-onocyr" r roooo"r,

' "*toot ' **4

lD nit6rt (plateleq
!
iNlrjuillou lrjliEndrirnuriuiiudrulo'rnariddoil mesateryoclre d'ru
ni1.r clotring factors drfiurriou'unrrui.!trn0.!6or {blood clonng) elnsm]Jnn*-u.i.}lfl1IC
'jr ri-orn Cai' uloirlftln lof,ulier,rr in:*wrionr:ufi*nor6onlC {druurauriul:a
hemophilia f,Dfioilnolrixqa rnr13t1a clotting factors uNft finelnEtltltIfirldr! X

.)-
tnti160tun:tnqnnttutat u
$e! $mmboplastn

prothromttn lhromban
lrir$a"ulcrnriuimir x1

+ I
fibnnogsn rbdn
 dol,lnaor; Itirwin yolk sac
n! !1u t0!rulr!,raa{
nn"{aaor: bnliqn
dr riru
undu T-cell nl4iioulnu"s tal]ultrno!
$qt1ln megakaryocyte
lultnr:qn

Q wdodrooririnfiorur.! iidltnlR rinjliliu

artige! d?dunnrdli(ldlf,u
slycolipid
arubody 0{ do *tig"n u6g aDtibody !0ilamn"urnrlori! c{rfiirus:nn.:no!!i!d!n11!
rblood agglutnarrcn) d'rtfurn"nnrrtir6oalsio{'jr aatigen mviLldoirifi.rdu antibody !o.r

{fu {drr annmay $dtridosfinfu rrrtcnartJlflnhonrmoirotilutalidrdotui.t)

i:turJ6oa 2 :surdrnrnru thutlnri!i0n10.! antigon
t. raflioe ABoi n'l'fi rrrj o li6Diltn!.t{uiiurinlarn"ldnr uonarn o d?ud! (uni
versal donor) drunj es ltilnrliLifn${ unliu AB irurlu uiSr'liernrlnlau lunivena
recipient)

a
LA. | .s)
AB
U
,i'.i1ur?] r' fioldli t fiornrrno!

z. r:uu6or RL oux{ Rh' e:i

o{idardaaum unil!'i anumay lre: Rh lrjlrt!
antigen
andgsn un! anEbody udd1|]^rnnr"..r antj.body lC,iob'furlrn::{uern antigen llilibi
N1:giutt?1 $:Jnotl3lrurqlluuDumluue z nl0JnrtuL Fa
1) ft!x{ Rh- }ii6om.n Rh' mnnjl I a{.uf,lriutJ lnanl.rurnlriri r
2) uix{ Rh- rau*rriorqn rur' ua:firfldrlorqn rur' auiotJ r:dlnl:a erythoblasto€i.
fetalis riuoiumrurioqntd a ntr 0.3% rirnltldriu4j rur d'rfiuQ.rcl.riudsnw"u
nlutlUnrl0mSl]1lllintuullnutnngu
Q unonrdonns.r 3 rOn f,a artery vern un: caprlary l'u irfiu.l caprlary iuadrilolrlnrf,loorl'tli
riouonr du!uffn msriu un:arrorrr, lr.idu rdo rdolnurou idro.li.ta?d?u1flrlhrilrlh:luulrq!
rluun,l]lra! idr ioufliririrMuronhrrlor (lymph vessel) d{riurioiir sluin nals!f,u
rlr$rin 1ry:trlpn)ir$do.rftilDrd 13n0undlu!6oa udlilrifu:r!6orm\ tfia1 if,ur{oul4j irii
!ou:uutilna6ollldlilefio uworuaT udrfusi"t{1r!unlurauu6nnf{fruaan6onohuirrn bd
(slDclauim vem) fl11416!{uuna.unlrn1lilnu{lu vein nt!a!/[JL:!u:1 un]11n1:$naalu10a
naj,turdsa"u:ou.l xsoni'!i.r6n! r:wiryllutrru6om:ariouhulor (lymph node) dlrf,u#
ilruio.rrio6onrr
110fi.1$rroJ4r!r
d$otlnl$rru,r.r ?
:ru'irlrirhlr"o.:rlir - dr! (AV vatv€)
't.
2 9iotltttl! oitiatnalnt tLn (somilunar vafu€
g. naort6gnni

@
ui1frtD,!d1!$ea{i.!i n'rrdulorrralr:unl1tlTr.r
tI 2) nh{nii{[ on oo!
r,rririaordou]rrv6o.r 1)fllo.rlldlriln, ffolrfrMdo.r z) ni{nli.rlulendnol
31 nirs uo:drarouin r6oaa1't 4 ) 6ir.! dn 6on Bi.rzru:oqluriol uri
! n'rotj.llaoviouir udo.r rdu
l. tioltlotir oqluiiraa aomiuR.rlJnn noru"bir:l'rlnonol,rr:ua:ndo.rriu.t lnnfinrrf,nrdo
r:rl'ifd'n sr
2. iDrlnd{ dluoluld T cer riuiodJrioairaoilulin"ru
J. r'ul (spleen) (uirnol]u1rt8o{ntxQ']qn r|r!11
1) {:$!6ot
2) 651{ andbody
3) d;1.r$ntAoalrfl ir'r"l:ndotnson
iird?
4) tlnluutilaotut! unlnotll? lra!nanldaitMlaDlq
Drll'13r'rr$aD$4i.)rlrn
O 4id!n"u ulj{oonf! 2 Jrlurn
1. llliuftlurrlrirlar (active iomunity) !fir^lmNmuqnnr:{urrn anngen drlirrhm ua'r
dtr't antibody lrio{ 4!{rn"uuuudr:oq'lduruurin5r.rdudr ldu 6n1-niu d.rriurdol:ad
riouq#niamueulrir'rlfiinkn nio daromoud d.rrirnrrfi#qnnhlir.unfintJ uraJ.r
tl{f, 0.!omm:nui0Qntuht:nl'
z. 4i{lrirluwlulr riunrrSjai#i anribody orlu.i?trhd1{n'tu tJi{u
(passive irnmut[tyj
rYrrunrfi:orfduflurftnunbdorriunn-si..r rdu Luurj rfiEnt uNai{ftJD-n$lni d
Q nnln4iq-lriu urhosnlf6n 2 ::urr
1. urulriirmr: {nonspecific defense) f,oLjira:l:!1r"rrJrfic;{nn,:n'rui6rfululourluralo
rdu fuirl,rlll n'lrib'nro:fir*-roonirulu:iirarriulunrn, crlia uo:rionlurioirrl, nrnfu
nr:!r'r:oltr'11, tysozyme luirnr roru, mlBiorrlot phagocyte, R1lo-nln[J 181

2. tujuilr'lls 60n1lsfi! antibody tcr:q{!ndoi1! antlg€n lia$di1ii

(speci6c defens€)
rd-rmluir.rnrrl riumrrhqu'irrfmor trnnptroc1,te rKr0a B-cer ra! T-cer buan#dia
n-cel fldr{al:nnfunrna elurjluodtr-plasa cel dqrfinbilain *dbody un: .".ory
cel nh!. i'rdmC1 antigen riolf'jrfur6'.rur6ndCahr anrmay oonrrioriruliFrnir
rtn'jr *n:ofldu ruaii d?u T-cell fuiirnruJr:urn'runlu rdu T-cetl finho rud.:
u nn ao! (cyiotoxic T-c6U, CD8+) draiurl qnrira oodr:r5r Hodlardo ril'lriu,
T-ceu &ltl (h€lper T-ceu. cM+) ir:n,:fr'lri ptasma cell uo! cD8+ rfhirmuadrr
:rar5rrfron'rr'a$d-n, airu uonflndr-.ri T-cell na4Uftrfu (suppressor T-cell) fi di'r.r
d1:nnnTl'l11.r!.irE.! lvmplocyte duli

dra10trh uiianiiaa!

I l'rnrllnuflr.lnurJr]qrnlrfr1'rl{n
1. Li{llti 60lrniii.ln1!6ni1lNd\fi!fiflJnA riudru an oor udraf'x antibody mrou
ruord.rrfu uiu d]u mn:nonlf olt ru:.n e:r,,lrior6onrrr basophil r.nn luurrnlm:fin
nr:siruinlrrnllliordordorfror riuaiunlrurn rdu lrn' st-t
z. lrarord rfinrrnbla }trV drora4iiqillrlurarirmnrmr:
1) nnlutr"vri)i1! 2) rha'ru helper T'cel 3) i mlA liufirrfu4n1.t!
O :anrfurhrJ ririnrrriudrunrdrnrn mebbolism 0tndd{u'rnda! {excretion) rdu CO,, N-wasre,
t-
l]1la:1n00llls21,/mu utluut ll!n{8T:I0mru!1[J!u1:ultu (seoeno $u ulalu !1 u1r' u1
rjou uionrnorn#gnfiroonrn taetecattool lufl qrrr::rynr:rjoEu-li
Q N-waste r3o nitogenous waste riu.nolriw'lirlronnr:qnraartilh1n, rlrt (10 fiuo.lrirJ,r:nou
l!!.1 lrJlru nrru?naan lt!{aliur1ln.1l.dullrn1flJu01u rllrJ uolru]lo! > {|Ju > nlrtl-n
n{uu tlolrJ^ lgnl1 6n?!^i1!,1 rl?lumurlllr[nim!uJluuan11!0tJlr/6n1 [2rSBrJtlr]utl
EDnnlal arnpbjbian ild'lrhuriuqrll *ru r4tite un 0!or rorrnn r3fiJrhlrorrmnqin om:ri!
dridiaor:nsrdr orirqaror{srnfioum:inoli iCl6onrramt d?!fuT6omnqinf!€.t
Q lnrfird rta.ru'r lon:r qnoad{udnrl'urJrlnunrr iqiuuodrri nrrlr,r,liln'rou
! ruoun"ruurld Ihme cell (proroneptuidia) $a:irir.tnrutiLiriiuuofirr0u lautr name cett c!
cilia aoan"nfunoo.ltdu

O l{r6ouiu1d metanepuiaia Inoigrialuao.rrdurii'}.ln{1ulhnunt(iun nephoslome noui]r0\

nlqrr1hl, lutio nluluriDfirinhjlnii'.rmtqrn8i!uaflJiud1i nliounluurjralnmlnu rioulo.lriu
::unuodrriio un:qrilrqnnfuoanlrrnltr nephricliopore
O llr]n{ltio MalpigNa! ftbule o{r;rdrmr;Ir, :un:drld aouqnaorMnmrn hernocoel rd1{
1l1,ltillo'lmt 1a{ltAtl|ffl:l]m1tin&UU1tuMAOUJrllO{U!.ltl{elldd?U rec'tum Un,llnJnl!00n
!' llJmnltlMN anus niounlunrnorrrt 1llJrjduri1t,lo.tuun!ftn'\nrt:uldalDirn,rriiu
I la r0uoftnr'urhuml mollllsk u8! venebrate

O L 1l"aaevt ul!ar"!'r:d!riru drulnwrouqafr drlqnndoui i-flm pH lo.tfi'tmu ssi6i1laoi

lur eryhroporeon u rn::{ulantqntiriiud'n:rnrrr':"rrdnr6onueiiiru
1nr.:nir{!oinu {oonriduuon (coftex) us:'f,ulu (mecula) fuhtnjrgL {nepblon) 1n
lrudrundmJrf,oarr: (urme) d.ltnflrln-ufrn1?ub (renat pel$s) udrd.l$hrioln (ue@r) .iud.l,i
#n::nr:innrr: (unJlary bladde, riour!id51?3oon[d!0niNn']!rjlurioi{di?! (uJethd fuuii
nepbron tl::nouUdra
 1. Bowman's capsule riud1lJ qluqruo.lrio infiuri?!
2. tiDtli2ljli ;;nouirl riolndrun'l (proximal convoluted tubule) ri2.rould (loop of
Henle) udlriotid?ulelu (distal convoluted nrbule) $nlthjSluriotnd?udsrna.![dsltthu
b cMlo{rums{rirm! (couecting duct) urird'rtln:rulnrioU
3. rroiriorrlo! irf.rdniroqj:orliorrjrutn uo:doq1u Bowman'6 capsub d{6uui1
gloeerulud ?tooaGoarlourrdndmnurqm r6nal anery Balrxlth{ renal vein

n11aouJ+fi!

2 : pdirEl tulod tuhL

4 : dbEl @n'dul€d ttal.

X: ,!.tt!5 l1n a rt y

Q nr:nmr finrijoraonfiorur.r (rcnal altery) tlnnul,u\oonliu anenole

(glomennar fltration)

udrurndounarutiu$aondoiilou glomerulus ,ttoltrarluvoanGarcour:ilrrdu un*rd'uiru

iu-.! Bowman s capsule ii.!!lod!iililudD,60nrhu C'w'unrrnrori iuo{n-uu:v"ur6ondudrd'4
iiurlmnlo.uln C'nfosn:o.rtiou lo.d ruld'rdr dr rnSoui ?nriu N.wasrc nrro$lu nalca
drun'druhliq:riuar:1ndl rdu fuh;u daGoaunr uiafionrl
Q riiooT :qnn:orniru rdlan:cururn, ao{odrdilnaonriotnhdruarioflr
t. rn:qrn&r {rubular resbsorbhoDl rCorsrn"#! r:lmrjnd'u9irlr rdu nqlas n:na:ilu
2. rna$Ja:n { bular s€cretion) rioa"ulslrir.rrfiurf,uuhl
n:lu?l,Jntti'.lsNiildrllrnllrni, ooauis, prnocytosis un! active transpon ftruiBnaiqia
riaxrhubuNdnn:ii mitochondria l!s: microv l o{!rn riruiqrudaorruarr;oonuduf,anr, r
d.r r:noun'ruih looou g6! (ul! N wasre rnnqr) imiq/lnuoruodrrriiu ua't:iiliril orilu
larnrn r.rlobrfulnli6nooaoonlr ririnqlnaoonu-rfiarcrriuormiuli mrr;aur0urunmtr:!
frrralu6onrrn rdomo.rosnma:riuinl'rin!a{n11qnndufl ?i0n xrln
I nr:r"ulas'n:rilludn6nrlqnnrrqdnuJ::arro-n1urT ir rsrr::rn or1 urithlnltulrua'rl:
ri a!1n?!q!t?riofl 6d'r?:la'n'rari'r ro.!
I u:lfiroorbirlarliot riullunlielE{nrro:nraflu rnr"unrlarrttddu
(oemoflc pressure)
ljruiourlulrdirfior @roa pressurel drrf,uu:'rn"udfrh!:J!6aioonrn ifh ni 120l8o rrunHg
I 01:1{n1U!lJT!1fl!nUllJ !&ani:rlor1{ a:!Ul.!rulaoiqi! lriultrf,uoodutttm uimll{n'tu
inirh !6om!r-r.l lur.ll'ulf,oril uiql!fuooslllidt!
dlrtl:;untaqriin (diur€dcs) liu f,'lrl6! uonnooDti c#r}i$ 2ulrfuJrsonlrurndu 6s
rirtolduissll: rhlfldoniur{d'uao5&Asqliu u:.rnfudonrhm udiq dli;lnq!fnl.!ri!
urd.n?'r!dlJ!d0n uddTjNnrlaiiuruc;fiaarr:g4rdufr (dehydation) dlrilldl,lnflt Jrl
nruinslnu,fh,f,o riolndlrrri r6ondr (u:.rdu6oar'r ur.lritooal6ss!) rlLJn:r{unrordu
lslinrnr"n dsq:raus!0.! 2 orhr 6a 1) m:dldo non
ria!0.!drur,!d.r5nnoui.r lq'nd':aoibu
{antictiureric homone) d.!i}rn?i{r"rio!ntr ?ubd'ru aruun:tiorr! qand'uJrl,m'u u:.rd'!fi
aarrldurlni rir:nnaofuldu&rianrr:rfthyn rirtn un6r slrJ'NmindriuoanoDod alrrin
aarn:ndir aog li n'rlirdDlluulsi,rl*rr:rhnf,6d1lrjoa !,n: 2) n.r:tulif,dnfuir
Q oofbru aooeerone flnior$rnnbd, ulloa lrn:r{unr:qnndu Na' usaf! K' tirlraooillud
ua2!f,411:t:! Na !]n n0n unl.!
O l:siAiamnsguau ih
1. Gafiri fiaqrnn, rn:nrr"rrornrnqinnrldont:qn nhliriurJrn
z. tliu1tut:uulllnlu rnnrln61lrlmno8ni1$nlu4nutt!2 s{msilnt,tlut|tu1t tmn n
cholesterol
3. LntaMhllhdrflulririoulC uii'nl h.hilrftfhiufuL

n,lttnl..ralia!l1
Q 1n:fisirire-naa':riuoonrntiiorlilruad ufuInrfiodthinur.rri:n rdr.r nrrririuulln o:!ml'r
in qli contacttlo vacuote rhrfriluadr'tdrirdrurlluiooallisuhlrlrioanlrt
Q {nldasn"unr:nqr8ullhaln6n ua;af-nf,a*na-El-rndouua:rfirir &nrtr*mnrnrili soia,mans
capsule 6n t-o loop of Henle ul druaulnnrnrqarlilnuqra.rdlrlohrnnrfnunllqr
ar:llnrr-r rnlo ui
Q r.larrl&arj(likurndar l.limlurunrriolnfu rn:a"nuhtl uslduniouaoonll ldu
hypotonic
irn6i ionlr:rimrlriou.l ue:ii acrvo nanspon iruionun:rn'nnfnlnm6onaiuFt dru nru:r
rFllolua{u?taD! hyportonrc N1lt1t:uunluatnl]maDu'l:t!1u1 u8tulllldfloanl lttr !.lhn
snl?lniJdllnuifi un: achve uanspon d'urn6aoondruionunnznnln
I dnirwradr ilorr ndrir.rnru isotonic darlru:$ rdr urlnnn frlirr d?wnltiortulen
l,llodolndo (n6ral glsnd, salt gland) ir'undod?!]fil,loonlietrcqn
nrrlnn, rlieqa;{i
Q hnua:!firnftriuounoiirqn/${ti d.n'olal.ifalardrlolnmel!-sndi! lnudoqrur,r4lq.r
d! cr*.rnrrliflooaGon ouiil,nfuMuri'r finrrfu$r(o r*rnr|ouT]u uelriD-rrr metaboligm
utnl0tul.l,nt]t1t.! $n6tratalblllltnuu{rrtitl'!Uonni] nn1lllut8ultltl ttllltitT metaDolsm

9 nrrirlam.r*rirnonr6u o-n:rmuhus:nr:riurlo.rttrlqa:irrrn rdun:-riris urinr:,irf,nla.rdn'i

6onqu nr:! FuuriiNluirnruuiomnnrdu ltluNniii *Nirru"Ntin uancrndu"li{r'it6on
iuiltjlddrFa u,riuauouudulurlnrut rdu r#r1an rftri
Q drirdonrdu qrun{i'iNnlulord'rfl mer€bolirm urirriurllqrlr4iiii'ru'rndor drudrili0t{u
qrumiiirrnuarfi uia-rrl me€bolism u lnnrltlnluqrur4id{ulndou Csnflrfiurlo.loqn:fi0't!

n_rt.n8h medula co luldan rdorioci co rlariun'rnlrndu *n::riundrurdo

ildlunrlnulathfr.!'ru ftrr ruorua:ddu
aunau'i h!'pothalamus tFhnrl16rt riorfionihir'ou u:'rduoonfuioqr r:n:{u1fur*rrh
lln!Uflnr_U unrn r:{umrudrao iLu a.on rdmr:qanftrutririoan
t0duJid $ rulndru nruus:ria'tr!
olult,l! hypothalamus tI)J$r!:n{n1u urra].'0u e:6{mltrirltl!],ullJ'tufi ?'ull0ulnuM!l
$atilaat l'llltm $n!1tru MllrwNu4{o l8!1ru€uTlu
no6'n:"1 metabolsm
rior:r$!t qldrnri'ltiarrr&nvunruJoulaaun
taon60i mn1:liraliuu srmrxa_.!Mia dluluqnd!
irrnrr*u rfri liirro_rrr metabolisn

nflint1lxlmrffrt
! riullrior"nrn pH namnUo{did:!!'lru 7.4 ! 3 n::!'lun1t
r. rurrah lnu! cq xio tr ridinrirriorordun:uCaar
z. rarul-udru lnuldln ldun1rfir H' oonlJulolnndr Hco,- |li'u]l
3. a.,uri{ltloJ r0unr:1f,4r:prflur6onfr tmU1rfro iu pH
rd! dd1.' H?co. i Hcq- idli H,!o.- / Hpor' r-oll:iudrr{road ldll hsmoglobin
lnui a-dunr:lnur pHi b (oonl !ljo!) r.nsh (oonl flaniou) > u]i{n{oi ( tmmmi)
'
nrrlrirlirnrdnc'r pH: u"rluioi (!iimi!-f,) > x1ul^ (u1i) la ldrlrnt
'
ooo
 hrnent
&dnrlo0

Q nr:lut"uilurordalni (sexual reptoducrioD) rirlfqnirin!rfiorrrl!d:l-umrul.4n::r

1. Iertilization lonrla6!6 inril!ni.r?0.!!xa!iauriu{ 6nrir zygore ufioonriunlr flaui
t1rlluiiun1'r Asu3r1!!on
2. conlugarioD fionurirulou DNA nu1!uu6fir5! r\ rtrfiriur, ,t rvi ur.acfliru'rtio

r urrng mi'cre rhrti

,

e6.tr€i.€*.1. !o dll]ui'li
2 :
3 r1nrhr.riJ.ln.rqn$r.iN!f, Lns

{rrnq, r:ios qlto !t6r-o 1i?1d!

r:rAr:tliun.rnqr ;wiir'aa.rr:ior
ov.r jdt lii-lrjrqir:lironn naiolll

Q nr:luf,!{rur-rlrioriunri (asexual reproducrion) qndrnollrhin?rrlI ir:uvr].rriuinrr'r

8n$Q!tl!ou 0u!lt:1 6tla)nlue191uunt!f{unuquuuutolfrulttfr unl'lal'ltmnulndollJluu
qlAlriuiiu!!r1dum6 rdodranirfinlrddam:Lurjrfu r:i;'inuil6nnui0.rlnuird"o ri
1. binary fiasion fionrrurjr$adosnduoo.r riu orfiul rj'r1r!!6u! qn6!1
2. multiplo flrsion fi0!u.!ih!n6!6 01u1fr ua'rdorurr cytoplasm $lillalienlua:llu! ln!
rornfu6ul
3. sporulddon n;amrf,il'rdrioi orto! muliiple hrsion uriit]u"llri.lrl'rtrso.iln dloild
n::erufu{ rdu f,.rlq fit (ud endospore roluunfi l-uoi'Nrfroruioaarriurndoldlri
t !1:6U)
4. panhenogellesis ruluds ln do uoru lnrhj (n) n'LildiunrrenrrlnirXnnuriun-'r{
 5. buddiDg (rmuimnio) d! tdr{ iraonuNCu (1i1 rioldi cnidaria!
dou n6?ll 4n6lnm)
6. regeneratton r'oia'euinlnrili.n:riunTldulu{ drjrfu nr.r{trn.ronlnri quJarcrrlan
lnri) rd! rsMliu alnl,)
7. ftagmentadou rfuftbdlnuuqnoonriurioul rdu arrirudrf,unru rurBf,'rf,n
8. dont.Dg rltiur]lutt rSudoormnllnalljtia!ur umla'Tu2nausrnnl'ea7Nmgu!$ttlmu r.r

ui' rmlooltnfl{ 12 '

.[]tQn qn'lnna9a0nl.lrr:lrriauujrirr

w66ffi
o

#;#ry 6".s,
blrryHon

O nlMU (hemaphrcdite) i 2 fifihftfim (monoecious) rill lsa'] riarutris 1dd0!e! d?lJriln

utjn$f, (dioecious) rdtruaudrnnl echinoderm mollusk anhrcpod lln! c]Drdate
Q uNn:rinSNinaniu {meragenesis} r!r-jN! ii{ poryp d.rduriu4ur-rullorib$rclnuunnvrio
dNrir}limofiris&.lfe|"jrdxfin n i!s: zr
n"u?rlin meausa drdrJrfuiluj!01f,lnffG?.i Aal,li
Q lla'ri'rrluuruin! spermatheca 1{n:nroqirorlSaarrio}iqn louUria#r*r{
It venebrate drulnqjrllsu6aralu [i sin::lnui.l (unri! a1!i! aan ciau rrwnqr; m:
amphibian aqitBrlriuon
O t"ptite un qai mammal rflu{nidrqriiirdo extraembryoaic Eernbtane ;o choriorl anmion
(rNlrlntl), alaotols m! yoll sac (q!l!uN) lwrNdolalr! rannn{n-{I
dnini! A = r€ptilo !n u.t fioonnnfiuli 6o {urJrnrir m:i2filrrlifinmrl
mamma
diir{J B = rnamnal daongnriuri'r rtrd:nlriui.rr,x rdu i.rl{ r.n:':nui.rlr rdu uqrrj

1. nr!1tad!'tldlo rd! {ffir{rl B. echuoderm r. unulrii rdu dninll r

2. lrjun{o{r'"u!6u? td! amphibian z. !rio0 tdu echidodem
:. LjumrrnunrduuNi rd! dn,tnl A 3. tr 1tlnn'l! !d! amphjbian

4. }iurnmnrrnet domouitu c'lroplasrn ou uln.r a.filrn rdu fn'ini! I, ura.r

 iauiau/on aln't:inq6{ amphibian
rjtrl];ndu Donenridriirdeonr! {rtrftl A
ronanrih*r rlnltiltfrl rjfloslrJ rlcrllinuir
rftciln rdu llarri!
doi diou rNUn
drjni B

]dm! (yolk) {'ltDlttl ttiTutr.ltn

fuuonqcira uanulduluff a ulutlut'itNnDltn mu[anuatru

srruq:dinoni!&
(amiotic &.rid) fiurrio6lN fi]n1:fio! rJfu pH
uanltldlluufi d dr{llnr{lilu

yolk sac

I r.ra1e'n fralBr:lCoari 2n nadu:nrftn zygote dsllr{ruurelnnru:rou{oildrr{qf,o

1. cleavage - (6oniio! Dolula) lnr:uri.rsaririildulaulr[iiuj-:rnr':T rurorpuilo ,irurr
nsdftrfidlrud rndns! i-rhnrr:?!i{!rl'l zygote *rslmlutnd'nr :nrrutj.rnoaldril
t.t urj.qrftrlou zygote arrlinadrurnulrlrlu f,o mnunulrii rlloilduilliou riol6
rladljmitinhfir f,D mnlkiur.r' runq,}!
1.2 [!i,!ranr:,u.lld?trao! zygote ;on, nf,dhiunwln
2. blastuladon - (!3uan'0! blastutra) i 1 do{ bla.stoco€l iiso\$,lnrnrulu
3. g€irufatioD - (68adou gafiula) il 2 do{ blastlcoel ua: gEsrrocod d.ldolndie:nal!
ultfl.llfitrolrr:rs:ttilarlun blattopore rhrnqdrd4uhlfrn tlrtunr?n pro@stomia
uCltrnt4ulurnrrnu-n 6un deuterGromia (f,D echinodero ua: chordate) usmrndi:tit
tr"l6n{trtdo genn tayer (e6{oderm mesoderm endodemt *)o
4. orgaDogeneslB dilroC!?ldN1 finrfir organ oyetem
t r:u! 1 - 3 fi.n:rhrr{ufudriurirnin frrfilrn:rwqruuadamo}lm
O {i'in'rn proto€toutia urhldriu z nrimrla-nrnr:frdol 6o
1. d?dor][lJu tochophore qli cila'jluull m f,o !firou*)ruu amelid us: tnollusk
2. n"ldou[uu ecdysozoa trlinaaaonnl'rltdonleltl1n i_o rllolttllnnl ua: arthropod
O oetamotphosts lium.rr daru:Jnq ir.r nqfin:rdrdz.rtfu ufu$ln{d?drd, crusracean m!
.rmphibian drriu vert€blate nqllf,u1fiI metamophosrs dry:fu ur,a{u'ulrj{rirf,u
1 . .meramorphGis lrilrlCt,r]ln1 rdu oo,r.lrl d1!.i1! nNAi

2. gradual melalDorpbosls i'rdou (nymph) adlu

r?rnr'rr 0!liu!n ttl]0nry'rull unHrrlrurnun
lum1lllin!2u tlu nflrnu u!n{51u Q.! 1n tniu
sm
3. ilcomplete oetlmorDhosis n-?da! (niad) Laai]g
\
a:')
,/ adull nYmPh
\aarnl
r;)
\--2
qlld!)u o!lul./1 lt$r{oflr'rulr unt!rtlr!rnlln
tn'irqllndrltl rdu u!n\ o iJ:r?
4 @mplete m6tamorphocis nhdorr 0arval neluiu
rnun (DuDa) rllulun nouela04nllun8lur un)
rT\ "rT)
rf;viu ln"uri u:rodu6o uiu qr dlhr:niErf,uln
"'orn-"'.to\/ \ pupa /
4 $lea llq! + eml + mltN + q.lmLnrnrr
.i1in{,ui'r
Q nu irlimruliun.llhrnnrruo:nrmufiaia'.utm Forhlfi{ (vegetal pole) fitfia
r!-16o! druiruutrldrr^ (animal pol6) rnrr:fi :rninnr.n rio cleavage ihuri.rlr:ldundhqjnir

a'ru:.nr fiu blasntation, gasmlhtion qn: oqanogenesls e!ldd'?aio! (lawa) 6!nqn6on d.!lJ
metamophosis (nruqulnuao'iltu thyroxhe) (iufl!!i!?"u {adult) dol

,ni
€

Ed"il---ry:eE:- [;_l thyorin6

- !$t! - r,!1.r1,t1!ltJlnu aulolysis ill2 d
- l11Ultnlu'.lllltrjgt:r$n0n - $ruhirufirutilus: so
- n$mttn! tl lt!l) - nuulJal rl lrft$ /
lt!l !ru!! frl nirtrn
- llU n l Urtli,llt0ll L!rtrll ;l*;ffi;-'q9
Q {n'iin iir}hir.rrdrr'hjiair.reqnrndouirunJfionlj ln:ihinrtndouauuriaqlr:rnenurSo
'lrjinrr rrndl1lilirr,nlrrn unliuuirltu germtDal duk iriiarJjarir:u
l cleavage !om:!i!rnl
u lr lljuro'lut louourlr.! uu{o{uu 11[n r

r!6onli d-v.!. r*ltir#rfi ndrln jlr.bsir

dtambryoiL mmb€n6
lllim:m:niryo.rrotr:?Io

e nr, rlusi.lnl i
z uur dnidrulr.rqjriuuuli 1 6anflil?ld'i s dtdoi$i
rnie!f,ulirlo'ldni
n'Idonnl_! tlu n.! uu6{ 1!llJl./[]!t1 z frDftltull1luulin nlJ{?ut1tl]u0unas2{flmd leBn
ar lul.!rfl lltrltuttlu Inu0u

e nr:nirgr6ularnr{o'i rl:rnorrira 4 n::u?lmt io nTrurhsad (cell dnsion) rnlihtura

!O{!!t8l!tDn1:rtult (growth) m:gtlrttttttltltrl'rt!Olt1! (cell dJferenlation) ti! $oti
rrnrr $o;in::qn B0tiuin60n rfldu uo:nrrfhofur:ua4rtirciurfuou {morphogenesis)
nluluttnuuu IJltJoujoutnutrl&ruulttraaMneon nDtllrni c€ll differenna on ,1! lnilf |'li]
ml.lmrurr: spemnrogomum llnr:1n lirn'r
 L.tdlg c.ll
.'r*. ,ilrir:dd 16)
:+Y so€.mebooria
.i,*ln *i"-";-;"i
lu,tt,'rni I
*a/@t"*-",-*
\^
r'\
!.)
r'\
@@ o@
t 2'6pmerocye

sp€.netd
Itll
Pqpq
)()(
sp.matog€o€Bi3
nT irr -n.! .dldi.@. tublL I

I rmrinoqf riafirieltrnreonnitoqi risrlnruflnunii spetnatogonia

(sDematogenesis)
eiururnn#elnm rnitojs li.aorf,lr rdorarrf,umi nsn e:rwr[lrfi spematogonia ttt1u
artarf,! prirnary spermaiocyte d!r!rh! meiosis I. meicis lI m! dlfercntiatio! Ii secondary
spermatoo/re, spermatid r!n! spermatozoa (sperm, n-ioqi) a Crl lqn 4bur:airsoqdC
nnoniit
lO lnDil ll'lll!! cytoplastrr :rno!*Dd?urh (head) !i2!n6!]{ cenEiole [8!q{ aoo"ome dl
nJrdns colsi bodyldrlrliod{daludo}j. dudli? (midde piece) ! mitochon&ia ur.,trtiu2!
rnn ua:d2!nN (tail) ri! fagerhm
Q ofm:ilrrfiuiuora ,nolroniD{ifle {p€nis) u8!q!a'.ut: (scroffm) rilo"aunl (testis) o{ d1

finn-aar.lo"rur:r:rfirrrnonti'r.!0qa (seminiferous tubule) 9c1 r]'t fin'iNudnllaonr:i Levdig

cel] nlo interstitial cel of t€ydig aoudil.rooiLlui11u (andrcgens) doQrln l{n8onr:
fl ultd;fr f tdtifi !0qi !i! niluutnlt1hltllllrttu spermato€onia. primary spermatocvte
secondary spqmatoc''te, spernatid ud! sperm rlldrd'u luvsondlhlru sertoh cel duna{ii
rduuatrluarn:efioqi
aqin"n5rrr;tiurrr rur,laontil.tl 6a rnooil]\ + nnDnll!
(seminiferous tubule)
(ret€ t€strs) + lrnandsaanrondrul: (vas efferents) * moafiu (epldidymis) + maadl
{vas defereDs) * riof,aarr: (urettuat d.roqlu pen$ t0! Naanj2ltrrhulrofua:isflrl

::uirwrulu-roqir:1d$ro1:rir.t1 rdudonualo1r.nfi1ndori 3 ia! 6D ftuctose clRtio!

dfilJ1duro{a (semrnal ve6icle) us fi!!i! pH n'}ldNfi8ot clndo!ln!'!!1n (prostate gland)
u-rslnalndodu crntiolarrt oi (cowpels gland) qnfrtfinnrti0uu*roql isemed ludqn
Q ooilruiaru+n:' n riur{u{nnsra
1- FSH i target 60 senol ce[ d{aqlu soa*hlaqi n,:riuu spermatogonia tmtnultl u
pnmary slermaLocyt€ un:fi a spermatogeness
2. I,II i tarqet 60 I€ydig ceu dmd::rrjlmonair{aqi (uNn{.li.!!3un'ir IcsH - iniersiiml
c€l stimulatlng trormone) m:l'uliailgoilttulrins1! (andrcgens) ttju teslosterone
3. andrcgens 6080fi]]tttFltrru ttiu testosterone flTUR! male secondary characteisrcs 60
n'nrulwrudlrl rfurdu.r trrJi-n na'rurdo rru a-n$ru:iifu rsl
! nr:airLi (oogenegtg) rinduii
trtilt tltD 9n!ru{ mt$,1€tl Drimarv mnort rf,durul* f @) oogonta
rocyre dluris meioets I fdifi::a: nu.u*." f
crophase I arjlhutuun aru:n'ln
r"'*"
6)t".".',.
dr p.ia"ry *"yte fil:dlolJrioul r nlrrioldui
7v1rou,inlfi
1!riionaluriurl2 FsH r:rfilii fi)r' oo"y" @ r' porar oooy
primary oocyte U ! meiosis I euru
,i"""fiff.* y'-\ ,_ / \
1d seconaary oocyte
metaphase II fU
frr{u::u:
fust polar body o-'GE
.e ovijm
2- polrr body n'nLjria
5un'jltrjdn qd? ut r:rn:rfullld
iqn uabnltj ft}hiliirrnlrdtrfi:r
tqi secondaty oocyte frr: rneio-
ornrs anizs (rhlitllii:rn:eru)
sisII riaauldiceu]dgadld (egg
cell, ovum) fU EecoDdary polar
roay r:rfiulTrn t prinary oocyte
'i:
,:"q oglu torroo
rneiosisln'$sdhilitrq 1 oad
rtl luu nlllnlJn]LtlllJula lrlu{12

un'ir primary oocge dfilrn'suri

!RttitltitnSllt t16n t9lltil:!i
"ltoptasrn
ua:raiialdbilC d.r
ltrn
dr.rn"roql un:ri.r rflu o adiliaura
luqjfr qnto.rlquu' 6,t!'tinto{ltu 'n"lnmlirfidrfil*
Jtioo !€condary ocyta oofl!1
dranruld'r

O primary ooqytedimnrrrulul':Urh a'illarirlonAfia (foticdar ceD mda! fiun prhrary folicls

rlo rsH ra'.roonurm;dulri pnmary oocyte u { meiosjs r:thti folicb Lueldf.t,l esrrosen
'l niru do lnqn lcraEi€n toltclo) ttt lmr:q'uti seconaary oo"pe lu:w metaphase
folticte
[ ruh Graafan folicle rndlrnluriDlild 6!n ltjrn (ovuladon) dn] folicul cel 'M6o
r:n8'lu!i!!torior ao{$un colpus luteum i0t6i1{ Fogertetone l!ff, estrogen o!l.l uallil t
ljinr:f,.rn:rd u'ue:dor lirnr6m corpw albicans *lriair.rajl:
FSH FSfi !H
pdinary tollldg growlng bllicle + Gr€€f an follido colpus lutoum + 2" oocll€
-
pmgotaMe + €slog6n

-
 I odue:lurfiaism{r ii{li (ovaIy) 2
1"1{ ion"u 0!i1d (oviduct, fallopian tube,
utenne tuDej lrllien (uErus) n{!4rJ{$ul 3
{urrnlulluonf, o duriioq (enoomemum) fr
e: anoDnluu t:tlltau qunal!LutLr'l
uqmd;r.r 1drfi r{llulus'nrfi rf rmr$ uo*urdour.rlonqn irJT nlren {c€Mx) en
r : rnll loalonl nnliorr niudola8on (vasina)
z : rllrrl 6rnzlonl rr,rdrhlef uharerr
r : rrl11rl*r: arelag. [Itrujlrrift r
I : lln:rr ttttton l.trftftll. rtomotm

a 1 rtnll0{nrt!,Jr:nllr0q
b tlit!!t:l lli0$
FSH nrlrirmflliqJto.l totticte
cd follicle tlfq estog€n ntrr,tr,l
rnli !fii co.pls luleum
t. prog€steron€ a{ H${!inn$ul
- )a
I $!i':rl:nn5'lrn.'unilofln Li
h ttltltu HCG nl!nltttottti
i: corpus luleum gglui-l
j: €slrDg€fl n'! prog€slorone 0io.!

Q nTrnntifindurlnl 28 irl rioni"rlolrio! irl:jdrumrrirruqd'unliuuialrf,olr do!o{ii.!hi

m:ldoq €ndomemum dr$niludrfu:vnluasillulurtlr!.!6on tr1rlnuiirdlruqnrrniriud.ri
1. FSH e:m!{! pimary foilide lflrie
z. primary touae l#urlo!.lun!di1.r esrogen
J estroqen llltlltlutlllll IsH n]
4. estrogen limn4am:{u LH ri{f ur sqFrrjr.r I r'udadrjrn
5. FsH du ttt r'rlfldrn (ovulatioD) uo:ifin corp\rs lur€um
'lildldniolnn
6. corpus luteum ditl progesterone ll43 egEogen lrjoul dru FsH ftr LH fi !0u12.!
fr rdoq endomemum uurrrrlr:i'unrr {tlllorrouuilo
 7. filar]rlilolii{ft corpus luieum elCo $fl:i LH rio!
8. dtlri progesterone rfu esuogen anns rdoq enclometrlum ei\lqnoonlr tiuJr:ir tlol
(mensuuorion) FsH Ba! LH firioullliru riu'r'o t. lllri
9. estrogen dgrduernn, tlnlo'! fonide flidld eidou[iltdoq endomeriumlidl",!fr] d.ltnr
:olrfourlnl

.l

O ri1linn'n Adui$d.lldnn rnfrfiadurcnirlsaillu Hcc (human chorioDic gonadotropin)

rf,uoo llrru*rrllrrT rnrrfia::rir, ndanrr rirurh$rniou tH funrrar corpus tuteum lfafil
progesteroDe rltr estrogen arlwnqnl:1n'lurdal udrior'ru}J:;ucnd! corpus luteum
c:ilo trhti.nsir.! Fogecterone ua: esuogen 1ii2ur'?ro.trunrn'i.raaoa Clfinaonnr:f.rar:d
progesterore !8! esEogen 1!{.i uli tstt ua: ut a:t'r
lllrnn l'llfi?ll1l]{r1r}l!l0r{fl r mli.!a!l,o.! corpus luteum uulnmmln z rtQ
t r1n1a*rdwo.noufior aq'lftieuq#ln lH erndoun-arordrudr
2. ludrrurruoor, *.trr:rri o{ln"a'raqnfua.r HCG flnrnfrinusluiafNfiJ
I aoilrrudarlqr:uuilrfu rirrnurlrun:nr:munrr#rdrnias
1. FsH ar!t! oeiosls 10{ priDary oocyt€ !a:n11tde!a! fotticte tisain egsogen
2. LH nr:frtrnlinld ua:m:{i'}l clrpus lut€um (iosi't.! progestsone ua: estrogen triau.l
rf\ FsH un: uI rrttrln cn (sonadogopid d. &oonrrrrrndadialord?unhdo{nnrli{u
lau cnrut arn hypotratamus 1u8u!riu!-rti!d1?
lunrrrnrrfi uuJm nrr;n::rilnr:nntilClnald ooiLmlnilaliduo raat JnMLdn
riluralnn'ln" riuriuum: cn riloofuuirJrrn4lurft sor uiniu ia.r
3. progesterone di1$e1n copus lureum (rdltiin - q nu ut, fia:zirilur - q nu
Hcc) uafin tfi.rnr#ir$rd.r) rirtiefsuqnrur$.ur:ri'un'rf.rarrd nrlrjnirIurJ.rn, :ud.r
ttt uriririunludml.rudraas:ourf,our:liJrt{f! filtt uqr tH
4. estogen d+Nfln foricle (riod,irlr ' q!In! FsH), corpus luteum lrdsldnn - qdnu LH.
rtsn:#dxurn - qdra HcG) rrs::n {;'!nririri?!trd'!) fitfurftunqnuur dorrurerir
tliin a?ullt ferDab secondary charact€ristjcs 6onrl!lf,uut!.rrir.q nrtnft:trdiNtru d'nvtu:
idu nru nf,tylrt\ FsH nridllmnd'Nndlrrltlriou}im r:nr:ftr r,n h'quJ-in
5. oxytocitr e:iufundrrtr orluuflri{rtiqnno&naan{n un:ndurdoriuu:orvioJruurrur
lfuuqn, progesterone n-u estrogen durrioln-unr,triqlorrirllua:dolirur dru
proladin d2u{i1!f1u!
e nrtjatlli (fertltzation) doljnn u'ur:radouin"ru oira rorior,irli fiu pedstalsB ralndr!
rdsrlauulnruu'u ua:nrdflnu6e:rfinlriodr}id Inuoqta:r.Jriorrodrtirln adosome lndaldr!
rF$saftJ Bd-)d'uirln6sa1,o{d?or (n) r,frl rn:riulrl secondary oocyte (::u! metaphase II)
rrri{noridocrtrdii lCsadli (n) rdorun]ltoql olisad zn r:rworflnlvrltlm zygote unr
oqamtd{ntlrlul$llIJ0Dud110Dn!1:!'lit?'l{ru0{lrrtnallnuEio ltellne memDlane c'll.ruon ni
rf, uf,unurrlun ferdllzation menbrotre t)olrlulrilfoqinlrdur.nrar:Cru

ratnltnrxattmrnrtt tn
1. tin nreiosle ll
2. tfii torlilizado,r rFmbrane

rir$li i nr-rrJfini
g. rfi rnr:rJinrili zygote
Q zygotee:utj.trtadlCt0r]uilo 4 'riu! io cleavage, bhstularioI! gBsiulation, or€Enogene$s lr,tiou
n::urvnraordririrqiindr?rn qdltlr.tori1lri1{fiu !d!
- riou ltasnt rirrlonbrhr ltastocyst un:rirfilu#roltu{o
FrCrfi'u endometrium fhiEnfldliiflui 7 iu
- germ layer rft s {uirfinlu::u; gasmrlation r:rddrruruJa,! d6oias d.s.rd
tlhnirirom: anlnlennrudus?-u?lri1r1 ir:ftirlllrtrn

l:uu ni$r}Nnla (uu"rdrriir, m, !6!). *udr!d1n (dro{, bfi.fi6!, llirr.

pituit{y gland. pinoal gland), f,lllndou ! (enamel), adrcnal."a,ria raudm
1r!ux4u!tuuuirh!x60{, :cuuajUd'u, 1:uu ur{u{, adenal cone)l
notochord !'nr.|utl- luoltu. ruttuEmll1llll
parathyroid oland, thyroid sland, dsrvouie, do rlA, du, i!-rrjoU
m.!!ito1n, i, ni:rmlid6'l !
'l.}!6!ml/l,l:,

- organogenesis eafNstm:tirornfiIaruaallndrulurJa.u{rJffiii e },rdvyrntlurl6larir }etus

un:nsond0li I 160lr i'unio tr1ni]lrrflloufi:irrfou#sqnrha rnnlj zso ir
C in (placentd) fli?T endomeEium no.!
uiua: chorion to.rnn :nd?gdi't{a0il!u fi rnrr1nthrtNurjua:an
lliu HCG, progeslerone. esEogen inulr :rltr.:alrodrio
irvfrflunn ulduuufia o'rr,l,tr nrlrer rhu msa:ie
m!r1!a:;E (unbillcal cdd d.!fi v€in btus(lo.ri.!il. i9)
1 !{t.r d1!6otrhlriualrinrfr{rfrbqn ua:
artery 2 du drGoadrdllolduponfln
u'rhqnlln uri
Q nlillirfiuunas'jruia!oiu?r1,0$!qbd1!i
n,}:lcfu nrftdLilrhtufudrilmi{ riu
rhantrlr64qn riaorrl tz
rdordodaSr.r rin
t xtoo?"rn!Mm:traeoril:rn rbdonir
5
dluxqlarl 12-1a i d{rinixnnr# FsH
an: Llt rdlssnrndu tel

orrl ti)
Q rio prirnary folltcto fifurfiuirindlobh!$n riln,j,isu' meooDaure (iltlol 4s,55 i) hu
FSH ua: i'! LH fttlrnonui estrogen rtu
i.tt rftudloonmrruJnlun'Liilo:l:tirnrftru&t FSH
proopsterorc rh*$nn rilnrm:osfirulirlqa arrninlfi4*r1 to4rmu ilonrardu.rrfuLn
nrlnquunll:ntf,rlnrnn{l
I mrlnqunhr0arilJfrod'l$a.lrlT1Qlri1liiid?m1? n-rn-rsrcrrj::norJft u
1. €sEogen + progesterone : tlau_unrrnnl:jrirudn
2. progeslerone odrsdur : r duur n{rdoliandulhnli€nulwdn
O mr lx!"uliun riqlrirronnrrr ftrurhn,.: veB delerens { Orhi:.! ovidud lrui"it&4nrio
O fiuda! 2 r:l,l|'l
1. srlido! (ftat€ma] / dlzygotic rwin) !fim'rnurirnli!'rnrrirnd!'lo.l qr#finna"nurunr
uqftfiu ull$!]a!ru t!flI|Unnu
2. ulliurl (ideDtical / monozygroric twin) !firflnbtJ6ll?efl}ludlrtj{rf,']uo1tlfi] inriflrl
ruioufiirriuu DTldrnuunulDiirtn-ulf(C Drc!0uuctf,ui!
Q nrr uriirXniqn:urn
1. IcSl (intacytoplasmic slerm iniection) inoqtf,rlfirl:j tta'uuleirralduutll
2. sttzl (slbzonal rperm injeciion) 6noqdfftrluun:rdorflnoati
3. clFT (gamete intsa folopjan EansfeD €'rofillerlti$hlthdui'lJhti0d' 't
4. ZXFT (zygote mtla fothpjan tansfet lo1 zygote s'rliurjorjr}j
5. IVF-ET (in viEo fenilizafon - ehhyonic tr6nsfer) uiarinraonwtr lnufiLj[s3ofiv]ndl
luuaorlrir udr6npuuiloldl Flfnluuri

ooo
! o:iurndouflrur amoebold moveoeat lna
ld$iriu! (pseuaopoOurn) riiir, n mlcrofrta-
roent (il:lrtu actiD ullJftlJdr:flou) i?!#) .

uunf,iftt cytoptasm lolo:iur ruh rir.rf,wuon

xotl (ecloplasn) r-unh qel larf,Nt]rra?1
(endoplasrn) 6!nii 60l

O qndurld nagethm drurmiriulf, arr lurnrfialun

dtri$ tub.rhr)
ndoudhjrn fino{rno#nrfirqrmio nisottute dt :flu
tubuli! d!*l!t€no!) ririld.rdlrll|llJ 9+2 [siru4,jl{ 0
dfilr dF.i') rci dyl€b atE 0llfitr! dv!€id rtDrD{ fiuli cina us:
r"rrzu cte l* tbgclrn
f,agenunr fnfun1d illrlaalrtldDffflsir! b6sdl body (ld-

iltio mLntuhL r:fudhuu 9+2 netmme) rir{t dlmln mtcrohbute gu.iuurJ 9+o

O L'r$Ni'nrJrmui 3 llin Ao
r. lrrrir{rirar$roa (o(osl(eleroD) tdri artbropod (dlqr: ctrttd Dsril{.| (tf,ufiu{l])
n::nordr nin nr ujfionnoltnn
z. Ia:rifluiirnafu (eldogksletoo) !d! ven€brate s'rnr alxia (dr{urlm finlrn)
lnrcn{trdo t. us: 2 uiirdol"irundoldhdrins'urdoflnrnr: ldu ujdonxs.r
ulla,! nritnla! verrsbrats uiu1'lflfilrldlaradotdus:lriinfilrdolnmr: liu hNartlu
aal e-lrrr im:naaqjelntn u:tifir
3. hydrostadc skeletoo liur u0ithno{rredudsvitrnrt *-nrrni?!Q!nl.rJduuu!s.!
lirii riullr cnidarisn t-tus!f?[:J! waufinnt ann€lid
 @
{F;Ff|-
"urrC-"r"*,-o$ $-
u u l:T-- lub€ f66i ie J,

| {rin:nrirlrinl.l"Jrrhurl-rmdsunr:rndoufr rdu
- urlnlrlu1dnr:$nri"radunlrllo.tna'rr,tdorounr:iir n"rndrlrdoHriro'rCr nd'nirrsstiri.r
lu ltullnfr ttrtul!RUl.llllttlJ

dn^xin rilf1aanl1n1.triE siphon n6'nnirro'ifldtifianrrn-uriuttiui't ldalwtn'::fiou'r

uolr,ru?n (reDtacle) ftldlilri'?Mlui
- srorr b'::uurioutr (water vascutar system) lnufrtri, rn.q madreponte urir'lvatrjcnltia
ln-\nr:! i! ampua df,an-u tube feet d'riuiuqn (sucker) drudnf,ndunorrfu riio
ampura n i'reir,rh tu* teet l'rll'!n do ampulla naru frc:oomrn tube t"et rl'i!fun
nr:iamdrumadumr tub€ feet filtilnrnr 6!lti
- ror rdm ldlh $o!do{ih 'jruu'{nl0a0n*TdaltidrtrN sphon
(foo0

O naMria irri'rdri'r ::nouc'rondludonoifu

io nA'uJtto?{ (cfu cular muscle) o8lna'llJruoaltl
u1'1 (longntudinal murcle) riwlunrlrirln"urion
n'u 6o6'rndrra dndwu'.rnnru rfindnli!.i.r
n'u1ii! (antagonism) tilri, nutn ina"rltio
rurrur rrulriurvrdl !6:i ora Dq'ldftdiu
11ull1

Q ldrdzutu indlurdar! unrns'r! ldonrralr Miou

l01u ]ltu T{lu antagoDsm m! (
'l1lll'?ut-uo{
ii6o! (setae) dlrinf,lli druuiril!^t!t'.!r6ou
getae lrat parapodia l1lltnaoufl lnlulule
artagonrln rs.rldrioslr
I rnrourhnor lurin{rtlrdorrum2nirir rndolilaoinr"d !r

!0Jir$$tlln aaJrnnoru.r

! um m:unindrnriuri\mrnndrlrdodnu.ldonrildrmn rlun&urionrum rirruuru antagorusn

lo snin ndrldodnuJdonr{ldruonm ndrrrdonruulranru r 6ontirdruonndor#n.r rionnin
in:rrirdrlrlu 60nd1!ldoir! dontldtuonaaru ndrlrdoruumnn uJdonfrduonannirdl
dturruraqro-rslgnldrr:1cinn'rtldo f]exor uo! eRensor f1{..luuu! antagonlsm fio tlllo
uexor r,!r extensor aol mr$0gcfin:irhtn"u
if venebrate mdoulnrlaoorflunlrrhlrrrNilllln.r:?n m:ndrrfo uju
m idliaNJuului ildonsnu.rsduaml ialldrurEld'? ni,l
iru}JriNm-rnhira:Ifrrriufi s rmr:na"u rdod0af, ar{un::an
dutd{ (dir) rl^{1uuuu anragomsm aiuuruinlJurdruu"lrit
rdrndrrrnr d0.hu1uwr*11'ntuu*r aiuon alunllrin ailriu
nr'trrn ttNilln.s|'nia! {air bhdder) d?llnrN*l
rjmirt,li
. un lJnnlllluounun n81!r!Entun t:!!?Nnl!qn
lnullnus:mllnon 'l.r1u(ruu anlagonjsm iiliju
!ril1a8fl{uRua;1,u (teatler),uu[uu airfoi] r1!l4dn
n:4nlnrin
uuirlad irn:lnnel n'rMiur ua:qillu rruurruh
ns rlolnlln ( i) ftlrJa irnri !q{a! (ajj sac) d?u!iul!fi6us!:!u1r,
aluJoulih

- dDinlinrlin{ufl i.!#utua:1f,!iardu&it rlliu"rriudn.i#jliriqalulea

' nu rin lt{.rfln (web) fi!fi drrmlp !ri1rr!a $uni! fuIm:m urnfr fl?,rr 8{s!.r
!f!F.hdu!nu (aippet
Q n'i:1nr:ogluriiaflrwEn {perioe-
teum) Cluuanm:lni! uiN idlr
ihnlnonn!iu!ualrlodlrln udlii
ri!fr o{m{ rlorinr:in (oet€ocyie) lnrJrtrr
Inoilaoa ua:lauut!8Tn t1ulu
nr:enriDlu]?1r :il!n:!!n (bone

mar.ow) lurlbr! #ft rlrm:ulull n::rnrrilon

n::qnun.r droairrdndon nrr
nar':r:r0ubnrlqnu6ol e:nr n::onillr-r
luir uinodnr:qn z duudsdu
$unlono 0otnu 1{!nl!inDau
(canilage - lrJni:ifl firttn".lriun
xlouracntlQn) ua:rir'lsrio (st'n

ovral fluid) d?u8tnrlelltd rwin

uiarriauf nrlir*rurSuErf,o (Uga-
rlr€Et) ua:m:lnnunall]lrJounnu
d?u!6uinn:!qn (tendod rd! !6u
iourluidluir
e n23lnnu 206 t'! u lriunilln
[ntr (axial skeleton) 80 d]J
(nlhnnd:vr nl:induxd'.t n:!in
rriran n::qndlnl; uazn::1n
1g1,lti (appendicular skeleton)
126 d! (nrlln[r! nr!?nn']
r:uruiruidou6orr:rn:rN{ ::rnaiT uluir6on::1nlnu
lnJnr{r a:rin ri.rn:rl1

llfrrrlni.r
!Lnrant:inllEuialn0!+l{atl'li

lan::on1116o.r
r:nlll-u
ltn::rnsrl
I nr:qndlnri tz { lnrirlr odadla:'runruonua:undrm'rruuu! aDtagonirm drutrnnrnuh
uhoan uio:{r:dounrir.rurhrdordorriun:lqnvfron unnld tt us: u l.ritun dlir.raou
O riodofirars!0a lCuri
t. riodoirndov}nlili 6o nilmnilr:
2. n"odorurrsrurir (saddle lotnt) rdu laldrTi.r
3. doiDr!1,:Jinn ilrf1ni:in (bal and socker jotni) $Wldidl: 6o fttwi lnur
a. dDiauJutlai bhrc or glidiDg ioiDt) du datis Sril
5. rioior.uuulurfu lrriuarolddnrlt hinge pinO cju aon nh fiia
6. lisiorur!!f,ou (pivot jolnq rdu :wiru:rqnaodrd r rYuf,ld z r'rltiftJft'fiurlrlf
7. r'odouuuiouliooui (condyloid joint) ldu doio

Q rirrubunrrm-a*ruft r!r-1.!Don!iu 3 ton

ttJnt{ nflmll,onu't? r1!nl:6, ! tl!m!!onllm lltu!

oru (stladod Lt ll[l !

ffiffi
tl?titul r.ll]ln 041,01[nda fi 1 alhoNrnsd tr1-2oqjnq1{Eari
rluuth;ttt sNs ti'i'!:1n?!q! ANS ANS
d&nrr nr:ndoul,nlo.r
n:canl6
dr unJr n rfodlrb{aas
drr floTullloflu\raotlnot firlc
irlnra uir utu tr ria! viori'r!'l ilirB2:u?:
Jtldul
 r!ro.l(.l.!.r tlf-!n) ffio 0 i.n)

nnrus fulcrum) rr.rinr (oad)

e i?ou1{rDolni1l]tlotintlin: flexot Fa.ln l!lla tralalul:l:{D exlpnsor nondl:llu0vtn

rai l0 tr '):t: 4atro .'bl.J bt.eps Fa flaxor tol.-llr. dlu ri.€ps rfD axlFnsor rnlulu v!do!r{
lr!ui1ui!uul "nldgonsm Jl$irr brceps iuirnn_aoirfiun'uo't
ti'ua^r tiuulrtnrrllc'r
nnlrr{errM,ld:trlLrallnitnLrlutn !u nR 1! [La^:t Dn ui{!Tnn1M$un1o{ 2t0ldl] 0
o fir!i1.!nrsnal!riirr-ru: frd!'r'!Ldr.raltrlf'lutittnd0dllfttd!llj l:!flnl!tu02.!t!fllnd1]ltl.l0
ntlurl nouiu -F d.r9l-)driu1:u (parislalssr ru dnragonism dJlltliI
e na1rJlLA!rnnllnn rrnl){nllUUtAl'nlAr1lrltlJv llr.rQinn!U
1. microfilament e5o myofilament riulo:.rnirririrhniiurdoron'rLi rinrrn6uluLl;6u
2 lio 6odirlu actin rfludrD'r\ (unu1x) dldu'b myosin tilt{ulur (uollei!) 10! 1
myosin a'ouoDn'2u 6 actin
2. myofibrils u5dtdrulund'r]llalil ,itr11 d4rn iu myosrn l5l-rlfuoL rltit:llllu lllLd Lll
r]1$tnonl! {$nanon)
3. muscle cell !64 muscle fiber iiorqaaind'rutdo 6nfln myofibrils raruniorl-lt':lriu
4. muscle uiotlcr iilurdo 6,:n.i io rir.ninli.rrla t,fir"
'r
Q nr:rocr"rlorndr!rdoorlrliufr slialing{ilament theory
nr:vod'rlornn''rrrdoo-ruqna'luallnr::trrtJr:arn somauc (sNs) lnliar:?a r:orrriu
acetylcholine dam:[6rir36']fiu'rfi'l nr ooi?rlr,ifltin actr,1 tnAo!!1i']tlniu $atn1lna-roti'lLio
trn acfin Fiolaanr1nnil.l lo!finx-rtr!'r110 r myosrn hir duu[ ar,iondurdauouSonnrlii'r
n::rruntdld ca'' ua: AI? rdrdrr rtaiina"'rrrdor_si mitochonckia x1n Inu!or1!!!adna''l!
rio rltfrdarduooao,rnr -n:'h sgn n:ldrn,rriltiu cd lLrlariti)u t)o"oorfld!'r-ur,i^t,
n:l rfliu h'ldjlltn.indr!riD[u{rtd{i.'.[otf,!url1!il"]1llu myoiibnl nijl mitochondna u'rndl.l
dMfl
sr.rii!ft;.!! rud:duto rnd}ruia 6a glycogen uol creatjrc phosphate t'.u_1tn'slirr61 rtno!
Iu.otlal.rls:!'1 rd:r .i'rdRlt-.ir.:lgillarrdll6lll credtrrlne
 tlrad1ti10l,1noti{mtt-tt:!!
uitnt lnnltlllllnn0ln*1!t1.ouint:!n

(bundL ol musd. fb€u)

ttralUnmusoran (n!of IriD (mulal€ call, nu3cb fb€r)

*Xtrhi* 6lam€.r = myodn

oo,'r;. ll o";.lt c.".'n sER us: Arp rln mib.ro.xrne

lt

mr$i - n!,runorn*1uLg0
lnitlnnlniDxrlllh - oonrDt .di.

ooo
(, r:l]urlrrd'rnlilnour'?lrlrnri 2 rin
1. rta.i;1l! (glial ce[ supportug ce[)
d1lssd :!d.rri.r'u idlr schwaffr
cell. oligodendroc''te
2. 6.dJ!:l1r (Deuron) r'rdui mito'
chondria l1u1u!]n ! RER tlllUnll
Nissl body di!{.!nr1!ril if,u i in'
termediate filameni tl!i!ni'r
nertrntilam€nt rt ulat{d1t{ntautsRa

rliaar l5:a1nnluu1nuln::u{! lt:aTntln

rN dendliie fiun"rrsad {ce[ body) oonlU
n-x axon rialo ::nrr (nerue fibet m"'ld.!
l lxnnnolulll{ dendnte ]lataflt9nn tI clen

drit€ dlt!$a, Uldulr, axon urnlN$ultu?

uhuou lu :rarniirnciltollda! (rryeur
sneat) dsrfu rijarirnadlo{ schwann c€ll
rrviodr.rdar:ou drtirfinouruhriv tudrlrorfuelo.rua:lt{uua-.r doL6iua:ailrncrn oligo
dendocyte) rauiofljN schwann ce! dlriiio!'u6lni1 Dode oI nrnviol 'touio:tlrjN axon
nlu denddte 18!6flFadltunir synapoe dddo$rrriun rynaptic cl6ft tlotfiJr:nun:4nn"u1u
lY:lu!:!{1fiouuan 6un ! rs{1t (ganglion)

ItAnUt!{aylu \rt1ulillllllIttllll
r. urdlr:*nri-rrm{fn (sensory neuroD) irn::t!a ::nrmrn$iT UiJfi"-uidn (rec€pto,

udrdriatisorfil'rs'urj::aruqudonnd r:srrdrn'r'r
 2. tlaridtaltltJl;firrcltl (association neuon, iDtemewod Dqtrflttoluajlnfulld.! tl'1fiirtl
rdou:uir.rdo t. unydo 3.
g. sadrlr:m&rrr: (motor neuloD) d.rn:;unl tirr.jrr*ur: (effector) lfnD!6!o.t

tr sr' Jz"
*)t,
trr/fi.,
l' *\*
I
;=*
t

oa rirJrffnrl.r lrjsnllir n'ri!

t. tlrJd1lrrrfidur (unlpolar Deuron) liu sensory neuron rdu fldrgnrioulurllrJ::arn
(dorBal rooi gBngtion)
']rudrfiJrd!
Z- lt'rirj::rmror*r Oipotar neuon) r u sensory neuron a{r'e1n rT rtr
a. tlr*J1l'f|ruerg*r huhpolar neuron) iilrn#qa r ! mrcmelllon l1lo moDor neuron
O axon iLilldobdaurFnrm'rriurfludvrr hi node of Ranvier fin:![drJ::mrluudorio.l (core
conauctionl drurirldoll6dur.tn*o.rrfiuriufurm ! node of Ranvier d1n!!${ ftdlyttrur]fltirn
(salr€tory conctuceon) i.!$,:rri1lluuioriiD{ 1::ntu 10 ni1
Q rdor"n nlrdrl rYn d.l:!.lit { ld s
tll ts s til o.l li s d :!61t
(meDbrane Dot€lti€l) Clumio.r cathode ray oscillo- +,1
-\
:trJil:"-lili-1j1ffi '*,"-:l#"ffi IAI}
::./-ro-r\.r*".r
rur!{n (restrrg loembraDe porontial) rillelrqrn .t- [n I ,*, I Ir$'1
il.t tQl ]
fNuDn! Na' us: cl'
ruo! druririu! x'n"llaoounu
tKl
lanion: A-) 1a{t1ti?Ilt!d4a (du 1 if,tr DNA) tuo! mr
ujiluurjnsnr, uiMndrid ld z n,rria-o
L byperpolarization fiariunuurndu limTdo! tr ftnli!"ulnnoanlnad iDdD.! Cl dilf
rirlxa$-ldl!8ri (iun11dud{n1lli1{nl:us lisltl
2. depol,Erizador ioriuauiola{ !fiic1ndo! Na' Onnllfilulxashdlrnd riunr:dlnll
m:di1!nti[s :!fin
lur:un-nfu Na' llutritlil $n! L n:unioonnltinllarrlrmrirworalurdtrf,um:dnJliir
ti{tifiustlqobDDllld t'alift acnve EaBpon l0'] Na'osnlrnrilair]i K n{u!filia.iodndot
nnr luii'nfldru 3 Na': 2 K |turrh Na' - K' puDp (rad r!d1r{!ri8{t mtochonctda lJ,ln
 rembdno pot6nt6l (mV)

? =::r::#i r.t. - x' pu.p

It

Q rmrnmflrlrl:*n (Delve impulse) riaqrnrmujdu{ulala:ni'lldnrifrar i:an elecroc}edcal

reaction ii 5 firnouriorio.rrl! (?n'u :!no!)
1. resting srage (r!u;n"n) - finu'idT}lmau '70 mV !fir Na' - K' pump d.rinri, rl urir
z. ria!furn:rfu - rnhlfNa' wiish$nd fin d€polarization rdodndrdrfrIiqafrr-un turesnou
potetrdal (:Ji!!'rnJ -50 n\4 a:liunrmr{!1f!finii.rdrrlnrrrntfluriflu (c) rdtirnrigi!
hfiqafir fiririri\nojbrarr i.riunmifinn':irdr.l::aud'iruhl oTrng Al] or None
(b)
3. depolarization . tlu€€hold potential tntriulrhJ::2 na rin lta' tfuftri$irurlunotimn
!'ru rlik acdon potential ( +50 mv) riueali nrinrulurlalili! + !onrn6;iul!
':rno
(nrujnilusadr u uonnaririu *) uan:rtduelirlfirlnoil'nljlit acbon porFntial
n rlfu nr#r{nrilrlirlutlaririu *,a6odrJrloulii 6anr:uttl::nrru"uo.r
4. repolarDation - rlE Na'in lld t:t K' linuru K' r-.!r?00nhJrnn!'tu fntjanalaruaru
5. undershoot - ilndlnaarurrirltriqsudlral nfi (hlperpolarization) ! utJa r{!'l.lufl

refractory period o{dulrjLifin acbon polendal uirrrurludr6n rirlinr;ustl::ornb'iou

utn a!t$almiuuual! axoD m")till u8!r1llrlJrla:drnurl2rx!ru.!'ll!!nn:!4unnuu uo{
qrmiur:fin Na' - r' ptrnp fnrjrds{usadftnd'r-ruroqji resting stage trlter

!:!1 nln9 action 001€nli6l ua'n:rrnursl

lvr'rl?rr $n"cliinr:riiordar t'ta' - ta nriorr"rl'l
)--
 iarion::r.nlrrmr inril f,rrdorir:rla{l:116uur.rlnn -70 mV + +t/o mv + -fo mV

t
e iorr-irLnt axon -lru6l1rd'yn:1i^!l dFnonrF ralrrnd.-nlu ii"ubu!d"il." 2 i;
1. lnrulCh{rft (electrical synapse) fiocionfud'rr gap Junoion unir.l dian::uaU::arn
!^fi': A{dl1;1![ ldrliod_.!r)oti'l ffu Dnleoil.lddotinyr']! l]hrulurrl-ul-'t:n tr? o.! ifl i
fln'- rtir. ncwe not ra.! c ctanan uio rr .o'lririiulonr ti!5 rnrri{l r'rqlI

nnlraoi dremical synap€€

1. rio edion poEnrirlrnir n!.rdr

@ t:tl$g1 tl$ ca' m0uonuitlnlvl

2.Caz'n!:it{ synaplic v6sido U o(oc}to€is
@
tl doomrio:l::s-rr oontlu .ynEpric ctei
o 3 rrrmrlr:rlfi e!rnx Lllrauiltlr
l- 4.rnrdorrirLirfi crmuiCllurlmrinf l*fi i
llj0tuliaani u nol.'llll{a:!ntntlu

2. lnurddli! {chemical synapse) aooio{uiru synapuc clefi finir! i.lddD dd-r!c!

mn1:udtlti6'rndi! GunarrdoJl:d'u (neurotransminer) fr u:r1arfluqr sv,naptic vestcle
r.dom:un r:nrnurdr aru axon
":nrrrir.lri
ca un:ni urluoad i.rrlr1:{L1\i svnapu.
vesicle Udou{t:do t:{rroonbi synaptlc cleft lnu exoc}'rosrs 6nriBud! F'trdaJr!6rr
rwilftlli rnilidoJ:Jrfiutl! dendrte rto.lnodnirl udrr rtit rf,uudru'rlrinraiailn
llJ€00!n_{.1 vl1tl,ttfq11t,udu!-un!'lrutt0tnad (hyperpolanzdtion ltta depolanzdbon)
tirfie depolanzatron i r:rirlri riont: un:I: n rv rc d auie oh,(u rro riC lorivurn5aa 'rda
u'::trMlin{nnlnltrltu lotl l{t t-rfli l LulJlJ lae |afF Itut ,1$ t!a1l i Elll!n -YlI0q uni! 01!J axon

ua:mrd.!iM!1d!2 si!1nn,il r!u! tr,rn

e dlrdodl:n1n ld! ac€rylcholine iririnlnurouhri acetylcholinesterase). norepmepnrine (niinlnt
toulxti monoamine oodase), epinephrine, endorphin riun'u
e d1rfirJ,ua,!!0n!dt/o'iu6\iio rmr:leorignrrir.rru1lo\ chemical stnapse ui!
L dllfivrlnr.lafif! c bo,,rlnum 'lur-rloLiit ri urtr_ruiir acerylchohne n,lrinri^lrdarfu
ailnln nounur olutrull 11.!ntrthldqn,Ruriou
2. ar.,firirntn]indh (teEodoro)on) u:uu-.! Na' channel i.rd,tnon:luo:J::orn1ri1d ltfdnt'r
3. ulthurts$Jttlnu organophosphare r'rnrurotr'hi ac€tylcholmesrerase furirli:llu r:crn
paiasl4npaoeEc lnmlEurflonllnl u'a rttlru-n F6ul601,luu !i?lalnun I
! aruridunr:lhnr:uq r:s, riun-u
1) duriTrfldnff]lla! oon ioonnl 2) !rdoL66rtdxriDnl:t, ruun:iTnn
3) node of Ralvier oqjrh.rn"ur:}inrllnntrilnnl 4) itruu ftioul Ur'o.rrdulrnlnn
I aruu:vmn'un, :{uliiieaioarrltr.uolntud r:dr trlom!ri63n9o.! actlon poteDdal tl
riqlru (virr:iir +50 mv ut!o) Inunud'ulnuun:n::un :!almi[1.!!rhdl] uririrtrlufia,lrriil
!t{ actioD potential fr!firiuil.rmn drd'rn::{ufieruurll-rirrlfn::un rtnularuiiun

O 1!rjudr!{1nierfinr,rtllarrab{urj.lldliu
1. tluuJrla a,sfial! (cenrral newous sysrem: cNs) 60rtD.luaihftrtad'.! rfi fldlui
::maen ua;d',rnr,
2. ilutltJ!:a,Iflulon (pedpheral nervous Esrem: PNS) fiardurli:*1loto{ (Cl,I) tln:dtr
*mnlldurd.r (sN) lu{Arui rfitltidllnarr m:d.rd44rruoonUid2urolduD.r
O li.ldl (stimulus) * u ru:"unru!f,n (receprot + sensorv nelllon + cNS + nagn
D€um + x ?u tff,nl! (sfector) + ro!d!o.r {rcs?onse)
flnutluuflld rl:J! rldlrtouuon (iarfirla') ftr:nnnrlrniriiurhlc'riu
r. druilunlrf,dn fumndrrirnrwon r.ltDnriuiNmu
z. d?ltidsnrr i?du:J:Jn't:rl't.ll! 2 orjNfio
Z.t ::ttUj::fr turln (somatic nsnDus syEtem: SNS)
2.2 rltJlltjllaltldi1tll (autonomic nervous systsn: ANS) d,!!rf! paEsympathetic
n€rvou, syglem m! sympathgtic oervoud syaten

!!rrirrmt
cNs PNS

--;_]
I

-
8il
r_-_-l., I

ullittlultll|$l|i [!ita1!$l{1n
tt
CN SN motor s€moay

d.6, t. syrpalh€tic
ANS sNs

pala3ylnpet)€tc
I rrlo.ruollldurd.roXludor{r (meninges) g du {uuon dura mater !u1u8!!i.!ur.t dunor'l
.uachnord riurdorrrl dr,lu p" r"r", urrlr.uou0{rra_ftdu$n_.! iirnoadonuudardu.t
rirrduratlor[llbftrndr (cerebrosp)nal fluid: csF) oqfuInl.ldlJar (ventricle) ludosnal
na'xllduroi.t {cenrral canal) uwr:r.drrtdor{rdunarldudulu (subarachnoia sprce) d?un.io
,{gr :nnaao.r6u ln:dtrnli!f,outinirl cNs

di..l d.nd
E
9
g
E I = ioottl lob. 2 = brtDo.d lot
inadlJ l!ora!or 3= o.dfitrt bbo 4 = p€.br.l lobe

O r!D! orain) fuuonr0urdodm maltet ln-ruadua: axon fiblilti6eu f,r'il]liudDe

(gltey

1'r1 (wh[e maner) ilu ildlxdibdAlr slornhoondu 3 dutrn:1t]umitr-4

1. alo{i,r!fii, (forebrain)

1.1 oltactory buD ldu2firnllllnlu

1.2 cetobruE riurnltlarrria i? Ci itlel mqt n1vt ::nrndu'ntt:rir uanrr
ri-Ni!!io.rnii1!!iiE diuuEn c€rebrum 6un c€r€br8l corto( latul cerebnrm ido{
indrlun 6ndra'uql*nnr!d'ufl 1 [qim']!f, iuu2arrj in""ln?url!'iNnrud1udlu
un:alrfi numiad nr!.lo1o.r cerebral conex inuurnhli'qlorqtirn}nii'algrusi
{Alzheime/s disease) 1nlr".tlrin:rum$tquidn B,1alfinnlnn']:lila6on ri-uqn::r l-a
ldfusrrfiu Inu cerebrum udn:6nul{dtiu a dru
- tilur,ri"l (frontrl lobe) !iu?ni! nrrmdslltr (motor area) n,l.roondt}{ nrrtilui
n?1l]Cl iruru a'rrloj n'n!f,{n qnfifnl'l
- rirud't.r (temporal lobe) duln]l] nr:ld'Du nt':ouhl
- dl!$d.! (occipital lobe) rfr!1fi! n'lrralril.l
- fiuuu (padet€I lobe) durn"r nr:finfilfdn (sen6ory area) nr:trirhnr:i
1.3 bypothalamur qua homeostasr6 F2!l!qru {i nrrtdwosrhh arrud'u6sn orrmi
alldomr:du5rl tdl r olxl.l urluou a2't!n'o\nl l..tfifl lr.!fli1lEoiltu lliln
:Jnruqnriudo n'cro'r (pituitaty gland)

14 thalamusliu{r.rdirlr1lrrll!.d1ld'rrd?Bunl alordruoirll nrriulift prn rdut

fu {s riomdulljr,tr cerelmm doseirudddournlo
1.5 piDeal glard ahrooihu melaromn Inudlriluinirmrdnnn::rutriur
 2. ar|sr*?tlnl,N (midbEid hff|rrel{fou o,cfiunil opric lobe #u2do{du rcflex !o.r
nr un;nlr'ldEu M'rfu
3. atlora r& hindhain)
3.1 corcb€Iumrh:fimndollrrnadtmu rrnirvnrir-ffir un:rrr:rmf,r uonnoaod
nt t? sl url l&! ri!.]ls
rI'ttl,]!!saluIt'l']!'Irfin
* cetebrum tNtthl'rriuhd ui cer€b€llum &1{rh{utrdtdriSoll rnr
3.2 poDr tituNt, uuniltsrjlt c€r€brum cerebelum ua:h{tJtAt aruqlrn:lr r
nrrrdur mfl d$hnru la:nrtndo wrloltrrft
3.3 nodura oblonosta !firEudnal.r ANs fidld'aiqa tdlJ rfdrfiir mr$rah n2l'liu
rioa ua:ulu6udnet reflo( rir 'to
u1.rliii flr
ndu o'rtiuu
Q t?ru.rlgr (brain stem) . pons + medulla + nidbrain d'nfiunr|o.lQmhsratTlfiiru ui.h c€re-

brum $rhalubrlu orqrf,udrrnn iqqrdou aruCirdor qainnrnuJdutu m $-ofia1uai

lninNr}!dlrd!.1
O r$d.lmart! {cranid news cM n d nrt!ffirin n,rlfdn (sensov nerve
12 r z e) {i
duildlnrr {i
(momr neoe - s 4 6 11 12) 1.tio!duins.!r"un11!Fnua:d{nt 6undtnJr:61r
ec! (E @d nerve - dd 5 7 9 10)

iid*r:nn,6a
1. di 12 s ulu sensory newe irniil n,n uocii!.liiunr:rt:ldr nrudrd'u
2.dd79irldernail
3.di346d?unqoninnl
4. di 10 rn?qnbd{r'or *ru{i r tuqna{rlr.rmqn
5. di 37 I 10 riudrno.ll:u! para6ympathetic d! di 7 ua: g rdarrlun,}rrd\lraru
6. di 9 10 11 d.rrn:ilaovou Forliu?:io.tiirrn:oondb! nr'tn6u
! bftrnd.r n:qfliniualo.t fiorir.ruontiud:nr n"r.rhriuAnn nluarrtiltrnnlt
(6Dtnal cord)
(cenua canaD ld, r*rlaroruajhduldr dT udunulq:Jfitdo ihlutiun dorsal hom i(duJlldln
lt{ura'rijuoanur liun:"!nu! (dorsal root) iluirfiirttif,n ii'roedrlr:s'rm?rrf,uro{rhMria
tll]rjlgt,ntlnu! (dolsal root ganglion) d?uin6iN6!n venEal hom ilrnd1! (ventral rcot) d?u
d{rnr*runari r;a-rnrarufi
s€nsory nsuoD 1u:rnutluarcr:d.ln::ugtlllr'ulri association neuron + d!o{ r:o
association nouon + motor nsuron uiodif motor neuron tatfi-td hduviitodlun::qn
{ura-reuiurqn{undrdanrfoi 2 trhrlu C'rfunarqrurroq:tcr:roiJrtdurhdurd.lvlo
inur io{6rrirn'irfu+ldbilaurdob{qrft
 tritpobr n'dor n€umn

unl9ols s€nsfy n ('!n

Q r&nl*rrnbfrnft Gpinal lerve: sM i

31 d f,o no 8 on rz or 5 nrlrut$iu s uayiuru
1d Wdfirmri8nxNflnuu u*rdlnr:nrqrndr is0l
mixea oepe rftwn

CNI tln9utlnelJR
CN II liltatalnltoul
CN Itr *.rrnrftlnnonnr
CN TV d.rnr:lfnaonnr
CNV iunrrriidne, ni:D!
li'rnr:ndurioildrdtn
gN VI &nr:lfnannnr
CN VII lU tgtlfil
rii.rnr:ndrlrio#ldlsrr!f, r.nii
tla!tDltulalu
CN VItr Iu tdtNrncnrr:.t
CN D{ tuldndu
5,!nTfl notr00g8!t0!u181ll
linndhudu uamru$nqrndolsn dosrlo,r
dsnn#nouol ua:iaon dolrfos
cN )tr drnr:nsvou un;ndurdoflunly.i
CN )(I &n,llnriurdofidu
sN 1-31 lunfl uflnuacd.lrn:ne'urdo u:ru tr drir
Q sl.ls ikrn:n::rfud#nrrq C f,ondurioeru dlraormruq Cro.r (vohmtary) rduDntrruanrl
uriurrfifrn'luqllri}i (involuntrry) litr reflex acrion idugirn::qnnnrlnuralorn,r: riodnrnlfi
naruiurn:r] sNs i motor neuron 1 nari arrdo ::orni1f,6o acetytchollne nurinoru{ii
c!rebnim
(f rus d'.rnrrm;{w-oriu&ddnruqrhld nju ind'urdsrluu olu?:rnulu dolrri1!.1 $'rnluRrl
lili (invotunarv) rfiglj?rlrtJ 2 1ruufio pamsympathetic ri! sympaoretic luarnr:n:siufii.r
ANS ftdaruuuiNfii motor neuron z nari irtfulnruirmdrl::arndsubsurldlio!fiu$ad
d::nrryn"dtuurldrinuh l]llfis'rr Gundrltl1lr1ndiluii (autonorntc ganglto!) 6rldo rvd'
!1liio ac€tylcholioe n! norepinephrine iuunal.lolflmuttlo{n!l!5ura{
symparhedc nevour system iqudnarr'hdiua-s*rlonu&pr lu ::srriolhuu ddu
niud'. ruurJd !iir:6111-.roqlndll{uun-ronun:or lau nrugndurua\ acetylcholrne tt,ritn']u
tlndiaa.runo.r noreplneplrine
parEsympathetic neFous syste!!! i6udnnrririrunl]orrl'uh{urd'.cdrlrnr:uJuoriu 1a
r:arrrioultuu dur rn'jTdilulrld r r!a1na{oq1na'o?-u?!ri1i.r!1u lau oTanadrtrsarud.r
acetylcholine $4ioud!

+---lli'z1;\
I = SNS
2 =r s (p.6yrp.h.!c)
3 = r'l{s (.yn!6nd,.)
lt.r€F<\Iy
^ ^cn
xe I nar,,&,rou I-* -"*,

i-{'(il.,*----}* "*-.

rirunr ng $l
tallulAlll !u!r! u16T0uou rtu!1 n::nu ulaTtllnn La

$aot8! tnil ltlDttur6:mn

rdur5e tr:.! !n!t1 tljT
nt:[{1: dlld nllaoll !uu\n'nu0!oTm: n::duntdosortt'rt
m!rm:idd11i is"turi'? xri? !?af,da'r?!
6',u t81U glycogeD UUU\q{U1' n1!i!q!!1iln$ii?
penjs ejaq ation erection
natti4{o ${aaon
adrcnal m€d]Ila nrllu
* adrcna.l medula 0nn']!q!ti?u't:uu symparhedc adrst6uruoltY{d\nrrir! motor neuon 1 ond
I reoex arc f,ot.tl:nr:nhsutav:rr ft(1l d?u reflex actior! ionrrnolauo!firflrh1th!,
ItilCrdulJil dlmlhubdllt,lf. ioillJsros finliror sNs dltilil! cerobrum unt ANs rdu
' nr:nrrqnuhdiaqnnr! (krc€ jerk re0ex) ii re0o( arc f,uqnlnrldud z uariio
SenSOry norllon + motor neUIOn
nr:f,nrfiiuiorufiuurnl relex arc arNiau 3 $s!i Fo
seDsoly neuon + alsociatio! neuton + motor DeuoDs
- au.l rlu n] \lwo{mle
n81lMolluu dolnNl n,:lo l,lu flau mrqlj! ntitunT Ta.1
O dllrieu.iuur:{ h{u$drq:d! reflex acrjon lr.lrrrn::qnarriou rn'ri$hnruriu rnrd,
cerelmm d.re:dlrn'irfnrunrndunq fi oriunuriurdru

! ln'ifiar{ riolrtr lrjiaru tmn uris:Fadiriun;iDudlo.!ui'l!ih:{rn-u mridurdrdulu}r;aru

{cmrclinating fiber) rdou:wir{nr citta
.!11.1
drunrui'ln'rrn'rbn
O qnidarian rdulanrrririr:uuri::srr ril
,lllll7Nllll {nerve nat) UlDlJfl.l llTt!f,{n t:U6 .€d€ ring mrv. grnglbn

::*nuulbu! dlrlfl"l
I
w,
rluirrolr-ruuurf,udu}J rilrJln4rruu
lcfi nd2lJna]{fi odrlDr o8:r&rjr;s'u14j
[Ul] ventml news cotcl On{il chordat€ i
r0! dorsal nervs cord drlrnl
o Ituolt u!! ldllnsiur6u iil:ulthrdlt
lllrfufuln 0aaaer trpe) idu:J::nrnlndriurl?riulr tlulnurlirfin tnerve ring) liudufvln
o ursudrnm ldr6or6r ri.r rou um riulduJrlsrrua:nuodnqjiru Jarati::u-rrJ::aur.r
umu (nerva nng) n?n nlr.tln riu{nflrjtrnr:qnduvn'.rioa.o#qn nlodv4 lladrtr;arnkqj
nrsn' nrnn
e dn'iin::4n$ud.r nriarunia{urd'rnirXlrrln neuJal tube ro.! ectodem lur;alroruilo
IA:rln(ullJUllllJlnulu venebrate,!01?4Julnlt{.!1lu s!8.!a:!u1!ltMn1luua!!toutun
lconvolution) !rndu a!o{drurfrln!!onr: cerebrum rcreirurrndu 6ro{d?unnr.![at
ollactory bulb r:nirXnaet lnurorir: verebrare drCroth.r ampNbian ,io m dloldluaa1.r
Fie6us:n?uqrm:lo{rfiuloun:r 6onir opdc lobe d?! cereneuum ra-r4f,luunrfu or frti
radadmla'f,lu 3 ii dir.t{! C},I lu:.inrua: amphibian ! 10 d d?ul! reprite dn'iin ua:
rnarnmal i 12 d
 t1 Dl]rlnu6.! photorec€ptor rcd & cone cell CN II
il
mechanoreceptor hair c€I] CN VIII
Lrmantrlu chemore@ptor olJaclory neuron CNI
{u Lrana:n chemoreceptor gnstatory cell CN VIL D(
llrrft d!ddn"r{ns mechanoraceptor i!'mmun'il 10 niit
'lA1a',l
IS: UtiUllT

qru${i th€Imoreceptor 'ld spinal newe

nruriurl, o pain receptor

t3
O dlolu2!fuus! (photor€c€ptor) erhqnnrlumrnlantiui : fu
1. sclera !ui!1 rliorudiul qjtlu[d\tiun mlrr widrwf"i.iarlon nfl.nm (cornea)

drlrinr$tra.t arrn:ndduu.irsld
2. chorotd iraon l6onrn!-1tiE !Ai"o.r

un:filainq (melalin) ilE{nl!

bliuntrhurndlul efi ctro-
roid n'irr,rh rtunri'ut1 (iris)
!tio.!!ir du? 1ur1 (puplt) ir
BA{r1T}rllAUnrl llens) llotJnt
}J ldrwrr:turur-odri, a

ans nruquna'rrrdoaostOa
rinord f, on&urdoulelni m
lUlUnmu!!.' nun81!r1r0?\ Un
nlaaruru'u rirunrfu rhniri
nuqrfhroumruioudutno:
[*:!eoin6o.niltor
3. .etina lnn.iirud{ 2 iJE$n Faltntiltlui.! (rod cel) brd.! liuund itdit !fiunrti
]r]da niunadl]nflu (cone ce[) rundlrdrio.ln.rruaqnn tfiualdnn'jr t nttlivm:ii
$ndittrti.ur1fl.r'i1$s!i? m?!l udnl{ns']!116!m!!$o!in:'luoi!rnn'j16!n fovea nel
ro!nar!r'uc-.!das!0.!nr.r1l-.n:rfildn drutll tratilriirtadiutr{.liiun-rt'loc (blind spot)
ol u{{tntllun u tlllltnn
O $adi urj{lnTh![t.rriun rhodoprlr rl'i:noufrrhiliu opsin fuol.rrirfimiiuedrtun rctinsl
rio!uar rtrao$vuunoanrlnn-u 6rriunl!lldrjt:fl]rd.:tlit cN I dolri!ualtlri\anr.rnlr'r
rhodopcin 6n#.! didsrmlrnr:rhlfrrrrhumc fiodopein qnldlhtrrreDriou {rlihfiulmiu
.orioa retinal fifourhtiuluLanruaanorr6u
Q ondflrmurfinnrlua r:dmnfl:ir,u iodopsin d. ?rior!*l
3 nindfi.!fir ;0 l?ioduri.! iurrfitr m:driur rionndtr lrru

rds:!0iqnmiftliufirlrulrioir l uhtiuo.r riu riu rond

it1 tirFn nlfi r0ul:nrruond

s F rjor I wd;r d'rurlnuu*r

sda$ i2ltYuiuiilaud
re!!*t rsi sldddburl'N
(6uspen6ory lrgam€nr) uB:ndi'ltdo

F
$JDlr!tlinlna darnud (ciliary muecle) d,rlum:r,r tduliot:.ttiti1
r.1u rtl't!fla1! t!a$tna!1n uofnlnlt8ud
na0{ ma1t:u'tnhl

|t ! r1u-{n-uant1oofllih 2 d?uililo.r!$qtd?u}Ynttrud.l
s l{ ul'ns{

ur0!0ttltntnn

I hmefuidrurinruus,rrl::nouCru 1) nilenol 2) mld :; lorruarhqnr]

Q alriarlnlmurdar:Fn
1. 61tn1f! : raudl6rurnlj rlomluonnlul1 rhtiarnnnriolr:iur dodduiunldll-r
2. ffiJrnllt r raldlftrioril liorwuonnrtu fitiarwrmd|rr:fiur riodd lirraudrlu
3. s'rllrr!6u{ : firm:annr$lohudhiadrnrs do{dwdrnvnsnn {$ttdmund2u)
4. donl:m : nt:rntluJtal
5. t'ot! : tio1lo,llxo?t!,1?nlienniqtf,! .rtn,.l
6. iordo iofl : ilir - mn.r2qnn.tlruni:liou
Q qnin rarurrll ! eye spot riu photorecepor druiti,JriurufonJdr ut9lu'Ntrl riuu!se'r./
im ::nsurfilftlunr:radollm.nrn"rlChdu
 !
t In$r

I rl.{

o = i h5r c.r o{'1is

= rhin'n'r.dut0r
'

e !r 'loonriu 3 d?u f,o

r. rfuuoa ilurl binna) u8::I (auditory c€nal) u'rrdu' rllirdour?r1 (ear &um, tvmpanic
mernlranel iuri.mduuondudlnar{aanrrni! trsld1ltiultrdu{ 13 - 17 lYh
z. !f,lnmr inr:qnr1 s'8'u 60 iou (rnaleus) n".! (inc!s)Ina! (siapes) idlu!mu6]! 13
ni1 irioqdrttliuu (eustachian tube) !elQ!TTd0{!$ian (gir slii) 1ur!8!!o!:J{a d1u
rJr-unlud'uao'rdoq do ltrr4da
s. q&lu ! cocmea rhltirludlN ua: s€micllcliar canal d'lunl'lil f{d0'!{i1'!nl!umll!drx
rlh cN v[
Q rn:5lrdrn riordu.rntnurdourirr3ua:n::1n1 a i'u na\wrdtm4nddaudul{'xrlna niou
rtwurrftyrymrnfuriu.ttJ1ztl1u 7? - 22 Mr nrlfun:rf,om:nh}Iu coct ea ddlalsnrsdt"r'l
'lu rdom.ruardul:rfloutnhlf rrair ceu dleionr:s:tiolli1{n::ua r:ml aur:tlf6urdudu
d'2.rn?1lld 20 - 20,ooo Hz u8!n?1!t-.1 0'120 dB

Q nm:rl'r s€mictculal canal tt{ 3 ioatila.rt s2oqj n'lar.n:ialoonduntuh; (ampdla) d'!i

hau cer a{n1ufu mrmdor.rlm !6u{n-? nlufr vlolundst ctnh1tft,olrunrllal:lun:nu trair

cell un!di1'!nl!l!d t:d']r*!t1il CN Vltr ldufir

Q ofor;irrdnur:rr{fd! vertebnte
rinriuoi!.dulufrfi uti senucircular ca.n€l ualldrduntNdr (lateral )lne) ft 6u'l
. amphjbian !fi{ll'lutru}?{Mlu
- reptie ua:unin1uritr4ui'r'lrJ n::qnr$rfirs I du
- 1ur4r-'rriurona-nuairiutonr:,lu manunal (d vqi) viull
 qn
I iniiun'ru onrirJ::ortfundi (ofactory neuron;
d1:Jir.ruur lipotar un: a'to deDdrite fi citia
cNt
gi]lnllufflrld, nrlh cN I dr.ur.lnrrnlndt
nrfi1ir
uJlalonau + Uloql{n + o[€ctory
rion
nouron + CN I + olJactory bulb +
nnrriurr"a idonrrnqrldoqqnun thlf a- lurrnandu

cllla njnallnutt numlnuJDttu

a!
I urdula fiurlliiu dliiriuiJid (taste bud) $a]Urj! hrjli$o.ifurd (susErory ce[) d0
lpapilia)
n"uttad rld'ru 6ioLnqa.rslrnrnunnii.:b.rsidu r:illnn::ua r;a1ruh cN v[ du cN rx
{!furdi 5 !0r6a n?1u u [i'ror ril uo::aqlri triu:olniifitnu I- :aaourao:llunnnr
*r Ford!o{urra6) trur4l"'tlltjirn^!]ulnal./ri..!.I!o.rdu d'l1J

]- L"lu'n
O.r

u/u\",
irrfi
(l lzznouhu z 8u
1. mr"rdrnir (eptdermis) teirul,]e1nfurda eaoa"r. itlnltj rlnlnrlun.tT]liu ?allnrnoi
2. ut-.tr.ti {dennis) nirll-ludurio mesoderm iiolrt-rio da ln]lJ nodnfiwu unonGon
dau unlialuth:sltliJ{let'o n2lldu a?1liol F,}.]ltr'u rar
O nludr:6.niJn11lJiu 1no{L!nn drucllrrcYlorldrlqn ua:tirroiwrdunejau riLuntrijr c:!
rJar! r:flnlrnnirdbia:dandou rdrlCrtril

ooo
I raitnr ttornoe) f,oa-niatr.rrrnriallliio (eudocriDe ghnd) rdordornu*l rfionarirl::arn
ur'ri un'rdrrdt n mltrdldai iflsiositr?t!f,lvrnu (target orgaD) d?ltiorditlo (e'xocflrs
ghnd) q!ftiotldo!*r:drltlalrdl rdu rhriou rim rharu uio rhrCuloql

I ooiTlluda:ninirur]nldrrlrhrutl.r|arilrliloontf,ir 3 thlutl
1. th;u (!€!tide hornone) f,oaofuudoubd ua! glvcoFotein io LH, F$I, TsH HcG
2. steroid ldMloihuMa ua:m{Iurrn a&enal con€t<
3. amine liffi thEoid hormons (thlrotdne), adienaline, Dondrenaline u8! mela@r n

Er:*'riu dnl€sierol thyroglobr. in

niNn'ru RER Sm ua: mitodrordria Rm ll8i lysocome

$n!lnl] Golgi body m! simple difusion simple dfiusion

e)(ocyloelg

drqri{rhlu uu!!0Iut!n8 h cytopl""m luirurfiua

netnoonqr# udulhffilur rai mdulirlri ot'ta r$dmfrti DNA
arrlutlari &nl;ifurir .wnCIthf,u

Cl riD f'ldlihui-rrlu (e€sontial endoGioe glad) i 3 tio! f,o

1. paraill)rold glard n'ruuyt'll1l1n yrg rh$nn'rltdolhuln"lvnr mft us:f,nnr:qn
2- i-udou i'lgttt:1:!'ti tn$ in fln p-ceu lu islets of I-angerhans th$l netaboli6m nD!
nqlnnljf Goaulmrr mtrghFnrini
3. adrcnal corlel( tnutttL;lra auosterone rhlriirlnruduelqolosfrua:nfioll :-Flrn'!!60i
gaal mrrduanth
O hypothalamus
*iNoo-f,llrL::yn (neurdroftsre) ctnuaailJfitrin
:neuosecretoly cell) urjdri z nrll
1. tH nlo RH
(inlibiting honnone fio releasing hormoDe)
riaalr{udrr:a.r6!.tiirtlvaonr6aebil'oior
lialo.rdlni.r rn:fi u-au1uf.rl.r'iolldslo,r
drunirtdsaoi&lrir.r1 rdu cnRH n,r:rir
n1't,& Cr,, t:FH m:{urn:xd'i mH tirrnll
2. oxytocin nlu ADH
ut0d11.!ua?1!ollitJ.!n?utga!i!i1:61n l li! tfr
aou}{nro.rdeuyn_.r

Q riorliarosdrlnrir 2. niH {tolicle stimulating hormone)

(anterior lobe of Dituitary) lu{tru nrr4"u senoli cell [o!nl:dii!
riuriolliriodna".roo{Lruarurlwiordul o{i (spermatogenesis) 1uq'nr!.rn::{unrr
1. GH rd! sIH rqiruia.r folicle luf,r}j linir.rao.ibu
(growth homone $i0 somaroEopln) estrogen t!a:m!dl/ meiosi6 1lo{ ooc}'ie
fieom;{uilnrulna rorn:n::nn rilfir.l 3. IJt t!:o ICSH outeinizing hormone r-r30
nrunlrX6lln d.rm:r: l:J:6urir.r1 riil interstital cell stimulating hormone)
::n"unflnalu6on fuftru n::1'u Leydis cett lu'airraoftu
" foul rdnrlrduua.x (dwarfisrn) fl$4j tesrosterone 1u{l{.rn::{urnntiuo:
ii mebbolism Artlne 1 i6u6i1.!tiou nl:dfi! coDu6 luteum inirtaoillu
r.hnrnni raianrrrnltjld (stninoD,s di- progestercne ua! esFogen u ab.l
seas€) * 2 + 3 6un gonadotropm n;a cn
urnU r6ne:ilnrl*.rfu qi (glgantism)
" 4. prolactin (PRl,) n::q'uoioutrudrinir.t
n1wlr:inr:lnlrldrurdl n:ru rri.r ii uluu
trqln (aaomeoalv) 5. ACTH (adrenocorticolropin)
nr;{r adrenat con"x !fud.raoilrlulna
rat13 coriisol un:n?1!!ff;urd1!1lo
n r:q"u rrypottratarnus titd.i RH !.tn:!E'!
ACIH Id
 muros&r.to.y cdb d iypcncrnu3

FSH/LH+ o-onr,r:lti
sao iioi'loo PRL +
irrftr nx r tx
ACTH +

TSH+
ADH + rdruli
oort6rl0r loDo --J-
I nroalaDisir
l- qy16a16 * ;61j1g1
nftlrdoriur:mhlrtr-

6. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) e pi!€al gla.nd

nrrft rio moorl*ri.rtoJlu ttryroxine riuriolrf, urf lnr:ni{ssilrtrdrri"udrfu ua.rd

7. eudorphin ! !fu n'r'r! ri:J:12 n filfl nnm!fiulrdrJl Ina lusuooillu[tl:ilndu

unuu".r!f, u6'lt
rl'uu*r nqrnsN6u€rd.lao ilrlurlrfl 6E
a'r:!aie 6a811i!d!n,),l!{'1,
melatonin
do r:arrluarto.r6ni2u
8. l[SH (me]anocyto stimulaildg hormone) n't!nlurnnr11{n1u rl8:llllu{01lJ2!tllluq

n 1!il'!n']:f,+rl1.!m"nq melaninhr$addn
rlr*'nioldr6nl;riur,rqrtiuamri, n'j- ni
O thyroid gland
A (melanocyt€) nhlfdA, !,fufi.I
uldolltriobrlqatarau o{n:rqnn::t6on
Q rio irrordru{s
(poGterjor lobe of pituitary) 1. tbyroxirc

I!lttt!lltlD oilllja']! €rxon .nn neuoseqe- llolahurfluo.li llnou 8i1li1n thlroid

tory cer 1u htpothalamus liDutoilrtu 2
nr:{xn:vdrli! TsH flndorii
folicle

rflnin 6!ti!aD.l 60 alo.ldruuir i.)llqlldil't meta-bolism

go\iNmu unlnrnie if, ulnlnstolt-l!90.r
1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

n5o vasopressin n::ftn'uqnndurhi

n!o!
ria$ r n uo:nl1frnot!fionut{$ttn >> riou'll hyporhyroidism) 1u6nrrfiu
qnriru lurnrGonundu fl1'trld'rltFon lndrun:ilrgrx^dou (creunismt lu{b$
6l<.rdu u:.rn'uaonfu in6annnol r:ruiou.iru druq idowr aeruirtdor
(myxedema)
>' rioub rlrlnfuoonbJurn riuturin
>> hypedhyroidisn) metabolbm
g ']lnl
2. or{ytocin
n'ritlrnn'lrlldo6!rr$ad1 f, alirnqn il orrn, nrdruil my,<ederna tn(ooon

t?t2nlinot ulDtll0ll'llla!luullallr Eioql{ Rulnll lnuo?u rlunnE aluJll

u!qn ie (toxic goits0 ur\n*orcrhltin*Ju
t"?! {e)(optbalmic goited
 frrnloloiufrfr$i rsg r,rd.rrna:lr
" rrr1r"1! (dlabet€s mellrus) rfi nln'qrnno.r
lnuin$.r tnyro<ine lrild rfiliaolnfir1 a'tltrl s?uuonmlnnTltl'?fl lnsulrl
tf,uLnnonon (sllnple goirer) vri\rubf, :li'uoofl!filrlnfllirinrqh
2- calcitoniD 6orlFi{{0{ d?ltJo!finn1fl p-c6l 1o.!{
df'tle'tn c-cell ltio parafollicular cell fiaroliinlnf, filf insdm luGoniirio!
n::funm*.rlau -rlrru ca" fudondurn
fir druorrsfu ca" h6on hascar'ti q
tlnrlgn (dldrrnnl n:lqnqnurld) rlo
rhlihua:rhldqrdl cal rioaa.r

O paEthFoid gland
,iE
porathFoid hornorc, p€rathom@e (P'nn narrr"lfrtrnirdh
nr:{unrra"{nu/lmo ca'?' ludoafion*r 2. glucagon
drrrfiu;n"u ca" lu6on lnunarltlnr:nn diNern o.-ce[ drurill::d'uirnrnlurisn
(dllstrrnhrniinr fl inl fi orhlrilnrhrrir'ld nunl:rnMn!ll4j1]n'rr!u0a81u glycogen
6ail ca" vrnfrr riuqlaa nrrrnaaifuldl !ea$:l:
e:rfi uliir calcitonin F"ITI mliiliud oillui'rdrlfhhr.rrirfr riu, fi!6t
a rdu
fr.ruirutrhnr.rneuql lrnr! ca,' glucocorticoids, adrcnaline m! cH

'> ca" rioutl 6aa€u6tffr ro!a!D.

.r
o de!rurnlrfi&on (adrenal cortex)
ondnn::qnlu6.rnra1C *fiiaolfuu steroiO S nril n::{Inu aCTH
>> ca" mnl 6on[Sll"rlil notlouo,rdl nouduo.rsionrt:mlunlu xwgrr
Q ludon 1- glucocorticolds
riutlioliriosit.lJrdou ua:do tiouino d! corEsol fi?uq! metabolbrn !adu:i!
Blets of langerhans diNooillu 611llll!liln $8!11,!u lilrt:niitrltlnlu
1. insulitl rson1aueir.tduonn rnoli fi I
6i1.!i'tn P-cet d,tunolrC'rurrar nh r6on >> rlnliJ J'u1Bd.! o'rlq lruh dou
lnunr:ftticl ua:ndrudofu nqlachJriu u:.r u rnnldlnrl{u,n{ loushing,s 6yn-
ruu glycogen ualm:lutnlt8atulNmu drome)
:'un$nntJfinrdnuuralar:d'u roaii 2. mineralocortlcoids
iauhl rf,uurlmu rirma4r lnldbi
"
'lii rl,ltria.!firndl rdufillul!
ldu ano$erone mufp.rdrJqnrihualuiorq
d{ .iou Sr'lnlilnrhrfu Ha' rdr n-u r oon frfi
d1inlloDnll (rduusdrtrn! un: tebne imor16onunlnrld'l6onqldu
lodies) 6onfi dun:n nj'lfin11.!1unu-n 3. lEillrtrlni (sex hormone) ir-Fl!1rufoll
n ir#airqrns:-ar: un
 rt riraolLurrn adrenal cortex tioul prcg€ateroDe

i:r1nd!qsto.!;hus!rn6o u'i ldarilu n'Nrirm"u esrrogen 1'frtft rnqnlurlion

lorn:nin ni alld'ur'itiufun:r0fi.! f, .rdr udrir'lriinr:fi 'r*raorolu{ordluaqn
nluli (Addison's djsease) r:rqnoonlrtiurh:Cr6o! (drensEuation)

Q iel|nurnlrfdu (adrenal meddla) * 6'run:ua:i ririlrtrriouitiatraigio ivio

nfNao'illlt] amine z lia f,o noradrcnaline Orn
(nor6pin6pbrine) fi.i adr€Dtltne (epinepbdne) drr u:nihioqa".r Hcc (huean chononic
n::riulatn:ul'rrnrr drulf,
sympathetic gonactotropin) to'i{vnnounrrtlriolmn
ra!dro'!d0n1?!rn:urd!ndu uiona1?l f,narr: r'1t lilirdiou IJl lurnra.r corpus

aful'u rdu auth tra'irfluf ulltrirr:os{:o luteum (d{gfi{ progestercle trai e6togen

rft qas rhlri::du!na1u6ot{.r metabolism r]TN4u"alrain) dNtrd{:nd1tnl0n{nt esEo-

q.rridrui'r6r nlrniunr urrlerari u,n: gen ual plogesterone lilo,l
d{n1:ilrl:'lu l:6'ttl sympathetic 6nC1! Q riol&uir
Q o'on: ds tb'mositr lr.ttttn T-cer i.rrivaoilll
qnnr;{'ulna rsH niu ttt odr.tsrirram do irirndu:uulliq'ud'l
riuxli! FSH eln'ttiu sertoli cell ua:m! la nllrn,:o1t'ti
siNd?o{i d'tu LH r!n.:du teyog cel !i x*! gasttn nitdurnfld.q Hcl mahdorl
nir.too ill]u triatro (andogeDs) tdu testoet+ Q drllriadrl duoaeum
rme uauqudruo:tralru rf,i aecrettn lrn! choleo/atobDln fludu

O iold m:qlnr:rdrdrdoa rlrf, ual mnCo. rio

qnn r:{'u1cu FsH d! ul otir ristirrslo rjororvrmiinrir{lrirld qfl aa:r6unlutio.r
riur.r'rou fiou rioriuaT rsu rlrn:{ulf mtdogoltrll
foricle lrlruriiaur:nnld {toltrcte irclldair.r Ol"
estrogen) lnln::riu moiosis llD\ oocyte ri.t erythropoietra nr:flilntglialr'r
*u LH mrttrlifrnld (ovulation) us:n'{ri rinrdsnun riordardo'irrnrr'ld'iir o, oaa.r
fol]lcle r Cs!!i! corpus iuteum (dlnir'l rdurdallo$uitrr $loii6oiDonrnn
proge$erong du esiroge! dou'l) * oaJlurdsrda tissue hormone) !rc1n
sstlogetr n::nms dr'ld tn rar
nruqla'nlrortrarrll rh1fi rrft lnqnuur dou
un!rf!utQn

I aailuvxdlouufirirqurtthulu tdu insulh an, :firlmqluldot ui glucagoL GII gluco-

conicoids, thylo,'<me, acltenaline ua: noradrcnaline riilr:duutrnrnluGon yttt tfitt'td'l Ca"

lu6on ud calcitonin nnr;6'u ca" ludsq, nolatonin ui:Jd{mrniQlo{ottn:fii ui gonado-
tropin n:ldln, : taiqloso{ur:ttrn !i!du
tf nr:ar4rrnrlrd.rao&l rhli a G
1. De€stive fe€dbadr &ttari!runlorfinns 6r:ftf.rrrn'dit rdu
- 'I'ttH nrlriu rhyroane rlddoii tnyoxine r:dufi rsn ::fiuooilrru#.roolfu61*r1
- FsH rn:ilti icb nlqle:aix esrogen dai escogen fir:nn FSH rorl{
2. poetdve feedback rtriilai'hrJ to!fiifls fir:ikrwriurrmd.r riu
- oxytociniundrlrdorolriouhul rhirdnrrqnllfu:naiuli oxpocin r*mn*r
- euuogso d$fitnnbd"lrd!fudolnnl.rj n::r$ri r,u qudnuo:rllnnr:rnhlCurinlr
3. /l!1r!fl1!ii1u6a. ldu
- nqlaalraionlnd,r tnsurn un;ooilluirfr!:lc'uu'rn.alu6onorh,r gtucagon
- Ca'z' tRoriom:nd.r ptH uo! catqloDD
-
urdtoonfuin (rjllrru]r) irndonrrra",r eou
4.n2uitinu:lrjuUrd td!
- ooiluJ::srrqldodriam.rdrwfi
- pine€l gtand qrl1iuudrflatrirl1
- lAJ! ::m'| symfEthetic n::rfu aOrenal medula

! ludn'irSoar'llrdll{lan mehtonh n:!tu naanin lrinuril rhlihA?r1.!n! !a: MsH nr:ri f

i
melanin nl'a'tud? nrlfidrrfldu ddlJ amptlbian thyrodne ri?! meramoDhoeis td! l,tn
qn6on norudlnua-rdtfir
Q ilzfur gheromone) 6$.!r.miD!!rio iroriodr.i spectes 6u,rnlJilw.linr:rilrqra-lin!1
hr'ld e tn.!f,0 nr fil lnir itl:cla irdu 6sqonrnn:sthr thrn! dDtlryu riu{gqnnrhn{ol
lurfu:i rnr unfiarh.rriu
rn fi u ril uorldyrl: r6urnlil:fu uirjriorJi'uoon!r
queen substance alnl]1\rirul [ar royal iely einillru drulnn.xulJ.tnli.t
- FrlonarsFu#rr!u riouil:fuuoonlrfu1an-r{doq'lnn{fireaur-u{
- ntd?fi u(ririn rdo.rrrnlinduilnsrr:lo.rr.rgn-r{

ooo
I rqlrra (behavlor) riunlltouduD.r (.esponse) doli'rr5rm.rlis!trhlJuuurfh ndif u
lmtlsd i! unldr,t rt{iitdoUihluu :!6Tuar:r-[-rdo!liio lwrrinnlnlo
li.tlil + niruirmr$n
(stimulus) (rccepto.) + oeneory neurcn + CNS + motor
Dsur@ * nhu ltntm (effector) + nqlna:rl (D€haviod

tf nqlnra#irnndrfrtor (jrberit€d b€bav- 3. ftde:< : rD'rjguo!,ioi{r:hrYuliuono"rurr

ior) drrnrnuqi.roonrnlClnaLjdorriuli lah rdu mrn::lnaruir{l nrerr lo
sp€ct€s drnftntfiltiouriu fi uuuuelurj nnlunrnarerrlnm
uouto:l rlun FAP (flxod acuon paEem) 4. cbafD ol r€de'@s 6dnndriDrdD{) : Mr!
uJufl t!'nlnnuqmilJ[rum6Q liqn nqlnr:lrjoaiordadh.r doirhrn:{ruql
1. ld!€si! : nougr]o{auflnyrrnr:rndsrfl nr:rduu:ne:n::{urqin;tliol rin
Udu{udfilnidldr rfil ron.pun'im: nledu rln rilurriosnlllnlr
- m:r!riul'irufr{rJrtrriarrnlson rhriuf lilrlsda'liqrfl lardiririr{au
crnt}itourior{olufi n co !fir:lur*! un ua: rT tdu rmf{tnrnd
- uirrlui'rnSlau:lldrluduft ui
rft m trdlrid mrinli[E:nnld nr:rdarqn
rdounlui{qirhllou riou mrdrudo miio{duoloi $n fl1r
- uleff ut{iuljyiud&i.r nofl aihrh onunuslCris aldrdor2Da u:N4!f,n
fin:o{f!1dnn"n lg unun:umgiNft m::onuwunin
2. t rdr : flimflidotl'l{urfuirlufi ali.rrir rHnrnrnqnurul
rhllllanmrlnrilrfirH rdu * odentation tonmorJduD,!dtieeiu
- retmriunlo ua.ruhndoud rf,u'r uar nlgnltltn0 lt/lD{tun11!$llJ1!gunun11
- ruorurerfirndouliosnqrnua.r d'n.|f,lt !ir.t taxis, kinesis
- ur n?{t'nQn llJo ttttt] Iqll!
- fi rdonnrriu0lnrlirdoirfilrllu
o nqlfl "fl tlfi ifl nnrculli oeamea *nav- nr:nnoo'rdarm:riu* r{rdlri! riodn
ior ri'uqnirrid?unirqlti1.! urimr udnlaon uo:nr;ti':ririi.rrlrtilrislh d'ruludo o
rQnra{ mfi unTlllurJlllnur:{'lmflrl $!1ttl9fl ltttfl ulrl!ll1(8'l
1. tlabituation : rluufjrrrrorjrrouauo.r q. aiat a enor (aa"rinoo.rqnl : riuufiruJr
't flih;Lriftlaa6nil rdu rqln::rin'rdlotirrdrl l fufudiu
- urrrhnnirrerrmlo.rilu rul't fln ddnifir fifinfirr&idi i'trriD fi
- lnnu!€nna15.!lluufl1u91 'lrltfibirh urrnd'ilrdndnili r r
sT

. unrauu'lit:rtlu!rnt1:t{1uunnlt{lu - souirilnur{drnr:r ua'rliJm riu:rs{a

rh1nu rfufirrh uuuuzuld rloul
- !n6nnd'?il.r'ldn'r . |'ln!oulllrulllnuqlrlrtr!l6ueuuaala!
- nu!inraurio{erurul6o!i'ur]'].lo'rn1n . rinnoriuruhl ful,ulrio'loufiLJfilin
2. impdnting (nr:ide) , rfinduldhnari . 1{r6a6ulunrioqJtrr r i'ul$dltlil
firui rtun dNltr.ln {critical penoo d\ ntrtru ituntltluunului]ut]l]
tnnl!rurl'ln.uqmflr e{n1n!nl:url{i{ - lllriulurtl'llni ll1{uun!Dlrllilooq
nr:irhudr rdu n"ufrrnir nrll
- ull9{mEUalu!!a!alrnsulll't1!llllll!u - nr:dnr.:nnkfiud! rlo o:l:dnrfiu a'.r

rfin urr:irnduli u:r:muiuud'fnudouurior

- tllttiutllJllta{lr!$a{in
- uniaa rfuuf,nr:ior uinwor{s
q0.!n:nJl]lt.!m l$lun[8!unnnnat!auul
rinrlmrnuriua:dol1 l.rriurqfi n::$1
n1 lXOqrT rn!{{ ua:uti.!00nnllDnu'rn l'

dtll\t ltUT:A! !ciidtllttlt{d?nlnU

tlittllt (a:n,]L ltlnd!n!lnuitu tlll?trtilfi lrriirr{!intl!
3. condtddtng tiftda1 , rltrujfir:rjrlir r,ta-!!inn0\ na lu
ao!qnrq'lt n&ua'ririrjr
r'1fl!(oul], (conditioned stimulus) aouue{'lta'Ilntul 1Tit9u0u8{ n!mrt
ld fur{uddlla.! lildLil rtrDr&i (uncondi- 5. realodrg (drnqrnl riunr:r3uuidu
'
tioned stimulus) qrqr slnrorir:merlfitunrrniluodrrr
un;toriNrdlmfl oar.lla.lm aor{ ufifl qrrliurlunirurn lnulrjdo.rnosla
A : o1t1t !'tlt'luTa1ll l 6 ao\Qn !d!
- ttlr'ltnalt L! l$R i!unIQrlll]{lrlj::r11!
c :orrrr + n,:ih -+ liflalulf,s ' ilirunuiornrisrdom"uur'oriundruf 1

n'rdrrio c lj::ucl.rd'r ueT !h-

D:nt;{ + u!1f1oldxa
 g
e
P

_-
k-l F ;
.!"3: - i
J:E:;I:EiEE 6

qrnnl uusnnr'l*ir
drud,
r€esonlng
r. a:rududowouqirmrr ulJnlr
i2_ruu'tn'tr!oll;Urnj'tt{1n
nTift lll 2. taxie qni kinesis r;riululn:flaC
!'rnqa
ahaln ot rell€xe3 g. driftlrhualruorlfnrtu renex
4. chain of refle)< tr!unqoluu!4.!
r6iex s. nrrrlurfrlut:uirual
o. nT :ldu1eerilludrir{u.rqnft u

lexis u uarru 6 qnlunu

| ruliarrrlrndrrri (socral behavlor) fionr:doarrraldn'i fdw0nrfiordlua:ritdn ! a i6

1. ti, ldu nn{arna.l!]u, unwhuriuvnq
'I1|
*16r lourfiulrrnna! (rouno dance)
z uuu
uon'irarrrro4lnd rdutiurnlu:Jn (waggle
dance) ttondior$To{lna
riouni{nr'tnurnrdlifulJtn
o{flntn ua:rn t
i.-#A ,,'
z. drn rdu qrua:iirin:ru"udn ulonulo! drtl
a arfuri. ruilriiarurqn. lamrai*r{iaddou
a*ldnaldlq.rnrorr,tl 6rrn echolocabon
3. fufd rd! rrrrdu rn{iruianir, udnonqnrhlfqniiriinurnlrdf,. qnunlf,r:loulnuri.
Br umi nn uoudfuirfiriub{ u1ulnh{s
q. rnran dlr1lu) liu m doodltl1{othdim.t. vtndlonotsutt:tlttto.cfi], dt{anar.!6uxlo

rxs.rdlu aiouf,
T
rlllitin$itfl d1!
O f,!{nt0ido! 1:noun'?urdordo (tisgue) us:iurio! (eEhyo) dllriudnffu:tll|i'l1ufirilu d1r}iij
ilianrfu riiorirollnr'lttnrrrtnrlr,:01rlnr:u stlalissnr0u
r. rfider€q (meristem) rfurdordoialn:nu rnadlCnnorfln trj.coont u
t.r riordonlqliri{frnarnl6qrtuLfirlm (pdmary g[owth) rhlifir!16fir1
- rfirdenfudrtllmu (apicst merisrem) ruflrrn nlofluon
- rfitdor€qrrirfr (inrercalsry merislem) riuroyir{lfdurdulrCurrwiln rhti
uln: dorrndt
1.2 ldoldontryirllffinnr:n3rgriulafiiiao.r (secondary growth) rhl{iulfiurunnn
a-rudr drudul
rilodor€qfnrihr 0at€ral merist€E, carDbium) i 2 !0160 colk caDbium ur!
vasculai canlbium
*ftbrdni rfu gymDoaem etift aucal meristem m! csnbium
fthldutdur e uui apical neistem unrlt u[€rcalsry morisism riruisq,rnrl
(!n6rl i.r!'rn{xrnnda, &nriHr di camlium)
rderdonrrr lpermanent rj.ssue) rrrt nett,d?l d1lrrnujsrtndlf6n {ur{uNn&6d,lrn:o
uldur0l rneristen l rfluad ::nourdnrolfit irnhiirsln"uhl ildrirXlo
z.r rdrrdoir (epid6mis) riuhd?lJuon{in0,!fi! i$eduniuniin d! lrqliloitioiid
(epidennal c€I), !tn.ii! (Suard cel). oodril]:T (root hair c€ll) nlDolct duuilr$t
(mchone) $:D;D!ri-}!l
2.2 nrttdrur (parenchyma) fir,nhiulur ord#ryuaorft ?rlrnlm:uon rfdanela
uduuuioiodrrnar vacuob b4j uhntdurl lau parenchyma fli chloloplast oi
!flfiuarh chbrenchyma
2.3 iDsnulill1 (colenchy&a) n*-ru parenchyma uti{t&ltndn!1rril n11rlrl]M.rflljrr
r!na'lidrh!!uro na1d0.!nd0.!q!1filJlri.rris!$Iur1? fno{d'i^1n epidermis rld:hinu
luln riuru'ordoflfu'nll,ri.rurulfitbdrufru-ldou riu rirub rdunardu rirn'u
fun'rqn
Itrrondaur {sclerench}nna) rfinirdalrra rru u{rqa1 riuoaddmuudr ! z Ur:urm
lCuri
lrlulsi (6ber) uiruOar oqlu1a'nairrfrln'rra rdu drr'u fi.rejau lu inrudrn'ry
rmn'rgir f,orf,ur&Iarinfi! !d! rl1l]iiir] antrar (uqidulmrndn&:u:dil:6u
rdu 1i,!!)
lutDli {sclereid) lll.lntou UNn1{tlun stone cell !tr! nin]lrltll'll tllQonn2aal
tlr081ara'rnl

z.s rfi rdodrilwrh til6g.lthuatuiorqrrn:rndul oon tj::noun'ru

(xylem)
- nnrinir6rrrJr 60 ur:f,t ttracheid) ltnriurriu2? rlr:d2u lllqun'rurit udn:
narirlrionilrloaLi?,ltirudrlo{nrrrfu Ba: t?e$a (ve€sel) naii&ru{u1Jn::uon
!i?ri1ui!wqri0nl!n!i0uriotJ:: r rft aaruluttaddmum'? firllunn,.r
naddul n-o parenchyma d?u8!{:ra'tr-tt ual fiber d2adi!al!u6l[:.1
2.e rdodefi riulornrt (pltloen) Clt6ls1lardrlnidfi{tlli'lfldu lhrnoli,lu
- seve nrbe nember lt'ah !6u.!Dlrnt if'lno{trtidn1tl0lndtrslfrs $lldui.ir dnormr
nrnhfvqnaruqldru cel thli]uilolmN!3un sieve plate
companion
- companion cel iltn.iurjllali!6u?n-udu sieve tube msmber fto{findlrldrlo rhw:1fi
riuCrdullsl sreve lube member noudrutvfioun:d!nrrtirll i.tii, tniuo
asoriai
-
ueridul io parenchyma d?u6!d!o1tt'rl ua: fter d'rlltiilmrrlui'lu't'l
rft z-s ua: z.o drlunhrdorCodrrio! (ua""ul"t tio,le) diinlulss, liverwen. homwert
rir6nlra{iarlutiul-n.l 6un rltriodl6u.! {vascular bundle) lt"a'rtdt ttihuo:orvr:
luuurdr druJun urirrdu.rJrua:o tlnthrul:r! ld xybm ray rlo phloem rav dltitl
parenchyma b vascular bunde fi'l
* 10{fxlrioli1!6u.rudli1dfilaan (td! nlJ gymrcsperm) bt vessel itri tacheid
xylorn
d?l] phlo€m U! sieve tube menbe! m! compardoD cell tldilnaai6ln sieve cel
 n$$
Q n&urfinil rir:nol*tu z fu 6o
1. primary ceU wal otjitrlu middle lanel€ inltrondli cellulose, hemicelulos€, pectin
2. secondary cel wal o{nrfiJ cyt!6ol fi cel.lulose, heducelulose !.tnd!t in1:nonarrldnrrl
riruNlnuronr: tgmin d.rqndo$ndln,rla.ri satra.ru.n ldriuorJ r,16
dru middle lameua ulufurdolin::u,jtoadinie!,lc1n cell plate l!t!a! cyrokine-
sis rio.lnr:lu-krsad oi.rltne1n Golgi body un! pocin !i1t*ti'a!
f,u 1. un! mjddle
'!no!ei1u{ir
lamala rlur:rrulurlnnnri ud z. irorirllutlndddalmla2-ltutllr!
r0ufirny ln"uri 6bel sclerord tlacheld. vess€l

;:'#;fi;'''*'g5l
fb.r t .cl.ruld , F.ch.id

o
z. rillr,le {imuua'r
I r.r..f A,,-+

lriidoriur.*ud

Q uomrndrftlnrriruunrdoriiof,lrur:uusra d.rq !ldo

dafiroonulu
1. tdodoi1 {dermal rissue)
6#uuonqa ulo epidermjs dulo,l
Z, rl]0lu0A1r{!{ (vasc1llar tissue)
60 xylem [i! ph]o€m ! oelrur risa*

3. r ordodu ($ound tissue) E v6dlarl3jo

s(ound dstus
FEruotuou[48ot.!u][!10 1. l,t-o 2. I
o larnirlrrntn:ahiu rlnouC?u 2 dtd!,!4i.I 6o cortex druon) us! sreb (dulu) ddlrln
cortex 3!ni'N stele r:uau n:,:rhul'Ulvririld corte)a Itunt stele e:ni1!
I lmrrirorchrelrlatlriiqrn primary growth
ui{oonri! 4 drlqrndr.riru f,o
1. l]iiiau4rnnr,n (root cap) rf,u parenchyma $au1i2!fl0! u apical rmt meristem
2. ulntultsdidid.lurj{r"T (rogion of cell divislon) ull]llln 1lo.t apical root meri$em d\
rcriurlrr!irrir,Onurtrnrlnrrrri-uri-.r rlo rda rio nrr:rir.rlrlnduhJd'-utru
oBRdnmrfirllu1,r {re$on ot c€ll elongaqon) r'rlri7]niinrrrlurrrilfir
3. :llr,
a finogadiinrruJdluu n'rUrlrsthfrrom:ua:nlqrf,uhrf;ui {rc€oon of cell dlfereniia-
tion alat rDaturatioD) drlrirfia1a, .rnfi.rri'n{r{u,rurvri.rlririros:rn usuinrudnhriuintJ
roo! hair cell flnirrudiuoonl rfrorirduiidunrqnJrua:liorq rltrnrdrolrirfin'lnin
mrrudrdornrio.r qlrfi! 3 ddr4d.l
1. opide[mis liuliotirf,u?$uliif,an"lJ u1ltilNnj{i root hair
2. conex l;nouilo parenchyma 6:duthuwo,m: rir'rluqcif! e[doderDl. ti1]du
porenchyma i$ia:Eo.iifir slbelill hgnin f,:tluluuouo{#niruad rlrrrhlro! casp€rlan

srip ui!1.!!iarito.l endodermis himudfunhlfilu-.rtmdlrr dsrino{n:sduuoa xylem

lu srele li!6unltnlir)ngua_ passags cell
3- rtel€ .r:notld?u pericycle riudui'nqrn eddodermis fllrn:nr dsunailriurfofiarrirg
udruri.rsad'durrnoonur fufitlurdrnddrufraftooruT.a p€ricr.t $ufmntr'!!.! (lareral
rmq dl€tr^:eua:ilairaJ'Ndrquiaurnurh ua:lufitlurdurdurdrutl*iNoonlrrfufiq:
rir'lrirrnelou ouurndu lonclndl! stele u-{irittioril!6u.!0tint!nn1{ Ito xvlem rililt
uonlun:i pt[oem rfuo{::ui'rsuon rirriufilbrdur{uonr:!f,.rud 2 ron, 3 uon. 4 lon
udufr 5 uon (diarch, triach, tetrarch, pentarch) 48!ti!i vasc'ular cambium o{llri'jN
xylem rat phloem drulufitluGirNrdumiitasrauon (polvarch) vonarndlufufur*r{liim
nxnar sr"t" orrrurdodja parenchwn n1:1no{ 6rln pth
Q lalr{taralumu, ndfircrn aecordaty gowth
vascular cafirbium indrrrrriNd'l r:urhtgndld seconclory plioem lr8! secondary xylem
trirrrt0unfIl primary phloem ua! primary xylem ;iloqjral n'r1fin-nunr#riuuonrto! varcular
bundle tlutltj nmurirt.tlutttt uonrrndri{inrrair.r clrk carlbium lrui.ttlssiai{ cork dT U
 ntlsr0$!ni

no,! nJTrnL!ra!rIfu1
plrh

iin?lJnnlUrluJn
v l icmlorr

9a

q
e.

Inritrir nrlirrnr
€gion of dif.Bntiatic.l A maur.taft

e r:uutln ldtlurdul{r:u)u::uurnu,r?t l:n0!i'?!rlnuit (tap root' prfrary root) d{tairy

llarnflnurnhc (radicle) tlnlilu.t unnl1nilu.t! (laterat roor) eln p€ricycle li' d.:u1ufit1uril.t
riimr:riuGuuflnrJou (fibrous roor) fluildKirpl1trn radicle $n:urin:#[Jfidr!1:nurr]lll,ulaon
mrfrreloulnuld pericycb ldvioudu urilriGanir:rnulul *
ladua:n?tun:looiliflnrfiu!
d2ui!fitir6'1rn-tt,rirrdoalrtrfid!r6'alrdarrldrrndotr !nriufulur#.:{un:fu g},rn-
(rhizoid)
nosperm dlt":rnudr Inu:ln .t.tq!! Nostoc r3o Anabaena drani.rluloilqll .nnaun:fi mvcor-
rhiza d2!tnuitrq
I rrnfinn (advenritious toot; io. niiriolrnduo'ul tdit flnf,ndl. :rnnouiil, ,irniunoonu
{-rr11MUrfiririx!Fin'!r.rlalu ua:r'tra-rnitr ":lntlruoluo rt!angalnnrr.nEn.::ctlnlnu
a[xin
Q nlnirfi2au'rm:orn: uriurtififtarirfrfinu rdu tnrirlura rlt'uln lnrr rjrrho, rrn
Inarlnf,r,
raruhlosriuua! drn,:rnna'rdn"frgofirornlouolnirufirlrldftnl#druus!, flnnr?lrnSnr:
rdalandld'yio:rnn:nlat .rrlros ltolor r_dsni.r nl:ai! riuse liriu
 unii 17 frs,o6fD nxl rdrErn.niLbrFo\fo@al .{€€.

*ds (srero)

e 1l'oLri.rdo nod", rdar rn.ernod , '6rn rb-o t-rvir Lr d.iu'8o.rr.t fith.*r triu.
Q 1,r.t ryrn r 'rri, rl.irtn rr,'iqL,Fu1eno ifitr, . 1r,t''v, r:}"n"rdu rr', rrirfr!.6!h6, I .d,.i, r34r
!${i!aunau
rfiotiolriQ !!{ii 'pnnarv mer.slem q_ri rr. .,n op , marls(cm l_dn Lt n}a:'. L
r'dn !i ui ,frdi] l !fio *ion. lln il tou,tdltu..r5+ 3trr.t *l1.rir.Ln,?. s)tl
derm, procamblum l!a: grouncl menstcm tiiudoilu[&un1Yt

.F.rtrr*n F y ndies dh&"- r*,.rq,t' -'i-:":.-lh{**i $

p.mryg.arh

o la:rsirurulugo.!drduifi ttc'ln primary growrh

ili,ra! 6xL,ro rihl aplcdr clansem 'h.i!.'o
'."f p0mordd dlrr'iiqr Lluiou vo-no l'"f)
uairaarutfl ubfi tliq tilfi . aioiuejau (voung stem)
fid rrr3ry.duir'lr-.dri lout i o'r.fi'.i4 rFr 1oo"r'i
6udrd rr: dotr r-.irdalr,iDr i:flu I rilxutl'ti'll.
luln
1. epidermis a{uan4o rirurhfrvlar-[rr]nf, oldllri
2. conex o{niotrhrr drutt4irflu parencnvna dwrln{so'rrr:nul3ilutfiutdotiotaiE +n:
lnroonrflufuu,lutld
3. stele uunnln concx lrJdonu rir{uqniSun'j'r pirh liu nl:lnaJoirflnN Lon
parenchyna

u'ua:tir vascuia bundle dsoi'rldutl, n1ufi5br'au{ua:itluriiusrdur lufitfu ri'l't{ vas

cular bundle r:6urtiu1\ i xytem'l"rslu phloem rirolon nlltilu vascular
ca"nbium 10!

[tin!I!tu1:rir] parenchyma a"va{tfiuuonl uonltliiluzuliuni"l pith lay l'tio vascular ray

bunalle ljo!fid!tduirdm r:n::ion'5:crdririu:;rior-r ua:bii
vasculai cam_
d1u vascnld
brum o"ralo;rnatr uanrrniifitllrdlldlru't'tlio tdu rqir'lii prrh lutllr1olia'l
c!ia'r!na1!liudalna^ Strn pLlh ca\,lty
 )Qo o o
..'o
"'^'a
Lr",,

tih

'Inrln"hrn.rrilirfi
olrn pimary srowrn

Q [nrlrirlnrulutaralriuirfi ii,rn secondary growth

1. uaitfl vascrlaj cambium - l-rrru prth ray trru parenchvma u,t.idtt1d,tu1tn! ilunaallrilr
rfiioriioniqld ur'o:rrfiu vasnrla cambiun fioqalu vascutar bundte r6lrm'.r irlaarlriu
'1.!10'1 vascutar cambrum fid:]wnj aru:nurilnaiinir.l
secondary ptLloem oil,/li1]i.loon
l d'rluon un: secondary xylem oiuriuxnirlro"rulu},i
2. Rol'ru cor! carnbium - cork camhum riurdoriore5rlf,r a.lurnrrnriioriioor,)ldul 1o,n
it[]! parenchyma lu conex, xylem rEo eptdermts (a"x[r1:dio!o\fin) cork carnb]um
e:uritrtndlf cork odol".tuuon traj phellodem o{.rirrlu (d.rn'naar rlniotnijt pnmdly
pbloem fi1t:onfta1o.tnatltrj.lrlaiit1fl cambiun fldo.itilqta-u)
$!.1 cork. cork cambrum
lrai pheltoctem ii .:rlrila.jr perderm dtriut'udulri.t rirvrjrr"rlnaqrnidul,il6su-:.1
rr l.t epldermis iiejoull! uanr,tflii lj.r.ln&ludu cork i:fl!to!l[on6!n lenticel 4?!firo.tu
tu:lri?!
3. rirr'o t ua: z dro.r iirilfii'drio"rudul u5orfionr:niq2rfidnl,udao.r
4. ,iDululu vasculdr ca,'nDNm aonhirirnron r:lddrufi;unilnifionLi (barh rlnouii)u
seclndary phloem uB: penclam u_.!ni!ii conex dtt
5 tiofirfln vascul,ar carnbrum Bi'!1 t:lruilliu xyem tiirruo rrrliunj rdolf rwooor dr
xylem .$a rEt.rDl,jd-N tuit.! un !811c_^mn hgrun r.aryun subenn resh raT r_nor uacheld
vessel ua! tiber !1nt1L rtltlJl t llll.r0 tllqtnlJllJltallau rtJlqt ln tlunl1 llnou (h.an
wc'od) d?Ltua tll'la4ne 00n! l Ln:u{n _.n8.!L1m rlun nllll lsdp wood ilnT16l11{llJolll
ll..:o! 1 i xa.! vasfllar cambrum !'ll:lfitrir (su.mer wood, late wood) dai:JiuAtiou
(spring wood eaJlv wood) dniltaqtud{rllJll.rotr xylem lnlql[Jnu8:lluantJlulJll0ullFlu
d00LFaqqalunljM'r xylem '1:lltaUn-n!0tJnuruuununl1.! daaunullluu!1!r?1 1au
(annuai nng) i.ltnrult.64ulrftLtut4m -1]^ruu rlulL.aalqe unnn"{nulnre!
I d ltnulonl!llrtlulau{iL6: gvmnospa'm utllltrl luht lut6t ltt t r t0 vas.uLaI
cambiunr. cork cauibium, seconclary $owlh. seconclary xylem. secondary pnoem, rdo}i.

.f
rns./' .S *s.on s"$J

d-46"\-
qeY
s€odary growrh !o|inlUla0ri

I cambium (rat6Erm€d3rem)
I srcuid &s!€
 ""-----.--.----t;

#H)"*<n#;
ls:laflrrlin mimn ladxbry q'o*th

o aTtu!lrlu']llllu.!n{n1! [nt!/lJt.!at{nu$u1nau a0 !}u1ll !.d! l utiul.t, IIDtnl! (tenciril) H!

0$], 0 2u1l1un:d{ lnt ]!ttn 2U uS{ lo tttr nltllo{lrtt tdonluailnukinu tiu fion
o r Aonli rirn-on'n ptrtoe-m ao.tirfurCur6fi r:r'rlfirinruuia.iaua,:'iniaJil u:'r:
rio rncq:n:*jir
ilmornnnihad uo! vasculai cambrum rt.!finnn?'uaonaJui.!oadkh1nfi!fl:, tir[t]urr$u{ld

Ho' ro : turIrfirii#fit{rli1*lrrr-l r-orhlftJrurrrrrilfli'

rlrrrah6urhili
nt:rnril oJDrn
lJi. Itnu autrt Jorflluu J

0ula!gu !t
?-,is!.r-
rB:trit 1t]'lut{ utat{t,! lHan utt
nn : llnto'| ,tal tttri nt:nl! {n[n2 !1lnn $riltl: i{
lu : $olJtalt$ illlnl'lnu rQ.
,/ -. s1- - -
I$0tu0n12lll1tn l!t!ranflJ!11$t$atu0rttqlrtltl1il
1. nnra*r lilvrn prr*rycte
2. nituljtLt lnitln cort€x
3, cork cambium
4- vascula.cambium atrdrunil gttr ray
 ('a 17 &6od!flIlEr8*t8.hetudr' .tdt. '

tr C.eO

e In:rairururamh:norn'ruuihilr
@^-w
Olade) fri.i! (periole)

l,lllJ rstpule UdlnLlLlJd!\roAL) xl6lJlli lven) L.nnu.lrr{oon

rrr"ntdunarr1u Lmidnbr 6rn rulu,{r"'hunlrJuno r'lui
1r:rlr:nou
vascular bundie urwiaimil nr':t5urnirmlrdub (veneoon)
..74
ULLornl\r'lUiLft1n0'l tg illlX lU.nL {.nU ) l:.! lU talJlJtrl1lJ
$lA
(parallel venellon) dluluntlUlnlJ.lF\illLutlUt'l{[14
('ellcuLdle venabon)

druuon ornir.Jt:ruru
tult!n!1u .lrhcle njtJd_l cuun r6d0L
u r'lllri wax ra6orori ri lriir
W gffi
ni hm16' rriu luuou lurir

f, nlrutn]!Jl!ulUl9rii) lllrn lutout

1. ?r cell wall : peclin cellulose h€mic€llulose lignin (smple leal) 0llJl4dlUlUlr0!r (leallpl)
r cork $R! endodermis : suberin b ::nar
xt<
2. rirn (conpound Leaf) [ri
3. oiuorilul! : cutin wax n t6r.r,tllnul! lt:nnl u.n!an lo!.1I tnft
4 $anDol$L$0lu : lionin sub€rin tannin rdu r:ur oriairriuL16r'r

Q lm.raitrardurodr ui.laau!flu 3 diu

I epidermis lrilriruuu tupper epldemxsi 'd:d.u6ili rlowei aprdermrs, r:"olliJL'!"d
oi'r'!lrd! $n.iix $ndm un:nadql lnr n6!ii chloroplast lnr-iunariql nadqm:nrl
4!nrn'uli1[n!mruanIi6uul!flaiiru]i,lnlu (stoma) t,]n'hd'nBru:ol.i'l^:lJond{nlrir'!oi
!otfr'D yrtlt t.arrllU ntuaul:ttuo^trl epidermis (sur (en sromald) ntrlurul!rr \i!
U'mbun::o-rdurr (rarsec stomara) fitlJnirrlorlli lnlullolu!6ulniii epidennis (bTJt
cal nomara/ uarf,'h! nai ru'lurprJ rnlul:oqri'ua r r fitlEur] t rtu rir t-t'r1ur:oqjd_r.uu tit
ldrlLirrnlu rflr r;-an, fiul.-ffniuAlurniL ntnrr
2. mesophyll riufufia{:lt,tir.t epidelnr drulurlrfunari chlolenchyma !'r[l]!tflu
nrldo.t
2.1 palisade mesophytl o{tii!u! rf,ulnadurr6!{riullnrfirr6uru5otlaru'3l] i chloro'
ptasr l,r r tlr.4ulilori ,ldd rr"uui d r'.ir r tro\runr t
2.2 sponw mesophy o!j6'auii'r.t tiurtaril rurjuau t5u!ri1.ll,lnlu'l i!oiarnlFIl]in
ctrloroplast tiornir palisade mesophyll
ill-

p€lb€& m€sodvl 6ll

3. rittlod'rfiu{ (vascula bundle) iod?ud!:'uro.lrfiuriur{utrus:dunaNtniirp! !-iriDri'rfiu!

tittaridornartiun bundle-sheath c€li m:filrn.llir rdui! Cl bundte-sheath cel clti
cliloroplast
Q luin'.i rra:r; tr,ruh.1u;r unnul6ullffn
rihuua.t
unlurlrrai rfi ujdudrjninirfrdu n'lriwu (rdu
R t!!s!urlt) d\rir{lrn$urlcrnnldu (rdu litriuu), lro,tJl-rui.morl
lilrrfion-!. l ul!i1u.la:d!01!t11 (tilJ,jrura,ne::!ti r'rlrrhl$
nodt qi) n-odduuUl'ntula.! (!d! forhl doun{a,!
nu40uunr.U lni rr*iryihiqia.lnrlu&Drauliirrrf, !r^n lorr'2l$i it.*n€diCrn{€?
uuorin"ufir
! romrn fudrlnrrrllln-ra'rldu1 nrirrfio fitruudr kerophyre) ria.in.tuur.rlarliurnl lnai1u
riou rJ"nlufou msodn'.rj1 epdermis rnlurinnnrnar.rfuuaciru naql f,u l,tur fi
"unct
ilnxri{6nn:r$iriuu!r2.unh: driuriurilrdu rn:l&troreanurauiannl dunru drrtuln
dr:n:.rrhlilitludrirlrn (hydrophyie) t6ofl rune,t! (mesoph'1e)

ooo
O iDn ([ower) f,oaiur:duiuii3arfitnon (an$osperm) i.!lh!naui1! neuldtN (sepal) nalloan
(p€ta! !nirr-?{ (slanten) rnfid'2liu (pisril) 6u!!f,u, !flntranhflu4t60 (cal}Dd
^n6!iau{
1.!nAuion (coroua) r.r rn a I n"r ri
(androecium) [031'!md:ni!it, (gy-
noecruml '.5n1!d1iiu "anbir r.r E
!!tnaut0n un!no! 160{ [al]ollflll lltln
Lioon 6un tepat 6u'ro{uurs peri-
antll rtu U2.lllJ l]ul llmllll]lal!
?1rlt(luu!1ulE!n0n (Ieceptacle) 1.1

tonunllaon bedunclel 0n tltJ.t

ii!1!nonuudlunonriuii.rq'ruun
irdunonrdur (solitary flowet t1-o
donan (inflorescenc€s flower) ddo
lnr.rtixeonlrirnrm.y
ntniil.!xuqt:!0.tnntua0fl tnu? llun
coDposite inflorescetrceg ldu
BC
rlunliu nlr6a\ oi?n:!t'ru lrlu
tu ululr.rllll] lo!6?utlr!!1r0u1!ruu
ndu6ooonir'l"nriurriadruorriurtin
un:11t fil!n t!uo0ll
ll.r vl ll,tLr 0l] rn
sv \-r2\ur
ol1$nrr;rdsuljurhr .l

dr!rarxflllltlxduruq
e !i'ru {10.! )! !r riutindrrlldn".tii
dto-1lfiud1!'rrnllcl uu rn n no n n

1. odlxio?lijq (A) 6!n hlpogl4rous nower il{'hiir5un s.$erior ovarv

2 otil:ifuGmniuN6u tB) tlln pengynous flower tr:"fijl-un haf superior, haf infenot ovary

3. oq(ftldu (c) liufl hyperglnous flower li.r11j6un infenol ovarv

' ttd Df,lr,lF{l : h'!€r{r,oo'ft

Q oaniiin'.r a durirn'j, nannr:pnl (complere flower) uoirhihnrur5an'i oonUarq:ni lincom-

tet€ llower) nanfiinrllndrn:i{[a:ln6rn:1du riun nanslrtr:nirln (perfecl flower) uqrlili!fi!.!
ad'N1aoth.ud.r rian nonl'inrlrnirrr (impertecr itower) d'.rrlurirrllnnrq:niudrr:n!r;:niura
taro ua:ri{!au:niurnqihiarr:nirnro

OF
pistil

;,:;,*,^\

rI
Lnr,rtriJriorui!1ffuh 1 .rionr')s 2 nd ny ,s?:iu {i rnorLr!! coFposite nfroEs@ncos)
3: irnLi! (isnan) l roonndrulrr" 5: oan ill-i (1iOoon) 6: osn!-l

e m:Rrniuiro'ti.rfiiinbarrurr"nrn-rrfiu1ljorlrsdtuwdai! (atremarion of generatton : l rJ.rn

ru'ruiioroqn:riorr; firoonfujun'l dtuir:lro.lrfiuu'uriudrurro{ sporophyre dliurjrfiai-rs

nriainruluo"usitln oi (sporangium) rirriufitdurir sr]oiu"ue;un:nr:rraoanLlnnrurf,u
gametophye rfiaoir.rrrariRurlufluoiunirrnari8uli (gameianqnum) !19tfl!f!1d sporophyre
pnnoioh unlufidur6nrtu riufil heterospus plant fiajlld aido.luull (tdrlrdt ?ri.u selagrnelia
nr;rfislttlr us:ri!!''r) orJoiilft:hioonhilw uorre3rXnarrriu gamerophtre o{nruluri,rn"u
dra:ai r na iiiuriiurjdulrlue'uu"ulnulr:or"o :!d'u air.r * aii Euriuqlnl
e rnctrYrt (stamen) ril!,tfliailoaddlniuriurnni rl::nsllti'?uoiunr! (anther) aqllufriuXa'la:oa.r
ttt! (blament) arrluialua:oa t $ u (pou"n sacl dfij1:1u! mrclospore mothFr ce I rlr, !i.!d1y'
nir.t 4 microspore Ing meiosis u6: mrcrospore dlo'atn_:rynnruriu male gamerophylp raln
oroo.tnq (polen) dui'tuirioirlnadfttri-l:jlnu mtosis 2 a3\ oilurnlri qeneratrve nucleus
du hile Ducleus a:1no.r1ri 2 sperm nuctei niu lube nucleus
 ItlelltiE nudols \

@ Y @#+o-*-u
a nisspo.B ln) miqE 016 (n) poll€n (n)

nffihi;;{r'rfi{;i{l

rie r urlill r

€99 c€ll (n)

rm*hlmd'rui'l{rxario

Q rnr,frriu (pjstil) tl',lmhfr6i1{lta.ieun'lriMn6u llnolld?ulotlndld?du (stigma) tilurnsl

dl'?riiu (style) un!i.!hj {ovarv) ,tlulul'lldi ovule a{ i'! ovde fr0uifin'ldiNidr:nou*lu
1. megaspora[glun ri, niriair.rqrlaJ
2. inte$rment riurdorior{u ovut rorli
3- hrniclius ujulun olole n!fllNl.tlll
4. ? midopylo
nralu rnegasporangium l:i megaspore mother @lt (2Il) tl, nhiidiT a megaspore udnalu
'hJ g rv6o t lnu m"gaspore ilt'q:trfirynelulil female gnmetophvt€ liunqllortlilo (embrvo

sac)d.rdrufrfinirrsadfuniuiitol mitosts s nfi l'i 7 l18.i 8 oziadu{ 60 3 aniipodals' 1 polar

nuclei (i 2 ftla6ud), 1 tlsdkj (€gg ce!) ua: 2 synergidg

pl3ril eSS c€U

* spore rnother cel lu sporangium ullnadrSr??a'tf,t du {uul meiosis 1d

Q nr:furftafuorf,iren ! g duou
1. n,1'ai'ruwDD ,rv boninado lis ponen ii 2 O?F6!d f,E genentive nucbus sa, tube
nucleus r:b?o (poninalor) ,i1.l.l rdu sn u'.t uul {ori rqrri vrllu"fumrnuuuonmn:
drdr
2. urrnrruuuuoamard, dul:rwrfrfi ube nuaeu.s {annnona!oo!r:.! (polen tu.be) riioll
du' generative nucleus lrhtton'li 2 spetu Duclei d.tr:alaCsltnmlttlaoaa:oo.lt:t!
Ithrnnl ernbryo sac ,h]? micropyle
3. nDlidui (fenilization) rfindtdo 2 sperm nuclei (n) n?lr?'.|rfu eg,g c€I (n) m! polar
nuclei (2o) no,sdu zygote (2n) [o! endosperm (3n) r1!dr6'r] fiunilnTttdllt{olr
(double fertilization) dwiurolrlhitaonvirfn

It uii (seed) rildruiirnonldnr:mariu{

rcllu!'tq1n ovule dr:noudlu 3 d?!] fio
t.uJlonrfouir (seed c!ai) nlrulr,llr
tnt€gumeDt d{"! owls 0{lrddo!]
2. enddperm dlffi-tamdaqllt finlhi
uluorur:a:a mr: nirX rfiuTnlow'l
dou
3. oulllloniryurrrn zygote rl:;nol*ru
3.1 epicotyl D{lri:olulaio.! polaf nuclei + sperm nucleus
3.2 ludu.l (cotytedon) rirnhfrn*l niuGti{ nduaon ma:d1ri
Dim!, d,rufunTlon, ftn11!
iruua{ un:iosduolu:ro$rfiJ
n'ldol
3.3 hypocoryl o{ltib*iu!
3.4 flndo! Gadiclo) r3-4 durrn uril
ttntul'rNi
a:rfiririttlrrliioa:crormrifldlun,t:sonlffilura'ur u-Nriia:dllfd mdo6perm !flftu {
::unuo.r gr6agon ri!
1. albuminous seea lrrinii] endosperm a!fl!o1t41t ri ufitlurda.rrn'urdrdrqj [a:11
rdu$orhsn:ri nap murl
2. erolbumbous s€ed $dndbrtusld'.rroubri arnylase oonulJau enctosperm ud?rio.trlt
urn:quliilulda{!$! rulttfidurdu.:6 trnri! o!q,! ayla nrrri
uonfladu6ou-.ritr micropylo d.r iJlomr
orrirat]llRarin hilum !fiieln tunio.llus rE,
ooRarnru'.r1.lld oreiuondou lptunutel drulufubrdulldu?!-nnu coleoptits lilloariou ua:
coleorhua tu:]ndouri?u
 : t tn

\#}
'iortoulrJ

.W olii..i::..J
vY
iuc.r6opn:ollon
e
@ 'io6uyu

Lrlionrfiulln

enddrp€in=;1+rfi
lu,ful = rrr

peacarp + uJionrirLwia
nJiirnrilodr
pericarp. ul6rnrlrurir
roluilo

Inrlri.:enlr:rlic#iralh I : fird:tti (Hr:lr,) 2: ritlnlli1 (rrnnirl) 3: rito$od (!.ni!)

4 : uorlri-a (fler;'l!) 5 | !:v{il (tts) 6 | t:ti.! 0!6i) 7: fillni (!r) 8: lil (u#.)
s : irr 1m1 leurhrirr:iirririgr rhlrhldoonlJt:6lnir:ihrn{or iT rdolio rhrunr nio
rlrrourfs rnirririoonlJ1rigirrnll.'-ll:Lraioui 6ndo6o€tm iidu ilffi ns

i ujdourfuu6n
'1
runuullJl,tuJ8i

ovary i lin ovule

deed $!l.nfl catlL!lallull teln ovatv

se€d coat
IerlillzatioD singb 60 egg + sperm double

eudoEPerm idou idrli ltu n ul,!8!u4qitt luu Jn

u'lfl n female gametophyte rtrrln polar nucleL iqn 88u6

pollll!ator nl iri lqrri JT u!n{ rsi

cotYledoD r rlo zfu
r6a !P tt rE{a : lt'r.taidl,(l*

e rs (touit) rrlrymmr':1.l]1i $rifir!'r{ri:oid2u

l{t:r!t tu tuudtut tl.!,uD!46 ltu'l lltlIll!
,spudocarpl t!1.1 u:!J1{$!Jl un uauru& xuh
.r a dng'll nnlDuJotl tlJ0dalr1r!!_nr'11_l.l
'0)oar tuo!n!^r rnnnuFan "dulJo.l
":01q!
de.ua !4& tuutu'l l':un r I DencaD a!lu1:n0u
riru g fi.rarnuonl lu 6o exocarp mesocarp
rra] endocarp aourhoanriu t non I Lnmn-rLir
1. rllltln {$mple lruil] ooead{!1n1nnDn
l[.luu{nnlnlu! ETlLtinlLulao (ltfi ]:
i a-r! ourte) nu a.ju orriu6nrdm
(rr:'r:i owle !eui) rdu !:ri?{ nrrln
rloorln'uriuuarufal tdl dl lln:o
uJu11 1 fi0n tnlslfli'rr?ulu
2. reni! frut) Foiad.!!.r
(aggregate
a rnanfiiunrr.nnret'triL roi6:i d
filriau!i!(ado!6n04t]ulru.:o!oa 6ul
niu.tir..i10 i rlh nt;r_.!l r nlt:r)r a,r
lrR ulum ao.rorloil ialrdr ia:i.t
3. irai?! (multiple frut)6o'lafilnorlntil
ron iuinli. dto,lueislranlTtaoltt!
dl.ln!rilllo6!,) nlu l:riio lqu nnla
du sio d'tm uriou
rt'iaranarrtireirliriuinrdur {$u olu ;i-h 6iir ffiorJnrrrrfiLi

nr:r€1

Q nrrn'nl'rlo.ruir 1il'!iu6ni meknolism sir a-trrfinr.tn

(seed clonnancy)
- rrl6onrfiu6olrilodriurrdrdru arlrf,uutr:iuJ6anyurqi{ luo::ulrda'o{Qati{filld,tu
.rdu idlu6! d)! n ]rr oulun r! r6uolr,1r:l ol dn,i u-onnLzurrird ralria! urjtr,]frri.rtir 6on
r.j o"lnurjrl.Jurirlriauuion:o udrrlrnrruldol
- r;6 grbbereum dd\r6i!nr.!an
!,6!'tnJd'r'rFi ldr.l alsqsic acld iiulurtin.lr{an
. ou.l ltr.l ruoDny'lutdrtllr,or]ti o a.tu. or]uil0ilrr5Dbj,i']i
fit!irtinDrirut:u:finii'riosnrn riorl6otonuuailrnl riu tqu Insnrs rla:no
u!1r'l!lltfl
Q rntoruoruir (s€ed germination) ria.rordtt fr qnr4ii#rurr:al ua: q uluf,du *u
[d.u-!u]l!iirilrido{nr nrr{omoruiaqri.loonriu
1. tnfloflrriDiu (eptgeal germinadon) dlarln hypocotyt fiitt'ftfu bdu{us! epicotyl
fu lidrmrtlioiv rdl drru6o,r
2. n1rioaliis (hypogoal genntnation) ltlrc'rn hypocotyl lrid'uft hlfiui epicoryl vh
uunt4nlulT rx! lllllurn1 1,Tltt

Q muulrurootuSrrfud loniilqonrnuHnfui Jnlddla 2 76

(seed vigour)
1. n11r'ftD'rqttliirfir{ 6or.rlrisarrurna'orulouelruLluuun tdrE,jrudnrdorsnrnlJ
lrnfouun'lu! rhlatrsrurinldd'orl qo - so'c nludlfurftd 10096 ul! 2-8 lu !&r
dM %n't:!an rwn:fi'rnufrdo.r fiu ur6al,iurul
2. Itrtftinr:lon lnuld{o: IGirurur:r6ni.ronluuiq:fu / fiu?!i!nd{M1!) ulrtr:nlu
nrill rm:il'ufi
e nrnl!.{n!n'rr!rlr!fillruolftuanr'tdaoruur FonflrtTlftros (1) d{ulwo.rirdlqndrubd u,u
drf,r nrfr rf'rriur un:mirlltjrjlrDsdolijo.r (2) d.lrittlo.r'LiEuiltiirdolfrld.r dulnr:Ialdu
qldu unjhodr.rdr{rq1rd! !d! a! urh.r
ntrriqri r rrnn-rqrilln
I dnrirurufunr:iuluri(uuolfuurfl isexrat reuoduction) nfildlielnrntJt ilollta.iatrfti
dli1un'n meiGjs m qnr'findur:iarur lrhJ i.rrlm ld ll nrur{uriti udnrrduririruu
lriorfurm (asexuat reproauction) lriqnirfindlln-nururruloudtl$lld ::futtiioffEoqinfmu
mJqt?lla{oq unilouNrxu
1. mii*]trfiwolifu r:ir indr roulh urnr o (is rjr) mnfu (n'Jrnrur.l, Udu) niold
rrn (firMff)
rt&orfilirjrt{oudrurt{uum, rr: ( rrnsu
z. rnlrr:r6'tNrdorda (tissue cltrur€) laufrd
firulu rrlma .rr'lrru 4rr-rl trn:loJtm f,o auxin ll.rrln cytokinin liluon) nr:q"uli
rfi n cattus d.ruluril parencnyma irirdurjlrmri u*tuanitr'ldlia:illJrJqn

3. rrnti'lur6 iu! (artifcial seed) u'rlnedqtn tissue cutnue inrhtiriliurjouflnnod

iNfl1r, (sornatic ernlryo) drdrqrnrfutjouflnrntji{!6 (zygrotic embryo) u8'?t !'104
n'un1:o'tnt#!olou enaospenn ualil*ruarrfiKiou seed coat
t d iiltfinud1 rirrfinrirdrurdqoriuuirmurur-uqtiqni$rlouurili:'l o1l6unil cloning
nLi Lllu htun{ tln{1 L'l1:tsu{tllloi

ooo
O l!fitrh.!1iftr"o{mr ldu q #olorjr lanujdurilfu*rtrlinTurri (simple diffu-
cO, euylene
sioo) qrnflfilalunilriurn'l allrdndlriou
9 rnrmurlr lu"oqtatm) riurmqqalrir}rpufiolrnr.nlnb 1soma1 riudriq otrrui tenticet
lufu corr fill flq{utl*rtfiilnrul.r f,o qolqiql orrnrwi.r orf,aua mrlrdrusunn udrir
mnrfirilJrnirlfihqqrioJrrivirr u rnlufie$nrdoavuu*rrarli
Q rrrr0r0rrooJrnlu lnnrlqfnamnltuisloloedql lguara ce4 dlriunarftrJ*,l r:nurtr
mhsari*rullnnnh*rulon doirhoodlinghnnd gsrh:uh rntrq:rin urirhrrnrlrooallin
oonflnoad Eodlctdu drnlur:in m:urunrrdlnarlqulnuualua: r ulldrdq
lunourfr u*rrnr:q'ulf r' uriinhonriqr fuooriisu"ufir rfunatiirqrnuadf,NfirNoonlin
uirur rnlul.rria rioitisuo:lu*l uari4r6rArnnaifrluadirinra lurledftlitdlfii :.hn
lui.riirrinlrfi.uolrilrdou*rrun f,ordoaturfiniihoe*iou*rdi.lor rn:Oaiamq.trnfurir$
finnr:uanuJdtttrufie urlwu:duafufiriors4rdulor!.rnrslv me6ophyn i.!!i?1!d!d!rfilrii{
rnorjrrdndullld dDf:,',]afinlothhiuftiou ooilur alecsic acid crn?lfldrl lnl:Jlt
u?irr:i ua$ru
* Jrluauriou rnluin nnnr:nrtrir llluarrnnfo! lornrnuli,rl rfimr:arrnlr

*\
HP \t

L!olrgrn rioil ur
rmfnlil:.re-lr*r rhnllrfl r srllulurtriurk rhnbir
e nlrlillir1llo{f,n
un ua:n'o.rlill
rfiniiru:rn lf,rft passive m! active Eanspon ttadultrotftuu miocnondria
o, odNlirsrE activs tanspon filr'fi!6:aurrluttinlu:rnli orlotrruriuandu
1. macronutdents fi!n'a!mr!1n I
6'rrl fis c HoNP KcaMgs '.ltli:a
2. micronutnenta tngnonnTtuo0an
CHON
s n!Luntnt:!luulltl
g olq 60 B Fe c\ zn Mn Mo c] Ni
P aq'lu oue" nre, rdorlnad
si
MsN aqlu chlorophyll
6lt! i1{iu*mt ua'l.E l! I tltao{t1na1nil
aglurri.roari
rlU nrn:d1tJ1tntfisfrllnfl u'td1tlutl]tlllDtll
nTuqrnrrriain rnln
riolki' rdu x r r,lg uri!1wior1'lu*rn!
K
Fe oqlv onocluorne h'rhuroa e'
lurr6s.rernu!s{!ir!rw:r:rn6ordruuinq
Cu oqlu nnstocyanin lt-ti, unon e'
Lii,i rdu s Fe nrrririo.ruirrndrl::und
Mrl Cl d?u$fir phorolysis
ldrn.rrnBnrlct d'nu e{durrn qnfulunll
o:nruli (hydroponic orltule)

I nrl!i!1ro{nt
finduiruln firEnrirn'ranr:ooafuiariud, n-r1 trnr:clra:orafuf,lrlslrtritduioundr utiair
hlrduiuurn fita:qau'rlilduo:rdurnru u'rua:uiorryr'nhrna!1:Jri xybm lu steh lilnuai-u
,oot t air *.orto * endodermis + pencycle * ).Tbm d'lfttifuld 2 46 6a
1 dDoplast U^aCft1l.J UU I ltr nn!11010.12 l.!lirrnT{ l$Aa
2. sympl,ast firi1u c"rtoplasm. plasmodesrnata L8!rdo{!ns!i
llth#drfrEtn endodenrus e0 riun^:i r:dui rn^ra:n^udii"utdlrnnhtifi apoplast nleio{
njliuurnriu symplast. donoBnu casparian strip dldlt 6u.b€rin d.rriurhliuinoaf.rtlndao't
ondodermis n'ntifiolnhin xylem t*2ri6 symplast rirl3d?uln,6onnrrldbnnrwf,l twl:ai_u
urru!r.{aa n{!fr Ilrd!ilrr.l unltratntllu

\____yJ\______l-J
I nrrdrti a.uhu;uilrqrolf,r
r,irdulu xytem lrruirildrd'.1.r1urnu ilmi.i'r!6u{r1n:rnllduoa rhunodi[iruNf,o ve€6el unt
tsacheid mr.iri0.lvruu1.le-uq.rao' hlur:u i : li
1. u:ricrnnrrmurh (transptation puttl riuiifidrri4iqnlufilirq.rl lnodof,rarurh
n.r rnfu r:lu:rf,iarnnrrnruntr r,-.rlfrbqrnlndu!1t'u ryl€m riunr! nr'tiidrhlrn
dlrfu Ouur:tuia:lL nqailiiul'! cohesio! dtdu
2. u:rritr:rn (root pressue) rnc{uriofitlriarurh iolriiu:sn-\ udq:iur.ld'u al:fitr:tr:
r!n-uu:'rdL:rn6odrluornraua:luf,uql nrlfitarurhlrilClulnr#n'tniqndrnhlraur rrio
rdor n'rlii.irudru'uoouln-udurtnu xylem islrJlfildra-qluriulriq'r1 lufurdu1lirrnnu'r
udru"uiul'vurrloul r!lfit tinnnrnj guttation toilhtioLflltririulunlnrqdi':lu
Srlun nyaatnoae niulunirruuomrg'rarltdr
3. capttlary action fiitlnur.t:;vi1.r'llrn4adrnilerhrio (u'r{ adhesion) f,lqnrl-iidulr
rfiu!6nfos
e nr:rrrrf,uro'urrlolf,l
f,Dnroh!fiu{Xlntd
rvr'r!i1!6N0r!.11 (translocation) xybm
HO
mnuwi.r{.ln:triiruuqi ti'lund.lritl rrrdrlrt6lru
:raduriron-h nr:rir r6uldk'u:ur-ud.r riufirrury Inu
riri{a:nernurdrsir.r r3 active transpon nhhnu ei
sieve tube nomt€r rhltt'nillrn'rinll trfu riuq.r rirarn
sadrirrrFu.riroonfuinqi"ut tinuxd'utril du'niou
g
orrr, arnilrnll rir arunr f, oqrniiiiu:sd'ulrnlt]
ursdutioo laurn:v1urmo\ cytoplasrn (cytoplasrnic
sireaming) ti"ttit:unr.r sieve plate i arurrsdr
!!a0f,I!i60ont urunnrifirir rnrnurld

n1l.l!.10:lt iln:a

nalnrJ.r'l.r transluation Pu[ lu onar'l cytoplasrnrc slreaming llJ on!

lnBroadoilr vessel un: uached dt1us62 qiave hrhe mernber llll!?n
lfirdl'rrnlnr
eT nlnulluu utlii.r si1{l a_{ uudrn'0.!nr:
rm rcit IE\F : FrA.drro*

o1lriCt r?ltr!ro!{,!s!riod{mi6s!ts{ih
Q rrr.ndolluriirfinrnnrrnirprd o ! 2 uLL Fo
1 nutation rlfilaofirdrullrr] $1t,t!n1l!€rura\ 2 ni.rulrilyiltiir tijtr Unlulona"1
'rlrufirn
2. circudrDutation l4;o spirat rnovement rlJr!fi.lm:iu.Nd1r1]o{a.1tfuralrgudrinr urn6ur
I'r1 niu uurotovl'rd.r
Q nl.ioauauo.rdofu ri.9arfi! uri{6tr
1. tropism ifr.r?a{altnauduo.!d!fiurjrfuftfl1oldsrir riirrirrl6i!rirecri!n,j,1r,i utjrj
positive utitilaanviNlSun.irriluUu negatrve ld'rri

$avitlopism na!6lr0,!giatNTflrit,r rdu :.rfl\tana!lqllo uondduralo

l?i! r.]un:iul,tqlnon1']ni.la1frid
DholouopEm aauf,uo.lriD[6.!
' chemotropsm,a!{ua!ioiltrii Eu a:oo.tnqnaJrornuuuanmd:n-rdutrd?!onrnoo
pollen hrbe
' hydotroprsm oorauo.loiori.r rdu .irnronnsmuudqjr
- thrgmotroptsm oaudlo'lriomadlil'd rrju oiunid.rfu:alrn"n
2. nasrism : iilrirrtr r{rufioo alo.tulauiunn liuri
- nrrrulalnonliqlr:nrrrairyr6uln rnu rontl2rio.lulu
- m:uruaalnanlfu:.tun{ (photonasty) ttj! nan!-?u1!oa!!d1
- nl:!1!?a{oanuttu!wr:qeu4! (rhermonasry) njil nonfi26 udlqn1u}ifl6
mrurulauon'l{ (eprnasry) lioe.rlnd!$adn"lulundunoflguiurtrnn hrluuan ua!
nrrqurornon}i (hyponasry) riqrrnnq!ttadi'ruuonndunonlar!!rnn,jrdrulu
n,l.r.r_u lualrro{n1l]rou sn:l rjjoinr:dllis (thj gnonasty)

* nr, uowa"llodlfilq:rl.n1 (nyctlnasry)iriu l.u1i$l

I nr, IllairLu':u dofu !$.ldrtfio! (seismonasty)

* nyoinasry 4ai sejsmonasry afiimot.l{i-ilri.r (turgor hovomont)

tiriln
nr:ui6ul alu:oitid.raam{rooddlaun".tub t nr:t0oiot]nL:
6an putvurus dvirulnirirlrnrua:l,urr rirfr 2 nltuoxrae-!1olritttloorl

@
aanilt[,1u1[8:lUl, i g. nrrr:raoihh utrr{

4. ntriuao.inrulooun:.r
 udlg risd6 s!*r^ErFodnt

tgtlllltin
! ooikufu (ph)rohormone) drernaoiLudnin:ri !i?i!{ru1:dauni r iiranruqufit'ld
$nr0 r{ air{ilrnr4aruurai.!

ni!ru irrd
auxin (IAA) dlMtuaeoa!/ - rirl'rfio qlalluopsm $io photoropsm i.!,nni1nn'1f,
allnu{lollflloul auxin ln eol.ul{. l.!d.l lt] Dnn tul4l.J.! ntutl! aLDon ltul;nDlJ
flnurrirair nuangilrnutirl]n[d:lud ]elt natualo! auxin l:rll!4tn6n
u!!8,!n0!mtrll1ilil tluuutn!1nn11 unlunn auxio a:m! ,tr&dtllJuuun
auxtn {.!tnrl5i
atallaalluntau 01lulJ{rtaSuarnlutDo{ttaa
tsA, NAA L:ui!n11nlryxolnr"1.r ti_nhtonoarintlri aux.n itiot
fi t1l t.!nllnf 00fl llJulultll0
r't ll,tc 0'r tl:ru'la1!r ,llu u flt\ ll l! 8n [!u ! lll It il Rll

1!AOm!U?lln1l1l11,A!fin
n::iun1: rfi aT rnfi rfilr rd! nrliou ilndr trr:t_a't't
tllow0
luf,nnu0n drloonnon rdordduutnnnon

ua.!
*\

r3
auin rnaogn$trunll' !o {al!!l
sdn, rio!rl{oiio auxin !otfl nua:!oolri$iouriu
 o = **"-"-J"Jr*,-i;,*,ttr-.t t-
1 :.urtr ftlrruatu*nllrl!4 E$ll1rl1li!
z : riold{urrfflrlrfi rnr:rolmor
s:luorlilrfldlirurJlLhrrLrual
r : fu$nro:lrrnerurlrhlliruriraulJ
I a " niim:rlnuoil*!1lllus{l
s frro.rfisc.ruodlir au*r lh jnil
6, 7 : uiu!!.. l!.a*lltdlull{lir:irr-r1d
l$$tr'l! aunn fl nurhrtdrrlurtrr..!

&-"u"1,
e'\+

nir.rqrndili - nririlnTui.lEn.i
metabolsm qt - n::{urn, rairposrnrh.r
lftrorn: Jmurn - rn:imr:firuarno! cattus lurmun:rdulrdarda ftti
r#oounlo o'n irun"u au*infln::riunr:fin:rn nr:rdrlml caths du
ru1u rl:nfi'xiou fludnrrd2u auin qia ctlokidn do! Dri-.lti.6.rail€Alfi.-
$iot'r'rdi'ailntdi - x!8om:llunarxtaaa{th
gibberelliD nfi u:nqnnrlnlri - nrirns'lii{riu d'rHoh'0.luinnladu lr:r:dn;qnbi
(GA) flnt{ott dasrfiunlnYu
- nrflongsssdn (seed gemination)
'n::riunroonnon
luua0lu,ua$\t rhltio-adonnrri ulndo!#sir!rn'! m!fl n.n:talui !d! ili
nlrnlaa rdu :lrnlu riorirrr ua au
riurn"u AmH - n11r{nrhrD,t$dr (seed domaDcy)
ua, clrtirol hiu - n:lrirJnl3u2l]n1fifllD,ti!
rtrnzrntnl4 duL rhtiahiu ur::unlu
 otbylene uluufit rurrnlu n::flnr:qnrorraLi r aliurrr0 ru q rnrnriu ra'r
firriottrin rdu lwl fu urlurw0mqmrniudr
o"nnn-rulqrfrlfir rm:iufil erbyhne ldouoon! ifi
eaLlqn uJduufr uJlrruarrlnulu ldu rt:e;nr lt:rh.r
ndru wriorm
n:uflnr:u unrrlrnlfit :ruknr:iuo{u
nr:barsdratrrir:r
nl,nonaomorfid;lr
rn:r1'urm.rornos orlr*rfiar

uo ntre uDontllelnfit 0tt1 metabolrrn tlioul

aa8{unnruraltuNllrfrInlrqn :Jethy
bne o4ludN (z) rilrn:nrdqriiouJiiulu sso'lri
r;nounrs raiso.r flsli

! ooilrrufi rrr.r{fi rlrorr:sdlrir!fiu

auin + cytoldnLD !!no

r?a lpi tFf : af rAFiS

mn'trc inheritance

O dtr rgene, Fau .ur r:riul"rrlinttqloinururo- rlirnrutrnri-uronr.niuuu'.ll 6rir.li

6un j'r a-nEfl srNn"uqnl'rl
dsie ralele) 6ovululor6u 1uR riiiin arptoro a'sAarrDQ,fiuiil uun'rLni{?JoliL u3dl.nid
(loors) inl.|ri'ulo.! homologous cfuomosome
ilulrlf tqenotype) 6aii-nvw?o.roioAdhiu $jlriu
honozygous dominance ffiori!{llriu1u rd! AA BB
- homozygous lecessive !4ao "uiiuridou !d! aa bb
- xSoqntd! llu Aa Bb
heterozygous nfuiinN
ilulnrl 6trenotype) 6odnnru:.ual0t$uonlaanoarl1 idudr{ulr AA Aa BB Bb ilrldo!flIu
'iriuiu (,rjun"rdurordla\) eioiTdrli aa bb ajudo.!f,I ldoiou (pjun"rajlrorn'urd'u)
O !or.i! Fiao.lgi{dd doil,:onn"ul ajrllurlar.:urjlrraiida.:ouoiru) 11
r-mll'rfi drlmrd r:-rlonloi,irb:llltuu'.r ua:In:fuIsrao.r
rf r u"uuaod-{a:Litlnlaoliuri.luu'qnon
homologous rioniu ^0 0^
rio ua!6n[ri.llr1e.insti nlno.ldali:riirlu.riaudl nluuri.r cen
rromere (X) nlriu r;r. llfiCfio0ur,;
un:oit uuu I fiuraSalan"aor
"iui" :fltutfl:
-.1-o.,1-
6u0 uaslu4 snrnfr'rfiuln:I sli 2 Tftllrio !!an.!,iriiru::ul
s lolnr:[ {tga.iuud? ii{l irtifioq?! t, rjurnrfiluuuuu.uu
1 [a:riou1]l.t 2' dulrrduuuruuttr 2 n-lrirluu 1 rfu t'do.r
ruiauaiuiil.l G![,!LJ 2 ni! 2, n'o{luio!fi!u]!.1!d!o ti!n.j1
m' UI
In:Llturil Io:L:tnao.r
til.r sister chornatid
usin;o-a6auaa{n:Idrdrie'tiirdo.rrr.rfiouniu ni!6uu- tluIntlllsul!!1i!i!o-a6a B d1u
ula:Idtraalriudan-n I
r3uni.riilu-fiilulnrl hererozygous (Bb) druiuroua:Euiriufiilulnrl
homozygous dominance (AA) u,.r homozygous recessve (cc) rir}iti.riiindilluiyrrl e,qruc
l'.tiuroun:irirorjrir,rniur:tiln crossing over 1i uriri.rorjinrfuvrnnurillnonl dlsn-!tiun
linkage
 '-rii
a) dEllrEdrru'ld4. , J?5 !

rruhnnlnrarrtnfr r{nrfl rnnln u! nE

() uJn.na.filin1ui.!rir.qn,aoi or ::aueadrrhrrn
ritdns n_rri ,ur E n ninutu:r'r !duqmr!ro.! ril s"L lor
(Psum sabvum) 7 ih:n'te_r une iuorf tr rrrdrrir
1ro.!rlrTluulnl t:n t6urn tutl!&nbtu:rnn{oD lriL
nl nf,un'rr:eroufunonrdu?n"u (selJ fertjli-
zaoon) ur:r:riunonau;:niu6in6unonit
inin rrti! uoir.iiuri (nomozygous) driu
fl^unlr?ll4vr6 (pure lr!F) !4tllll.l1u2rnu
q.!iri! T'r lrn Tr uiaN6qniao!friuti YY
bi vv
den.hunl!,i? r.rJorru0ulrdurf'(dlvluri inmhen'rrnrr:rnso d'i u
d'nvru:ri.t 7 inr:drlrYlonqMahNrJlna 6oLli trnt<age, multiple alieles, polygene,

coclominance rnr d.tqlndrrtia]ll

nrnitoira00t1fi $a'Nlliqlit

no*r x urirdu

ffi#-S-
Q lrnnr:nnnorrlrnu'i,riiorirjuriorrri (p) oi11uu'r rdudusd d'a u rrrHsuriu (cross fertrhzation)
r

lU F, ittllltdnEtu:rnln.!$llc tlollll''al.ll t rrlarriurr.r nurrru t fildr:idn:ldLfllult

riu : n'ar rir 3 : 1 !a!o liirrio(ilenlli'lluridolj !'r:atiodouudlniuuriroiu rXn6nodr'luu"rio
,tualn:r rdu""t crosst uioeoradu (recrprocdl dossl fildflddti^rl6u)nliJ nni'rdt'r4rr,uroadu
11 2 1io
iaiottDitnttl taxin$lrtania I

dro..,$'11.n0*$li.*{rlyioriulor,
@
!T

zA-)i @
6i)

6^T\"'0, A ",,",, E-/ W

Y
fd"{y'"-",- \<*/;;i
Y \
z\
(":3 riD @ --'..Y
^b

^{ s+rdr:o-.i'io,rxun0;nrric )"-J
:1tr"Tlt*ii;'Jl1"j::?"#;",1;:*'',"".
--49 @ Alt

1. aluilnl?u!,n (Law of segegarion) fuio{u1l{r:ulnoonmndr.n:uirlnr:nirlund

durilrllura: anaptrase I un:uori6ufurfirfiaful:ldilo-s6abd'o6nrd.tro.l0uil
Z. n4uivn::rnimd.N6t1! (I.aw of hdeDendoni assoftDrent) uftalnfluonooncrn
rlum"r udafur:uirdrluod,r.r{ltulu: anaphss€ I (rht!6rj?riu ur'ooirl aqluldn:nsddu
rui
lnorua:l uandf[iui.] lusnduririaiqr:rur z ludrfir heterozygous 1!{luird Aa!b) ru,l.l
h::u: I uin:o-nfisq:rio,lulnoonqrndu li! A a riu B - b un:uria:o-n6aaottt
anaphase
flo.lEu *urtmulirsth.!{r 'ldoariqndlorar:!6uriu er er as rio o fili (dradrlodr.rn:
1/4) i:!firrjlmqnrroinNr{uqarnnilala'rurinduadNd!u6!66r: n,ria.rurnrhndi{Ctiuciodd
noa, luha!!0u 2 ?io 60
1. nlrnff n lt'rdanosuqnr.roifr rfi nduolluqirroinrf,arrfu rdu
- lonrn}iqnlruFrfion - o.z lonrsliins,rrirrfion - o.t
n'rfi lornndr;ldnnirrfion = 0.2 + 0.1 . 0.3
2. nltmqar ldrdono.rruln,rrniiriudnr:fufi rduiordoruiantorrlu rdu
'
do AaBb lfi{Esdetlrru{ lonraia:}i e crn ea = rr2 lonrar:}i'I rln Bb = 1/2
n-.rfulonralinsridwr-u{ lrtc = t/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
-rdo aaBb eardr aaBl lonrnli AA qrn Aa x Aa = u4 1Drn61d Bb iln Bb x Bb 1/2
=
n\rfu lonrstn'Qniq-Iulnl AABb = t/4 x 7/2 = 7/g
- Ionroiriourh:iqnfirrEon = 13 unclon.rf,itiourjlttd{rlionxQ,u:861u = 1/2 lsro
n-rfu lonrnirlrm:oorlldinriuroirdon = u3 x 1/2 = u6
 BI h2
rnlndli{rto, 6'nutulritn (monohybdd rm{d!fi clru, dald'rue: (dihybrid cro6s)

cro6s) rio Aa x rui aa riliinorhb r lun"rdurr'no.r rur rno

risniNBndeufurilC 2 Nfl f,o 1/2 A rir R - urSnns! Y = urda$60!l!*l
firJ 1/2 a uifidir{unddur{l{li z uur rio RrYy x srj tuYy nil;Cnod1rL ?
At 1t2 Air 1t2 a ilo ua: urisirs nadtur{u{ld e oth.r 6o
1/4 RY, 1/4 lY' 1/4 Ry, 1/4 tl
rui A. rdonotrfiua:l luEniida:rdruilvlnl ua:
I iluhrln\d
^1
\i. 1/16 RRYY + 2/16 RRYy + 216 RIYI + 4/16
RrYy'9/16R Y-(nnltuiol)
2/16 tuyy +1/16 RRyy * 3/16 R-yy (n.!riu!)
2/16 nYy + 1/16 nYY - 3/16 nY- ('tlltl:lttor)

<rnr"rni r:rfirrirlh Aa x Aa t1![u! 1/16 nW - 1/16 nyy (!fl1rrt!1)

uruneuir a:1*iuqnllutrdli! 1/4 AA"
un:uioalrt'r + illbulfiril rotro nol
2J4 Aa ual 7/4 aa ua:ilulndriu sla
A- un! 1/4 aa 0ti! : do! = 3 : 1)
* rhBrsuodl.rir{ulnrl heterozygous
ti. RrYy [i RrW
_r (Aa x Aa)
rioffitlniur,rrlttuuuru$a 1
juqnr:tridn:rdru{Iu1d
AA:Aa:aa-1:2:1
ua:da:rdrufhrlnd
riu:iou=3:1

rn:rhlriridtenr : Pan t
rirEutfuo{uv autosome liuunf, ifi n:ds6nln!
1dngnr:qnlfrrr ;ol6!s.!ftoth{ 5
dli6o! $rtm du2r'o.c biruuhll*ru rdu

rhlonrdirio$idnis4!!€nA?laon = 1/4 ud?

lonraiqnrlt rnrufirrfion - 7/4 x 7/2 t CrHwlodrnlu{Iulrul heterczygous
ld lornaiqmror:irfion = lo dolalrlurrr uur uuna 2 fil {uqrn:!i
* rm,:#.rqn#rfiaur qnlru ua:4nnrr fii ii'n:rdruf,luh riu riudu : dun'ou :
lomdfi?fionlri'r1dl,l60 v4 Inu!idiii{6'!lnfi
iouriu : iauisu = 9 : 3 : 3 | 1
 lio Tr e.! x trri $ lrlJ
ri.rrrrdfufirfuurior r I rturr{turfuSulfior r
I
EE'3
F: Tt a{n.!$t i x Tt ln

nr nao!:tD{rltttia t{!
pirfi rrrl'r.trfuUlratloril I
d*rnrn'up r, lhlud n nlrrfir
firrrrurnllqwosdrftrtnr uic*r*xfi rlurfinSdll r lrll
dsnirumru{rnrflaessd io lr...r I- r i*urlairnadr
r{ln4nluu 3.1lulv E, *rorirri t
rn&adrfifufncfl#,! z F: jrr Jn ltr
llllnr:
(1 | 2 .. 1l
olllU,t Jr- lt
1oJ,r , r,{rI
e rrn Erl us! Exl dlllrfluEn:ldil Q nr:rirhndn'rurruiuqaldii fit:ic1r.li
rir judouriil{lln:Jufi oun"! lnurirJd! n-srdnDlu! (monohybrid doss) l!u!
hetqozyqous n rj us:in.Ethsuoadnro: *rorln r ua:ldnpnrrEnoo.lnmnim:!i!
tlrr truu otll !ta u8'? rdldiu
riou:luia:frrefi .rnadiufr.rrild r uuu ry_5
ruanlll1.ltuI'lUtl\tflu 3" luu lio AaBB x uri Aabb Nfih
un:qniilftrtuldrnlr 2ulrl r) ionrafhiln'inildrnl aart
B_4 = Ian'tdla- Aa (Ttn Aa x Aa)
dlilrriouri AABbccDdEbf !1fl 6!fl'! x lonrolC Bl 6rn BB x rr)
n = 3 ! fliltu hetsozygous 3 - a4 xl
l'
6a Bb Dd E€ - Z46E g %
uin:irrairoeiidulu{lC z. = e luu z) Iomsir;lCqnifulnr! uiur'r(osn-nlru:
ninturtulllu0Nni] 3" - 27 $u1) lanroiruldqniluln0 a-n_
ln'infifrtllnjdr.:du z'- g uuu Ionrsli a- (q'm aa x ea)
x lonralC s_ (rm ss x ll)
3/4X7
3/4 A6 75 %
 urt20 fisallEdrrtlnd .qs, 1?l ,

Q nr:elllOadul
l. n-:rnudu {backcross) FololQndauluealriurioiu{urit"ul !f,a i! r{fuq1fi6F1}iDuti
!1nlU$aU'l
z rirr:riilulril.ou r,q. . sdrorrntrriiluhtlriur.u! AA ria Aa d urol{ii 2 i6 6.)
2.1 n'wrdun-?!a\ t""tt ngl t ,i, Aa ndlro-'rlos nndkilltiuo-n:rdrud'nuru:iiu : n"al
- 3: 1 sdli'rliu AA iiaaar]d'2tolq:ldn-ivtu:tol1d''lu
2.2 nrtrirriiornaou (test cross) 6anru6uniu homozygous recessive (aa) 6ln'jrdt
nndo! (tester) rirriariu aa aau'u aa a:ldtriu : n'o! = 1 : 1 uoiirriu AA ea!fiu
aa r:Li'iriudru [a: backcross orrtOu rest cross our'rvilirl rirrfinnofivtiuririu,jfi
ro'irl aodildntl aa

Q nrrriruordnuru:riuqnru uuu trutaolualdnr:i'i'n

1. rulliutiallu autosome lduri A1fioa (alhnjsm). ddftnrN ru6a'tdo tfrdo
thalassemia

t1 niuriulo), sickle cell anemia dafioarlmt't:tiotionuollir]l !6!?) phenvlkebnma

alkaptonuria, !aanr!u! tl}l (D- rrin. dd au1, riaiiul li lriniirr. lriid'nil !iin:: rnr
2. [!!iu!til!u autosome 1d$i iirfior]nd ulu drdni-u i'rrfu dr*u acnonaroplasra (d'r

td'! un:l urlirar *u)

Q nrairurrir.rl
1. trmitla$Jrsi (clmplele domjnance) hercrozygous lldtl{ahu0l:tdu [a!'i1!naol!l]l]t'lllloa
6a AA ua: Aa tdu aa n'ol nh a'ng!u:r'! 7 loin_la_utor
z. nr::ifiirqrni (mcomplete domjnance) heterozygous [de!6_nvru:fla']'llixdN8o lo'did

aqiuontrfiomtailu$Douulorirrn& fia Aa !ti1J 50% da! 50% trju dsalnonnri|l'u oan

aiun"rnr

3. n1itfui?rlli'u {codominance) hetelozygous udolnhvru:losdaaanllao{oonrn iol]n:u aqi

uonruisnlirhunoouulorrton 6o Aa |ti! 1oo% rio! 100% ei! u{6oor!!! Alo

rnrhmrUrrh&'j
1) uruiln:fu'hrnn
1.1 *!u xo tdu rinunu qaldru i"\uln u?u tnd! tr-xtiu )ct o"r{ xo (i x [Fi!!vr!

16m)
1.2 rruu )ff rdu ar', ula.rui t nr"Jurlnrtr )fi dt"u XY
1.3 r!:r! zw rdu d'o'iin dnirdounaru irda drriu zlv n"rri zz d'rn:'tti'unliuou na'r

Fo sex-Lrrkage lio.r6otisrrsirlfiu
rlarlrluu lonrofir'Jriinlltl = 1/2 lt-aqnd'll = 1/2 tvi.aiu (11! : $d{ = 1 : 1)
Qur rilln:llLlurr ldirurulnaotdrrn-uon,r:uhwnurr ruhr's io !.nl !r n.fi?iou,Nnqi
r2n) rr meiosis airfii 1n) rirhiqnllfieuirf,! 2n illraeli!ftdu n"r'trjlrjh-lunr:rr! c:nn,ru
,iwr"r{ {d hui6 pdrthenogenesis

Q nrri drulrd
nh}ifidnrllolqnlo'nro:nor,r1
rn:rhltlrjdrueot : P.n z
ELo
lunondlri.rnr d'nin R lls! r
rirdrrluo{uu sex chromosome lrilduru
ltil!r,![d!
m?iilnir"u rir n ril r lrinrg:niudr arqrJndol lrt.tio urim'r uunmfllo.lifl toii
nolt?orh! 7 td! n1$urrin,l.rrhsnoiilJ
Rrx nr €ultodx} ?
drdusrr!rlruee rlbi rruonirluuuuf
RR:RI:It-1:2:1
lafirilnd iual : irnr = 3 : 1
urinrr:jdriru1.rnifilf nr riufurl1
'-t-'
, rrl
xY

I
lfiIuhd dunr: tulq: inr - r:z: r x^Y rr
nrzdrmulldrdrrdorr rrrr
(aex-tnked gene)
' x"Y
r
r!l;
ionr:rhumta"ntru#o{wlnrTlltl uia
r. ii.6eullrrlir&1tr x lidbido.lhnrru0uunnqo
rd! n1!oni, henophilia drirfioilfial! rfi r:fin u/n{as'rn-ubuia:ndo.! ufr
rqn), rm iollolirri G6pD (!o.tnr:uri
lonraflsnr;r'uond - 1/4

iirrlo!urts{li {lidlriul
drrhno,r), Ianrafiqntrue;muond - v2
Ioms$nnr: riwrumr-roai = vc
nraa{iua:li! potygene; ftrtilonr*fu
dnro:udrdldlrnnir{rQ,r rnrr:i Ionrnflqnarruiunrr: - v2
lonrafi qnljlriliurruondo{ - lz
Ia:fubr x udurirdur iiluhri 2 uru
60 X^y (tlni) uiD Xry 6o.rn1i) d?u
* rlurfu umllornarial:alqnaroua:pel
]ririrniu nolno"lt aun-unrrrirlevrddrurru
ftf,rllIulnd s ulrr fio x^x^ ( ni). rfi

XaX'{n1!.!:) x-o XX. (!oln11) nit :Pan1l

drurorioUrior uririou r:lriuirrludo
hlioCod dd! $ilotrsuu oJurn (id!r!.!
direct do€s * tAldniu reciprocal crosr)
hl inera6rnftrua: trurJni truiolnr,: $r!.!
tru',uDf, d ui{.!r!niut0.! !i!nln: r*d ni xorio'rrnr orjNa; U4
inliuotiNb ? llmrnqnrislln; r/2 l.]lni- 7/2
']a:lm1
iaernqntra; ia1n11 t/2 :lni 1/2
t1!i1!oii rilrln!
iii'mina-n; in1n11 1/2 tll.i 1/2
x"Y ' x5(" s. Ouu i:I!b! y

,
/->s
x5( x'Y
nlnrttt:1t21{u$1n
hlynru
rmrl tlrio
LUtrtntratlrnluu 6t
itd6ot4 uilfnrru:
x'x' xi ihuihvmsrriurio
O multlple alleles
106!] 1 ilrtJr:nouinu 2 a-ria silo"oda
iaflnqnrtura: flurJnl !,u',luorA $0! lsrann!1LiliLtu1nn']T 2 iu9 Liut:lnr
niuridumrr $$lmuDre orh.!a! t4 !6Dr ABo i
io /. I' us: i d'r
3 d'of,n
imrnqnn".uu; rnuana t/2 ne 7/2 rlo'rfionm 2 n"rrr ri!{ulnd laaiilirri'!
irflnqru1ur i" oaA 7/2lni 1/2 nr'!'ri!Ao
irflnlna,'): tfur'vz ltz n'waad ttz IA - IB > i 0A ud: 1' d!J1!rlu)
il riwulrr1lLr x nt{lu ltunt
urou nn!{u:uqalilrll,]ln {nQ.lunmd
r'du I\)
nirl A 0lA. nirl s 0T. fr)
tuanff)/rn?nu!1nm1{!'ru rnllln{ !q ntj AB fl^r') ua:flii o (ji)
uriua$u,jnr.rfr unnaonli' illuln:l s uuu nltr n taona:last1a
60 x^xo (ilolnr,r) xrx" (Io1nr:) xla UrlUlllullnNnu n(n+1)/Z llUU

x)c (Uni) d2l]tlrfi{ulnd 2 u!!60 B_9

xay (!o.nr) rlao fY ( nn) tltJ4lj!nt:r1utu!(lt]u ttrulllple a]leles
B_! !d'rii'!n1:d! rir.l
!'ru nf, ud.!.!run:ut{.!iitlfl i heterozy- B(fi)=W(r1?) > R (mr) > G (riiu1)
gous eild0nri\'[.! r l.rriil
r ) iidldnrl ls: dlulnrldrn'uodrrs:iuiru
ytulni n{r tratemzygous ddnrlrian=a
x'Y li s\a.lL)tz = s x s / 2 = 10 u!!
t{lulull lLltldrt saarlto\ttiUirunng{!:
$nnu8!8nua nrl1nmflJ!1211(0rll)
ld 5 quu 6mui ir rtrr m.! rilr ua:
I'l',l
,_,.q 1bl'

2) fl tJdllrlJtril (BR) itflul'um:diultJt-r'l rlnu4un1 nflJ8l\rnllr Lull] 1.. !u e:!

ffc) l!lt"enu-'!k ? ilulnrJ s uur fia 1/16 qffei! (....t,
BRx WG 4./16 un.ldau (....),6/16 !!! (...),
li BW BG, I a, RG 6o$nnevn, o'r, 4/16 lurldou (..) !1? (.)
uB3 1/16
rn, u&! ffunlfru drrr*& 1:1:1: 1 r.$uLt11anEtu:nfl i1!rn!Lonelulutaaa

e polygene tnu (illll:tuu A r&0 tsl u!!!lndf!l

nD 1 AnB{\l:On6tllFuLofillul,tn1firu r?lu

alus{ dir an-oo.rau riilrru

seirgruT 6aun!rf! (AABB) !.r;;rl (aabb) o{
u1uu1l llrlttlolti .l&t anlltu:rlr'lll,|0t t/ t6
ltl!lll ullrutnnta!l!anllRitnutu uA:
i t 6riarrir
il l! lnul:?unu0llntn1la itlu l11u ua:
i 2 def,.ln!
airurnrial d.rrirsfu mnhltonul!stulan i 3 i.i.rix
nnfi luMlj?ufllllll,lttlyl!t!lt0!rlrrn!r1 lo'l i a rir;iril
i 5 ri#r.ic
fluhiq;unntoonrrnfouarrl,l'ruru
a"tdoldu !nd?0d1.!rdueaonhirinui.r
d.rarrqdnriu 2 ij6o lan"ui
'"r"r'?""r:",
l!o.rrli"! x aabb ti1l
AABB
rilmiitririu::urirn ne I rhrr,rni-rln:n1'rur;ur ar
I

I
AaBb tri'r
itlnrtai!ff{! 4 u!!n. : aB :a[ -!.s l.u
I
I
ia F,

*x I
I^B
4444
lru laa lrl
AABB AaEB I n.go
l6

I leao
l6
[ri F
Il6 luee

It6;aueo I e"oo i I ""si I aabb

16 t6 l6
l
 qtl20 ltgfrrDdrnrr$C.qE, !F :.

ttMlm]tlfu ln\i4tl11dU U.!nlullu! lrBil l!n'll a !u r,oirnndailulnd AABBcc lrhlrj?

muq!nn9iJ'"o.!tm ) fl tuttlrj Oofl !!rnt1.l 1'lllaoltlUoll I (tlo) l|Jo n=3(tl 3tUU)
tnll ll l ll,lldUnflinnn lUl:{\rn ) -Dlla/llu = l\/41 = 1/64
a,lin.i11j,] do.!6n F, orjtlriou 64 ri!
n-!a: lra ulll]riodnn'!
s) ju r, r!f,llir:1ua#luhrlodrr a:fl uul
ntr.!nil
.i ilulnrl = :' = z: uur
ilulnrJ z(:) * r=z mr.l
rl lu lrlrl,iraunr u)u.aanLcu
4) ir.r F qldi"r!$o.ialr'udLifiru! ?
(infl11r.! luil'lti lrtll run,l{riu6nrt! ur lll ioniou Ex 4 iu F. iildrnj AaBbcc
iouioq (conunuous u*ution) lrn'd'no*, t:dll{llandunlJtln Z = U [!U (n. j)
!t!!ii! tru {quantirative trair) dluonri'l.r 5) iu F, i:id'nfld?uildrd easgcc ryiir
flnanB,lJiun'ltou lnuuui lnu ) yl $d0la 0n rur']ofl t. nnrln I z nu na
[n60lulJu {ttu n ]xu!nu? - na{xu, !nlla AaBbCc x AaBbCc
llllrn{t, 4?rtan-u'lunn) tr!n?1i111 n't:uro-n:T dT ui'luhfla{u Fr i'lriot$un
tUJllgtll{n!{ntl!tUlUllJio JO,! {dis- 6n! iiou Exl
6olanrairclti AaBecc
contmuous vanatron) lnnn!'ll,/:ln.lqou rfl - Aa (r1n Aa x Aa) X BB (rln Bb x Bb)
(qualitaove trait) X cc (lln Cc x Cc)
alnnlnnlnnsnu nt tor,1nltu P utunun = 1/2 X 1t4 X 1/4
urirriu uariluri wirio r.rrn aoln"u ldi/ AABB = 7t32
x aabrr mtrrlt nra rt lhrlaa$a.]: . n 6) il./ F, r!io"!{.r too cm iiuloiriuoi
t:LnRniu l. ILUL rl 3 Li.flri
{! 100 cmlirNjlio'ndauilr 1 ri'? (e,lfl
flurlu 2n+l lrlrU rio 1lonilda6ouiu r q'ri{r'{!d! zo
1lllr I 1[t!!0U P ntloo?141]10!l (l/4) cm) drorm:iiu eabbcc lio aaBbcc rlio

Ex-fO aabtrcic nlo od{uunne$lll1ta 5 [R)utuo

tlrd{numlatnlra!letfiu 3 fl tefivt
Al a;r'rnirnrrndu n1!nlnr.:ll1n
rio A-ABBcc d.r 200 cm u! aabbcc d.r Aabbcc = 1/2 X7/4X114 = 7t32
80 cm aaBbcc =L/4 X1/2X7/4 = 1/32
I) AaAS$U I fr2r]lr,rrrJn rnn€|lrun cm? aabbcc= 1/4 x1/4x1/2 - 1/32
ntlnu! utllaaaattu a{ 8{J cm ntll :un-uli gl32 rio 9.sz5x landtiillh:l
ddind! 6 f) d.r 2oo cm u6li\r'i1 rulu t, lJ U.lnuoa8efialurnnlNuunniru
dn6ardu o d'rrirlrioiurnrd'ai{du 120 cm roo:dr,
raaaLnu 1 rrn,1Lrrrum'raed\Yrrr 70 m
7) rii AaBbcc ri! u aabbcc rih'iniii tiold x urilri
th!ffilr{{! uoliNk ? HhIHhI
lu:llll.lQln?1i?1 Bteliuqfl .!risotutuq I
tlidlmlrdafi nriurYi{'irils lHH : 2Hh : thh
r"uu:nafr.ruodlurfinild 4 uur, fio ABc tnnu!ltlt 1lum: 2!!lnl :'l !$s1l
Abc aBc abc d.lidndauiulirtq z. r 16o antiu!tluta lnllai.:2n$a$:1!$r'n
0 fada iud ro.rqirr orrilurlu:ilCuuu
UU?no aDC'!.Mlnnaltulllu{ 1 tndn rlufio*rftru{u 3/4 t? duxrturf\rlr in
rirul rtruunrn,tu zrg
riorh s e dilr{urimn#.rao.:f,iur:rudu | f,lqn:lr#lrilinilrurr
{2 1 trlo 0 rD.lduun flrlf! 1 i,o{du (sex-lrfluenced tlaiis)
un-.!) e:h'indldnanlriu 3 2 rio 1 n'r! f, OAnintlUU.l0lllSltll lU!1! trtODUll,J

nltu xrl$fr?1!{{llr'luinr u 140 120 lrui rtu mn'vu dl|lrt?1

vlo 1oo @ i,]tlald'lJfi! g' (e'ru) r: lidllnru mra'DUluro{
't6utltn.tnlnlnlo!t1n!t{nRttiJ: llun{ g' rjdru) e:ioalwruuwriulurlil.r
nnBfl3{,!qr unr'1 qn litlr.J 8n It !281iiu1rutio.!6iu1ru um( f
lO fi{nfld'liltlii (sex-lirnit€d tmits)
eo."nDqluNoth!ryudr.tooa lgm!fu $a
$u{ttll]l/ ttu fl1luult2tnfl ld!{tial BJB' n1u
[u{!1r] ({!ru{nllut,ll.tI U{uoll.lu{i!00n} B'B, uJalu
rlonr:1l"ul{r(udi{oonromtt-1rlu) B,B, luolu
slui H lrirfl{u
n mnuu1l (u8Noontol1:tut?{) eiz
mnoul heteroz_'€ous g'tlr?uenE0t:lmn1l]

ll}tq-un! QnllujlrNt!
P: tio x uri
BrBz I B'B?
I
I
F: lBrBr :2BiBt :rB'a'
anilu 1li_ln :2a1r :11rii"11,1

en enrn 1fis :2lriilrr:1ldfirr

olttotnutntu6t hetetozlgous dlllJrJ fifioftdrullqrnrr 3/4 h{nrlr v4 lu
anilll:n!ntldllnu afiQ: LIJltl! t{ qnrtsnu la
Q lnlar:rxriuqnrtlflo{lufa{ ll d.rrf unnlan'rlf fi nn?,]rurhliulE.!s-n!a!
rlurn'u n'l!r-u{nrr rioltifiti
(genetic vamtion)
r. rorftrftoqiritiil ilfl!rnrrioi ua:mnihlaiinro{rirnir
h:!ur prophase I loln 'nairmnridurfu ri mn fiilofl1srfit cro€siDg ou"r rndtlnttt
lltiln crossing over anrtltjfiura.r
f, I ri.r,
Don-sisler chomatid !o.t homologous rir ro uo;! iiuduioduuta:L1tmra: uri.r
cfuomeome drtrurnh ctriasrna rtrtirfi n AaBb uuu 6!crsir\ EndRurtufli a uuu
n1tlIRnLll6turdudludltliluint't! tadafl (i')!$a-ntl]!$e) 60 AB: Ab: aB: ab
arlilurriljilrri'ufi dfuifilaD!6n uxtl fudn:rdru t r1:1:1lilni! [rido
c'du1 eaBl o{ru1nrlufuu uri.r rf, rrriu uo:6 n
A!Bb qossing over rdtldqdr q:nuilon.idrJ
lnJqvllnnlullannd?!/li z uuu i,!uJu!to{t

@ r. o'r:rdrruJanlriufl rill as : Ab :
aB : ab - I : 1 : 1 : 8 !f,lq u!!o'n.1

{,1 ,x
drudrruBnr:nr:rirlnoauuud uacrir
rfin aaBbdl mun"u aau d.rairsrtad
drriu{ o 1d-rfia.r uuu r6oru{r lTutrrl
rn' qnfi e:oonrtudrrdllulanln''r
I
rfi o
:1:
AaBb : Aabb : aaBb : aabb = 1

:8iro
il"' ili' 2- o-irrdlunhi'u nlo A! : Ab : aB : ab
=1:1:1:1

ooloo aB
2. ao{rfi6o{iin"u1n
urirlio{uula:Ilblr6nn"u uottito(iitt
furrnrulrldla crossing over c:rhlfiu
rndrn'urirursnltjCT la!a r-! nii
an"u

f,{!n1rt?r.[]4tutnrJ AalD ltuulltoun: Ii.Dked gene !!to linkage liuluilifinuri

iloqirrutn1lLrurhrf, urn-u le:ao{aa'heqj nltiln iJind! linkage th:ail utla nltl

*rvfu drlriri\n croestng over & z 1u ilo!1riro{nhnr-uchnu haploid nurnb€r
arn) fic lrtinJr\$afidrlrtuiilC z rur lo.rds!f,lm0nu'u rd! luiulnri! link-
f,D AB lrn: ab uidofia croesing over age a{ z: nril uluri'u
irtiti ar un: lt rdun rlandrfianrr rdoa'rmruq:iardau uauarri Iartltah'ir
nrnrimo.ridrri (geDe recomblnation) dl#.raoq:d'ol'l hutlllnuirail !6uo
 ArBb aabb rou {. rnfl: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ol]firld?l,l
lllulnlJlu€nuomunotu! nercrozygous
P: Allr
slll x
:il; lrurJ!!]r.r!ra 2 t! llnldolotluunuo!
ri.:rtrdilr"g{ rh,rwr{'ruriu{ 1a:fufur
riur 2 uu! iD Aa, .b
AB . b
n. rf,uhirirh !a trn! i ltu rnked gene
(lri6a crossng over)
61U 1'.. A. tuulUlitNio,lnt qossing over

F,: alla
sllu ;il; e r-uqnzrllsDflii? ri6ur
AaBb ..bb lu cytoplasm u{! s'llruq nll! atJ lrl
mitochonclda u8: cNoroplast ti1!J d.!mt
1 1

orulloeanll!:ri!8, u timunot,l1u$Itfl1
*rorirsdrsa{r{rfiuir eagl x aabb r{i uu |rtl:n11uflt010.t0fl1un!t!l/u oqt
inoonur{lulrd eall : aabb - t r r do !!11lamtllfl8uff alml'.!tdulmrurtna
€uagririu linled gene dsn'uua:n"! tr,t\li4t|ttllt cyloeoL un: organelle tL!1
uririrrlrlnrrrirulsauruulumaua'r do 0q anblu:n/ cytoplasm rliun0l{!,r1u lu
AaBb x aabb i;ldinrantllilulni Aafb Dd4
I Aabb : aaBb : aabb= 1 : 1 | 1 : 1
siaiJrud DNA fu cytoplaen mlfintru
a:adruduqrifluqjaulnlnnfr qn ::*jr
Bx 1il rn xlolllu ?
AB { d'r
!b fltolulu t'lin:uluolutloal$ulr ulnn'u
nlllultlrl .b Hallirr !b ud)
totl'r"dlln1fl
d'n:rdru6fu l iaosnnludoleriutritr'Liz
11. 1:1 1-7:2:2:7

Q fit4h:ifi ri no:un:lu6nlnrrilur0ndnuulm{n'uqn.r:lludnfli
($!ff1,d n3o pedigreel
! l;1ugdlnrriihdrlulod'inro.!{ll.tult lrir.r{n-uqrmr r{u4rJ::lhr:lf,rslLfu t, u, m, ...
urlriu rsslnlo'lrin L 2, 3, ... rllulnnaluuia:iu bd4d'nrni tr O O urur1"tra 41f.r
'lrJ::quin *ua'rd!
h:lornrfiflul.i I O utLud fisft1n.r!0unrr:fipror'h'rnnarl E O
ExlS
anl'{u!lrfi uqu1:2rinn1llltlru
n. fu duuulnrllLrrm
!. Eurisuueln:LL! vrn
a. illouluooLku
.r. fiurirul]ootilt!

l'o n.fiarr$l doiD I - 2 lirl r!{*r'iriu x^Y d\dndn x^ de:dviot u-.rqnslrlnnunm rir'lrl
andr?rnnuusr.rolml ui [ - t triusn.r
do a. finm{i douri I - 1 dou lirJ xx' unlris I - 2 ri'ou liu xv edriqnlulu II rlnflrudt!
a1m:$!o 1oo% tlri tr - 1, tr'zlririurduf!
r'o n. Fanrd uiouri I - r n'a! riu aa unrio I 2 rior liu aa rJlignrlnaumaurrn:mm
1m95 rdurfri rli n - t, n - z lrirf,ultiurfu
forqnior riorui I-l niurirI-2riu srticni'ori II - 1[n: II - 2&i rihrhtlolti
llulnrl ea lfqnnlaovrurf,u aa ss:liio [ - 2 ud!{'ud! [ ' s ln'qn!#'rrilua:iou uaa.t
'ir n - s iFihlul ea d.rrtrnlnfd'urilbli
O dlnliTirridlri{flr6lr14'ua;ouirliunrrlirur0nahMu:rn.lr{uqffit!urdn lluainqh!1
1. autosomal domilance: 1) {nrrulrirnerlnnllniu 2) o]lnrJtnrhu ainlnriohQffi.u
2. x-linked dominance : 1) dnrru:rlncdflnn4n 2) fDlltirurnr.iuomrmiallqntra
"
3) mnllnouullnun2 rolo1llnoitflrot:l lfonorrrnro
3. auto€ornal recessive: 1) dflDollinl3tflnldult 2) rnnilourhJnius:endirltnu& rioui
Co.tiurirr:odtu trou 3) n-n!.ulclflonldudn!!'mdrurninr:udsulunloqri
4. X-lid<ed rccessive : 0 thfitiuCntluih$it unrn:
rdopitlufirliu:rrnoullvlrulloolnnnlui'rdandor$rl6nilhriutl*nioh -r#q#r
$idriio.r riu rear11nl{Idrulto.!4nli'? 6on

ooo
 I
Q ronrnoi d'rri! rnloi'r iud'n:oqluulo:I trr ryttl!4rufllia R1u l3mtns'tlnr_r] td! n1t!
2 lo. d1!'':n[ilu oald. inrruunoonrrnnliu meiosis, inri?rlod, {d!, urio:nillnharnio
r.rlouri iorinr:ltrdrlaiudo!fin DNA ua:ru'irdhnpoluinrularltfx! alduiul,u'ii DNA
6s a1'rYuqn::r
e nlrlin rilnirniaor {a) Iaald nltnito{ A

urnfr rlurJonrrrrsrufu{ n tlrifivrru)

R .,"-,0,,u-9@151
s
ortxrl
iririH-@
nu 5 (n.!r1u) dirjti?1ud'D
s {hea0
uNarh$rn s riraronMu" R li rrn
S (h€tl) + R
ririnufrnrrmoo.r (E) u'ln'nfln s
nltntaa{ B
oonrn t6!uuifr!3!, R uatdTirll +R ltu S
n.r]rj nrirrdsld lNase dorlidsl fl:oln s + RNase +R + ri! S
ma ribin'rlf n r n'uuulu s uiou mfi1n s + oN€se +R + ldrius
-
uaaaraaardul i'!r la',j1 DNA rl:nln S + prot€as€ 4R ..- lYU S
riuarai'uqnnr
e nti02i66n (nucleic acid ielliun Duclem i 2 ftr,l'l6o DNA (deo5,aibonucrteic acid) un:
RNA (aibonucieic acid) ti! po\'rner 18.! nuclgoticle linlLtn4aml nucleotrde J:lnoUd?U
frma nrirbnlrild c. uo:moi c, zoutrnra &adrnra pentose m:uJd :lrrlgn.rr
pentose,
nucleoside) uria! nucleotide ilrda']nltd2! phosphodiesrer bond fr C. fi'u!-trjriD{lrimln C,
10! nucleotide n"rn"nlii naradlola polynudeonde d{i altl 2 a.tu 60 5' (ruti C.) d! 3,
(rud c.)
e rld (nitrogenous tase) riusrrdlnidiiluln:reuriudrri'4 i 2 r;un f,o purine titlr.! c 2
r'r liuri cuanine (G), Ademne (A) lls! 6m]l!uM6o pyrintdine !i!?.t c 1 x! ld$i ctlosrne
ic), thlErine (T), uracit (Lr) flnnpr{nr iuan,i oua ml3kidlm3idr.nd?|J c : c t!a! A
: T afl"!4!0 udis'i c du c so! A du T
^iur,id.rniuun:niu
 polynucleotide 1 d1n
tlld UAGC
utnTn deoxyribose (CbH(Oa) rjbose (Cfl,oOJ

t4ultl {llrTuqnrid!i{itind?d${i t'll'iluqnl tlhlE!'llliiualbroli

dl! DNA riNdunr:g! tarildUrdu
lllu]|lrlutian trlnn,}T

F- 20 A"--l

r.r e"f

f*t"r.*-."*'-*",oo".
trJi pydmdiE
C,U,T

In:{rir{m!iiror oNA

O r$uchao! DNA !0.ll0ndurn:nlndrrtr'niiiqn lda"aloernqlrirnrh{, lnrsrlr.tm! un:nrroru

&d x ld txJay diftaction) nudl DNA ihfl{i'rllilrtiultfilud (double helx) rua?,]nratir
*rqo{orltlu{rond'rnniuflns-uln\ (antparallel) 60 3' {util 5' 10.!dn61u ltuitldt{oqltinfiu
Jrrne!i!:tu-!14 (sugat-phos?hat€ backbone) iur6:io{uti8:dru polynucleotide titlliufiin
ruaudrfi:riu(t{ud'ro hydogen bond odrlluuuunu f,o A = T (do.!ti"u6:) ua: C =G (d1!
ri-!6!) GurhuJadatl (complementary base) uiai6't! polynucleotide o{fi'!d!] 20 A" si.lrou
mAuiul? 34 A' iEti 10 duri udn{i1!tis!md8{thrd! 3.4 A"
Q larllblao.r eukaryote 1 uri! trnoliruLnlarouru DNA ln6!1d 1 diuiull1n (hnear
DNA) d{!!.318r.i a"nn-'lrluurjuqnlBhn"ulhiu histone drftJr:1urn uafih;u non-hi$ooe
n'rlilfirdrqn r:1 lio DNA mfirraunsi! histone a:lo.rtltloutnf,n 6m nucleosoee
1$ ltctlr t: a{djl|+ng

nlll!l!nlnrul'tlJ!unrJniDnl,l1jn0u
n'irr:rilrrlnrtlttlriur'ornn 6hrtu'iou

d':u1a':llltuto.r prokaryote itrvi{16!'r !h lrnotltr"?udr! DNA m6u1n:1.i[v?! (crcular

DNA) oiodlaill r61rf,lild Nsrone !!aio1^fl!1.r['r2! DNA u.r,]orinh cFoplasm !i!n plasmd
Q lrr1lfuuro.r eukaryote luar':aln6r:rilri1{u$ cfuomatin uoflu::tr: intephase as.ilna{d1lo.r
udrraen"rrfruu {a:Illtr'hrlr M phase rornirriu 2Iarlrfin Aoniufi centromere (iltJr6u
i:ri'rliurld"?iila:!]fio1dqanaonflnfiulut!: anaphase)
krnetochore rf1,]n'i[ui.rii spinclle fiber
lla16'rA acelocannine uio hematoxytin lodoil lrl:r.roii'orirrrriu!1nii4nluiJU: meraphase
I t I.1!1,1LUn:rOdXolrl.r ,yu'!d ulLu l!l1r' kdrvorypp F0nttl.llFll!l.du!-.tu:tu.! 23 t lr\i
ilnl'.a"nuru: rurn uain't1lrAo n6r11!l
nr:dnur1a'tllltunrirFonldnnallrirurr:ar r.ru Ltndhnr:cn b'o:rrll15rrin16anlrr (teu

kartud), l!,rnphocyre l!r1 kal^yotyl).. ,lddron{ fu fl r yiatlotn l1t1tt.!1_.tllulrlluvi 0n ) rt

Ao n6[eid,lrio
o"l[ri\ centromele iri{fr:r.ir uunln rfuIuaaa rir a
tio6a metacentric (A) submeracentlic (B) acrocentnc
{C) [d! lelocenkic (D) n_{r']n
o lo:Lltr,gosnuufiaanriu z rio
XXXA
autosome $u. ) lll dltl.rb nulirn]lo :1fl6 rr]A'rltoJi ntu.lnt llnunlodIlnfl lrrnl,Jt zl
4 r.!-o 44 uyi.l
2. sex chromosome aivrornnlrir:'r f, 1 ij i0 2 unl ftrrriu ri ua:t'uo.lriu )CX

() lin
Md.ilo{nur'r1[!i\oanlf,u 2
'. rlorii,{nr! 'sord'i^." ,ir. orplo.d znt lnul arru'ieir r r' nrio uar 6rqnin'r r,_ n uri
dr!.ridiufr iau6 tjr:nourilu aurosome 22 ai + sex chromosome 1 l a'}r!f,u 23 tj 30
46 t!1i.1
z uodilrfrrri (gamete. s€x cell) ri! haplod (n) 6oi autosome 22 l!i.r + sex chfomosome
t urN 23 uvi.t
'lrrfiu
 l"tfi 2t drharbJ sFlbnFraa tct

r.
e genome 6oalitiiuQnfil]rr'ltl]n'li/ 1 oaei ui?tnAun rnitochondna !rn: chloroplast lunui
rrrlnilu! druqun iouJ:rrrru 20.000 25,000 ilu
3.000

e DNA 6!nx:fri:rir.ld'rrrliuQffir lnri!

1. i'1aa\n-1!an1d d-r 'i-!ai1! onii'rB r NniuQntt (DNA rephcatron)
2. nrrnlnaalridrrnl:liar:riiouaori'arrurnrr{i nr':u'u6ol :61 (proteln synlhesis)
,. ,:Jdljl] rlla ! tn'i 1 r 0tf.neF r'3rLU),,1 \m- dron)

DA Rep$cadoa

e DNA replication (n1r.ilna! DNA) 6n1u::u: S lal urterpnase 0u mitosls) t-a mterphase I

[u 2 wir lorudadlra4a DNA #nioa.ltfl5eua1a:i poly

meiosrs) !rr-orir:l'-rlr,rl,J DNA !f,u
nuct€o de d1!(e!fl01lnilarulrri risnirnr:iraorBlljd{olinf (semrconservative lepLicadon)

replication

F-F Es6mi@nseruative rephcabon

'/-'-\

ndluriur.i1.| LLnq rLriu rl

e lr:.1'r aor Glfr roubi nelicase

!'rno,lurn6!rx lne rirlri ly
drcgen tnnd l:1,1'i1.ld'r! I)()ly
!inmii
nucleotide daauoon
r unt!!M:!l!ald0! t! q,

r:ll!nnnaUD!lllildqi KNA 3'

1iaL ntJh.roulnllAUndu Itun
ir pri-e, air.rloaroultri
pr:mase la'rtaultri Dl.le
polymerase a3noul{:Jtol
nucleonde wia:l!lalallrtio
!i!\n'!uiurln pnmer liu{rtr
lr,triaanvr
 n'riC18o.1 polynucleodcle dlulrricld'o.rlioqm 5'1tl 3' Klo (u"u6o me pob'nprase uadar
ilrn 3 1 5' u! pol).nucleoride crrri!1 filrilaraui.:de'rno{iauruuioulueruurr rlsn
leading sFand du6nfladdraolu'llinyinlruiaunrrdudruuuiunouun-l 6un laggtng sttatd
tir'lfld DNA orz*u{rh]:enll:eioriu 6un Okazald ragrnent d.re:qnrdomr-ld,urolbi tgase

e DNA a1llRldnE Wriu4n:ad$iirlnuii.rnrr*lGnihhl! lprotem synthesis) tird0on1fi6

firqn1rlu! DNA luirln6reoonnlul aa'l mRNA ri?un.r:u?!nr lranBsiptioD u$lr nttr'h
uriruliu cytoplasm lnl IRNA uo3 ribosome n'ran::lrum.l translatioa rrtli polypepnoe
touut

firrarrrnftrensrllrHr
f&tlq1gai'l ; rlN lrfiNA l1n anl
1.
hdi RM pdynt o ttl nuct 0o6
Z. tarUalon ; rlN pdne&q vm nfifu
LdirNA rni*i$. m: ftacrr
bragfootEMc'

e RNA i 3 ri:iydn f,o

1. nRNA riunrurdur dt8tinhoiuuil! DNA oonlrd cytoptasm Inu
(messenger RNA)
anscription w nrlNA Qli -flfitqnrt! (geneEc code) riuu.rrfis: 3 ii (niple! code)
6un'h codon d!m! nf, 1 codon r:u ndun:no:ilu l Lnnn
2. IRNA (Eansfer RNA) ri!i1!
nr:rf r{n"um.l run rirlfpFh,r nrcs:llliriloln"u

l!.liouronan nruhllro4o!
rud 3 d"t !iu.! !i!]rria tiunil
!nr:r{r{ri!
anticodon
IRNAd?rni'rm.o!il!; mr c
0 guur?lJl.lu1 it1.i i,utru Iru

n't: trarslation rovtli6 codon

!u nRNA 5
3. IRNA (ribosona.l RNll) agtr
ribosome
Q rtbosone i 2 v ?udou cioqii?udrdo tra$tation nhul 1v eutraryote rlliutf:c 80s un:
dle:rc{lrn nucleolus ddu prokaryoe ulutit 7os

O ld olle aruriarriugluu!! 1au€dati RNA po\merase c!tdr!1

tra!6cripdon (nrroorii'6)
iudu om arufi $i?neo?d DNA fiaaruoon outtidr:rh nucleolide idldnius.uurjuuln1
iodu! !d1! mRNA (drn:.lhttldo{rtu T fir dttttliu u n'?u) 1nu6i1'n1n 5'1 3' lolaru
nRNA frdr+rtdlJo {udi{i'l RNA polymerase lndol]icrn 3 1 5 ur DNA dl]l!lJ!)

rinrio s phase lo{nl'u .rllaii protem synthesiE

DNA uri$u! do{nr:rK$!n1uortrl6!a n'o.!n1,llri 1 tu

ruqil{ UAGC
RNA prirDer
raubridra"rx RNA polymeEse

iinNn1l sU3'
{.tra:r:
tI6ttlut polynuclsotide 2 d'lu polynudeodde 1 fiu
uh copy rar DNA tf.lr,trlt ril rnwa laslufu1

O rufli 4 rin ri1!fii -sr-tlqnflrtl 1!.lD 2 d tuttj.!frrluxl.rnrno$I du,nqn 4'v'la 4'zrli,e

d'r'lririo*nfun:ao:ilurtr 20 t0d!!qrd fufo{i 3 uls litftfirqml! 43 = M iJullieil!
rYl urldldvisuiui'riiriliaf,lnda win:ltiiriu.tdurillino{ul mxNA d.lu:Jan21trtidNniu
i 61 rftiuJalCn:to5h nlno:iluullirfiirarurfin !d! ccu ccc ccA ccc u a( u
proline txiDun-u d1!.fu AUG liutrldd! (stan codoD) us:d.ru ati! methionine Met) n'ru
uaridn e rfairiudarqn (stop codoD liuliu ntiln'tno:iilulnl fio UAG UAA UGA
O Ea$ladoo (mru ffris) tili rilmme 2 ld1Udouldl:ruurrldu mRNA i1!! 8 riboGome
cirio!1 rula codon alnd'u 5 1 3'1nu!i!dtli66! AUG (ntno:ihiudlu polvpepli<te dkitl
rf,u metrionine tq!o) od?rCsul fla: g u.rnL'slidrldoun"r rdoii.t cooon ln1fie:i tnNe rirn:n
offuirio.rr coaon ftrltrirrlrtiou-unrna:lfllrri'rriou'nilCrri peptide bond cl.lm:ri'r6lrria
rrla rjbii mle utm; tf,umrduqanrr{snfllri polvpeptide
Iiulnilrildi riloeome uririoudtniniorliltLu mrNA rfroefi{:tril urifirradoldrnioll
drl a'ruriorluu nRNA d?rtfunirl potypeptne {r1rlu rianlnr.rafnnrirn?h potyriloeome uio
potysome rurftlu eukaryole ua: prokaryote
 UUU
-) UCU UAU -I UGU )
I
:

uuc jI
phe
tn
ucc ,o" I UGC J
cvs

UUA -I UCA rtop UGA 3top

! rau
UUG ,,J UCG UAG dop UGG + Trp

CUU \ ccu -\ cAU -l cGU -)

a,,a I ... I crc J
L
ccc I
> A.g
cur I cca I cMl CGA I

.uo -J ."o ) moJ )

"o. .]
AUU'\ ACU AGU
ou. L ! ser
,," ACC AACJ AGc j
I
--]
AGA
shrt
*oJ t*
ACG
-l ^no
Jo'
GI.JU \ GCIJ \ GAU GGU
GUc
I
I o"" I elc _.1 GGC
GUA GCA -l
I I cAA GGA
ouo -J o"u J .o. I
mrr{nl6fir{n:rlJtld,h!n-uulisirihrrairutrland
Ph€-Phsnyiahnin€.Leu-t€uqne,1te=Iroteucine,Mer-Merlionjneval=vatiDeser=Seino,pro-prolre.
Ttu - llueoniDe. Ala - AladDe, Tyr = TyciDe, tIE = Hislidine Cln - clurmirE Asn = AlparaShe Ll,s * r,yEine
Asp - As?a^.tic acid, Clu = Gtut3mlc aci( Cys - CrEreine. Trp - Trrpbpha!. AIq - Arginine, ct = ctcme

.t ,t*
,.$
-J
'ir
 DI{A 5'. ATG ACT AAT TGT CGC
3 TAC TGA TTA ACA GCG ATT I 5'

codon ual'R A 5' AUG AAU UGU CGC

ACU UAA i

.ntlcodon trtr IRNA UAC UGA UUA ACA GCG AUU

.mlno acld
l**
€+ €lrt\@-,@
n'ruulf,ortroriruo.rnr:nE ?tidqalurlalr{drn DNA tri?ia8f, rlrli potp@dde oDnln

e nrrdr nrr:dlj:iufindrrrrtiulo.t
eutaryote udrirn protaryote rin:64
transcription u8: translatioD ntou
rlulaa lriia.rrhuilfiulu uri mte poYrome lt. curarvote

potvrrerasedr*iN ronN.q hrgic ri- fiamrnr:ilroi:f,

boBome fir! !dM in1: udl{.! rf,t131i
-.,
polypeptide riorEu ritttr:r:lri! Dt.tA nnnor,rir
nucled mernbrane un:nturi6ul.t -t
n1ttTl{llnuul0!
mRNA !n! t: 5

mrriln't:rlltjt;$l$ od,.,yob

bas$pair sub3titulbn
.---l f-
-I tpotnt
':.!l0tltut"tion) t- lrls'rtlon / d€leton = freme3hill mutEton

IL ,rlCururlxlnrrri-t
r:n'ulo:hl4r -l-L- uif,uu{t rlirur rilmrilurir l
---lL- t lll utqt
l
O mutation {nifla1u) f,onTl:ldrlutr aln:S'urivlowu{uqn::l orrriraroniohflriiulnli {rdu
rilnniu gamete tfiottn.iiltnrufrnrvuo.lururiitlif) l-olliri.tunon (ld!fiinjlllrndirrnrzr"rtJl a,n
lnnruolrrtlri dlo"n.irCrnn n5ai61rd'nfi (mutagen) dlurltOnrf,ualtrio!!rit (cacnogen)
rdu oqarn n p' e-. r-.ra X q B y W. d1rlni tdit nfurl l aiaro)on cdchicine 1nu mutation
uriraonriu
1. mutadoa €fiJ6! r-o ronr:ii 6.udluim1 mrc,tnrlrlq r:fi
mutarion
1.1 nTurudtiuja (ba.s€ pair snbstiruhon) 6oinr:[ln'uunrnruari,!(it6norjrl arerirlf
a'ru poiypepride f,uo.ldouJn'uriurrinrrln riorilriarumrfudio:rfor,rqapnuJduu
o11{.rmfldn.rao; ud'rlurjr.rio*rr6!fiLi rirlidrb,rrjora*r1$' polypeptiae ifindu
iqaudtldilxtoule! !,llot 6!ul:Jua:in nfili tdlI:n siclde cell anemia fim1nm,
o:ilun'rii 6,no.l pobpeptide diu p h hernogtobin lUdu.Jl:J{rn glutamic acjd liu
rhlfinfimrl rinrfian ln,r ulqrJ r6a,l
vame
1.2 nrlCnCulolurl (insenion) xianlrriulho,tult (deletion) rjolrirlfn,rns:ifu
ulduuUrtrunr linrl pob,pepride nrri.l.rnn$! tiun6nori.l.rfi tameshift hutation

.Brc &d d1s;DU

6r.n rrop
AUO GOU AAA CAT' UqA AOA a-b-c-d mRNA niilriri.rublon::i!6s
AUO GOU AAG CAU UqA ACI\ ufiqnur u I tar,:a0:! tllat lal,
AUG CGU AAU CAU UOA AOA unr|fiut1lintia:iLil tlLr4ri
AAG GOU AAA CAU UGA AOA tir;r unuirn'r da,r r d!$
"odon
AUg GOU AAA qAU UOU AGA €- b- c'd- 6-r-... unl#la'r srop cooon uJill
AUO @U UAA CAU UGA ACA gn|lntrllnti stop 6don
AUG C99 UUA ACA UUG AAG a- q-.-s-t- .. irliri'llJr 1r_r tfin tram6hm

llhrl
2. mutation r:a"dnrl!ful qlrn r:ih
un: karyot ?e
n"uo
z.t r CulruJr{alli.xla:trlll rdu u,r,rdruurtll:J triruluriulo.r{# s uru nilf
naiuttundrisrmt Cri du Chat sy,ndrome rdu.rio.rriuul? ir!eTjol]), !r!d2urii!
ur, urldrult-n ua'raionn:uthn d'ut i! rlo ursdrd uonuJduuniu{liu riun'u

ll ti l,lf,
 2.2 rJCulluJrtrhnslirltllir inrfiaqrn non disjuction urhd!
- tfil-nrtilurirl
l)fiidu autosome tdu {d ts riuur 1 uti.t (tnsomy 13r 47 uri.!) du Patau
syndrorne, {il 18 filr!1 1 [rh (tdsony 18: 47 uri.r) liu Edwsrds syndrome,

di zl riuur 1 $ti.r (insomy 21: 47 [ri!) u]! Down syndrome tflun'u

2) 6inl! so( ctromosome rdu {no{!$i X (45 (!rh) liu Tlmer syndrome, {$d.l
i xxx (47 l!ri.l) $r trtple x syodrome, {tru! xYY (47 r!ti!) ri! )(YY
syndrcme (dou.ble Y Endrome), !F1!! ){{Y )OOff )OOod (4? 4s 49 uri{) rilr
Klinefelter syndtome
- rCl-arril41 liunum: polyploidy drnulufitl:rhlilnrnluqldl rronraL
dr airrrnurndu ua:rirrf,wld (3o, 5n. .....) ec meiogis hli nilririufitliu6a
druludnirinnltrud::av€llila polyploidy ruloonuh 2 uuu6o
1)autopolyploid f,oriirJua'ra-ltiuniu{ri! !d! w:! 4ln flmlRrlll! 2n
2)allopolyploid f,o rill nl o.t or lr"u:ir'oq1rl d4 8l; u? n"w1rl6u n"!./cul9'r{!d1t!
ldbnnJiurJlarun'u{ niu n:rdrnonb{ 4n flaa,nn:rdrdr zn lalfttn:rn\
s2u 2o tu1lnrfl ans$ornriiltnlnlvurliarurnr:

O no!-di$uoction tiuaruin nhllnr:u l meiosis d homologous chromosome lriuunoon

mndutr meicis t (A) ldo slsler ctuornadd lriuunoonmnfiulu meioeis n G) tfilfl1sliAlfui
dlfirirdlnrllltruvi.rrluldfiunuiomal [B:rrnfl5un]rrrla.idtlrftxi nf,fir'rtifin mutation tm
Ia:fuhrtqttrrli!-nnriuutir{i rdu nrnla:L1tdit#owtrl +1 1luHuntrriular1lll!$ri{d
zt rioqnesrn:lilnriu Down syndroroe riua'u
d']:!1!!oa!d! cdchicine cilttlJ?t! spinale fiber tu meioois drlflnt'Ilunoonrrnrfuuaa
nadduiu{ilLi-olrftnluuieiru'uqariu z rfi uaamut fiiqn 6oauudrl.td\n potvploidv [d

]B

z@r z@r
o tc
mciosb I

tr'\ @
oo-1 -1
@
t
@o o o @
\

+t
m.ldsl3 ll y'

ni
\

dni -l
\
I nrrlarldu ldrtiuCrurl DNA rdu lln!,1rln$uloo n:rra:ruGonl-ooqirrn{ira !ntn

6"6,r.;"0n,--*y'
dlirurnrJlirrs. .

plalmld r,lno!6ii6u A
*c-r_rih! l€ctutm auymc
uil'&ioClrr ot.ll lga€6

neraril oNA nge.!

e@ Isrsrrni6a g Uflr
nlllr !!1u: malt$s
lliir o{e nser!6r:
o{roeuellftflr cotony 1

r. larrllrgor+ls pbmid rD{tluiilau Tr! t p]asnid to.ll&aildu A fliiuihuulttftu!

(r0u DNA ri'rr.r:i,flo veoo4 ilud a{lr.ndo,rnlq,rnd{flnl0ndu lrr-aoondra€rl'brj
d'mh$1! (rosniclion enzyne) :lnouli-rilurfulnuroulgi DNA tigEse li DNA d1!
ufi
H Geconbinant DNA) narzldtl !d21d!!",r1/U$Jflfi6! n riaudr:dr'l rdudulrurytr;
rf,odirnr.ltrirl: urlifidlhlqdl uii DNA d1!xd!d,!iE!d1rJul.tli,u: fir:ofonln'ua:
uri.ttodr'rlf LiEufi nu'slnr:lrniu.l
2. Iaa rg FCR (povmerase chain reaoion) rlla .rlur#ol thermocycbr 1dd2ur6! 4 ron
Ao 1) DNA uriurJ! i6uiF,doqr; 2) DNA primer drir4nrinr:*rrazr# ir.:n-unrr
ciso.: DNA ild RNA primer 3) nucl€otide rf! 4 rii L8! 4) Dubi raq DNA polyne.ale
dlnrntrdouln' nr:sdaarn uuafi rlul'r1lou
lnr6rdrfiuqnru4 riurituulanilu udranonu4irdo$ primer {uniuuriuul udrrJlu
q.ltlrlnriolf DNA polymerase n11t1! riom:riuqruwtrldnrg.r rhrdudhJdoal li El
faun'irriu:n unltl.cf.irlirnruafrlosnro{6ultiki
O restrtction erlzyme td! EcoRl. ttaeIII
rdofnua'uhtidara DNA rfi rrilJulu
dalti (bluni end) t,l;o!la1Ul$0u2 (sdcky
end)nlreltdoldru DNA tl{nr-r;o{f
arurh{1e!6ornltiorfo,rr'nfrunubri iallulr$l|n!asrlrrl:
i'r rf,urdrdr ro.l
O rft{ii?nrl'l (genetic englneertng)
dornrdi'N DNA d.utffiunsritnqa!
irJ::luni rdl ldlaaliu rioror'l ld ru$iir1
lunfi rlulririuerinlj:f, ufr ioln,n rdu i!-
sult\ gro$rth hormone
 url2l &Ht! E*rffiFEd rs

O gel electrophoresis ld$;n'l rrrr DNA irJ::1,rr r;rn6alir.ri r]t'eu,n'luau lrlf,r rj r.n_.
na'1.!'i.lr rd! agarose gel, polyacrylamrcle gel nlnfl]i'rlnnlfleiar':6o.ruo.r 11! ethidium bromide
ru{ro,r w 9'{rl DNA ic:rio\[d.i[iurir.][nu1 arr]1:nlonloii't i DNA riobi, nfll]n!fir
DNA llnliouyhbi lnrnnlrgimaw:rio r uar turnrf,uorrrl: Inrnr:u:rr! ur:1:1ruror6n
r:llilnaniuurotrr! udrdrl rfiuunl::u:rrnro! DNA fii1!'ro[d1 (DNA molecular wcrghr
martert io-iinirurrljafislnio{ automated seoucnce f irrnio-r Lr ralci

rI
I
=
a

-
c D

DNA tin96rprint
ii;*;K
I
I . I I-I A=ia B= $&
Ir I
!I
II -r
unurar c nnuorriludrrrrduorlri
c Siril anxo.! A r!fi: B
= I I druunuror o ltqurruorLhinuri.:lu e uia e
-I
I I T
I
uoiraru lununull A i.rorrr:rilunnloi a fiuoudr

I
r II I=
I rriuairli olrir.r!"rt ril $oirr

-6:a rt'ro,t1lt rasrri.Tion Fnzymp tn DNA u6irlurFaoLi_l] qel electrophoress liloua!

DNA til.rliutiun F.FI,P (restriction fiagment lencrth polymorphism) irjr:Iltrjgjl ldrfluro6o.r
r,1r'ruril.rrmrr (genetrc marker) xiodl!filli 1o![eia:n! {Jari6
DNA (DNA flngerpnni)
inulnrnni irbilnlJ1ilulralau ldr.r hu-'nan genome projecr uiailurf,l dr'Lirjn ua:f,txri
unf )e lUr]OLJLLll"f rlt'lllr- ttll!'1,.lYr'blL,dU ltOi J t!6!tlltsUlnfl :IA OL lu.rl{1r!llLr
arrorin
e lLn_l]nDln1rnl !nrl11469l)drrotl:vtu LJtJ:nrnlJlllc, !n t.)dt]r6lfi?nrr drrir.ir ))rl
,t
l.[- L,Iu
(ransgemc ammal) Iarrarrtna'hiuioir {mrcronjechon) rtirirrn6ua udrrnduiaaaonoaa.r
nar!lriiudifrhoa! ir1rdf'llirderruja.lrfirqnfi! (rransgenjc ptanr) ldrJ i! BT frrlifilo!1o,i
stla.!ln, l:dl'lnn'UllnlUCl.llO)luvllL un:t ILU'1i1lu1bnt. ?ndnoi 6l^!')tl'UlUldlO. ri.10
mf,indr $fl:ltidirr erhylene t4'{fi1[a!{Frilt!rilir?!!iuni1 iriiirdel ar*uqnrrr ige-
neiically modrfied olganlsms: GMos) lomrfdtjliis molecrlal breedrng dufrrrhir l$,1'!d'h,i
ir t_rloirllllltulilr lLlr.!rtl trrtr{ ,1tu llnl0ryrl^Utllrqntllllnult,6rdYlO-l1L
tl'l

(' lllrlLtLlirnlUau.l lll. lnFlnlrlr,lL D110:LU 0l lfo$.!n rlli' !'UtA tiUttut.tn rt ll4a ) r!1,! 0U14.!
rj r ri_r:.:vorrj''u. airr decomposor a rrir.jfrriorn" rrlosd rfrair-roiior,iudl
e dJurJa,6{L1r tlynlL16irrl,46'L ,xl.J iiJfi_LL llltlu:1ro !yrLl tl ) nl1r a tilqooof1]^!ili tl4lde lln
L.ll!.nlr1L. !1]Oll.ln! tlLllFl Utltl1lll 1:l11l!!1!t'bLr.)rtu tlolr Ld:nl.inu^r1L
'AU_U1
O ^"futrllni isrmutdt rdmdrnnfiin"udnro/:rfirqmflhfi;xr'tfu liln mmrnrn6u
(stlohd@)
duroarirnerulurumjhjiddrqn
Q rin5rudrr&aquldrurn1!
1. n'm;nfiuflt{ (f60 d{fitr?oolqkilnum lrnruarrffutYur&d (lt radoDetic datng)
2. ml,laru-F uudrJu 6oi'hulu
homologour gtructue : Trrarhdtiluld{ftroirni{rmmMtouftt tdl uwnu m1
itr srrn
lnd1!i,],r d?urclelTrmmld!'nr1aa| naEEoal
aldogour stucnue : 1a:.ufi,rduu*rrfl0nrirlrludimirdutlo!fi! tdu indr'qal -
!nun, rurrrna.mtrn: - nm iluriu!
3. rifir:lnllllftuufiuu 6o qrouu{o'ir1na'rf,rnri'urfu rdv oufiIomr *ua*e doli aorsa
Derve cqd. gil slit, notoctDrd rln3nN
a. ::fuTrreqa fiou-ErrIrrflu-r DNA d{i!ftdifurfifunrn*illhtl:fu ldu-l'tuurflaurhrnril
ld' rdu ludrJUn - !flilrJn{urht rlnldtJriuiqn*mlllarrdrurrmue:rululkiiir
utnqnt0i ld! cytocluone dlldriruron e-
5. fi4ni1cfii ioqnr:rn:fl rnnihtrili fifl :dr-n{!o1mfl [qr]ililnrfi dblln!fiJfirthli
rudriib uanrirqill
e. rn:r{nr6onrlu{1nulqrri (artjicla.l selection) rdu rfinirtr wiru n:rd-tl6 rm tmd'a
6oas1$fu iritl fi dru}irfi nlilurnr:li
Q nqnfifulrnratrlor mlrlr
r. 4n:l{ur:ldld [aw ot use ald lhldo:hnn ihn:lrqjl*uirutfi uri
disuse) :
a:l:itfilau l:6flllm:rCor'LJluuris;{u rdu undoirE,ri rloriouno&r lrirrtlioltn
aoiuLthiool rirtinodndiaulurrluiqn. nT dtrlriltr rvrfl;fiirililfinriu r?rwildoa
l r{oum rlolrpdfliltrftnrnidnuwUtnN urruurrrqpfirnuft;no;*r{ uq:!fi!
dralulIdrros
 z. qrmhr,noelnrn:drihfrurlnri (taw of inheritance of acquired chalactodstic) |
rnrr duvu s arlair{a.uluririr: lrnrlrrniuranoioluu-rjuqnL,i .du lhlto.iidl rio
uruunn8l! {tflluttnnmflalnn1!hn'lu !r5an: ir5r fInSu t? l'ltt:ldfumlailrr orul n
qru$i
! rprl-rfuurnraacrld mllu lfinruliliiruuln,t:) !.r3onqean1r6'rls-0n1rufi:!fli (Theory
ol natLual s€LecEoD uuu,:nootu
L A.litinfinlilsMt0lunrriun'u{ rdlCrurrtlduuuornriin (riufvif,u er@nenna)
2. ii.ri'inirnrus .re"u1i0!a"nDrl]: (variation) rdl rdotrrdufiu,r.rrrorm:liuh ui6ni-?na'1!
luoau 00lJuD mtll4llttuJn
J. a_ 11ll.]6ltllt.rnrnrultreTnn [n:!filJ.i1u?uuuulatfllili (llllilrid!t6ll]it.!)
4. e.!ra!!mltltluri0n?1!0{t0i (siruggLing lor suruval)
s. n-r'lrudia'm*o#nlr;arn,jrftnna"n6onorl{ (selection) !d! rdsd'rirararrarrla'rj.r
6. nr.r iuftrhlrifiriiitnnr (aclaptarion) ri! rion-ru'urllud'r}iirdurduuuarnrij.rdu

*:tlr:uuoo6o + +adaptab#
vsrialion seleclion
t

srd.rrdoir lli dorioufif.ruuuiiaatmua:aotu uiftns*uid'nro#ruur:nlffrnourrlri

lo' rmr:fu u*tluor{lnriuirius.q i.:lnfnoontJordauinrnaouluirttu
O d?orr'tnolnrtrl6onlnul::lrl, #lhoula
1. flnamfii inausnial melanisrn 1ufidon61{6u : 0t rl1:lria-lnqv ii{sliinrau',r 98x ril]
irnr m:iu6oriudir t!-urinhld0\J,!6:o1a r donlili.tliuduirnrndollnnlndudlin
Au'r lld 50 iiDlTd'{rlndfinnlnlifiQril nrr! fir{otiini ga96 nn"unnroriudnr ryrlr;
rlrjralulrnklruqnarnn.r:u drtiu]Fonr:r*riudch lrirurn:n-ufir{odurrinriall
2. nr:n'gu1ti'ru!n{ us!!j' Ailu: : 6niln Daiural selection FodoriDl]uun{trnllAurid
lrtrEudrusrtudrdun:lrifi uririor.:rldurdrula.tuaru.lJiiru:undu i',rdru6o:on6rrirt
roniuunir:ro.li"lro r{inlnru rwrnriub!liricrr!i'rurru!tndu rl$udo.r!,lror
r;'rbnlrli
 3. Ln sickle cell anemia : dincrniun'au (s) !u autosome rirlriular6oaua.ru)u1irf,u'l ril
fta#::uralularllnr dlllrar6!irsu:.r:lrrrtrirrlihu a-oda s tluar:rwlahjnrrtaudru
riu sickle cel rr:nruurn unlmrruriurirdnda s tl':ud.tirurmlirunrudol:alrartiu
a'ra $liuaru'jrilu}rjruu ss l]sua:n1ulrfllllaurs,rlu ddil s lf{idrutnu) ss fir:
m!,rmrllfi sickte ceu ::trrnis6orarrldu s MTdu rio ss x s LarinoG.tlriurn
--_
t l1nu::t1n:1!r0lr,1rdun ' I ranrat selechon n1!n!6'rludEis6n s ,ruun l
nolrrlJu
Q wpfilfrnnnrr&nfllri (synihenc theory of evolution) riumllhnqufr1,o.!fltlu lJ1Hdlniu
o'nrfnarmrnni lnarorir:a'ruriuqarnnfUi:nn: ilopulatioD genetics)

I rrlqtrarilr;rnr rirtn'rldnllrnlrfid!]uu ora':uda-aia larele frequency) fu0!{n

A=f/20
Q.9t20

D=torzo
d=rctzo
d'I:Tinmni lo i_'r sdr:i16 26 in
utr:dl6 z a'rir iulno-admoqnn:l.l"lmrrrlii$$ fi r!rl1orrrdo'rlnol.tr:trmll

dury (gene pool) fiBtu1n"fiufu rra rtn{rrr,ru'r Rrfiilndriu dptoro rfu lu t iu.r:i
z 0nn6 MllrltnlllF?l']nonnan dlllln r
firlrllrntn u 10 n-) llridlri'riodrFi 26 iL 6aiu tn. i. d, .. . tldo d.luo8:ilu r:n 2
: ,.-
6n6n lutlJr!01,0{lj'r:!rnttnr:I 4nrdnd?r.,4nr!/ nat$allno2u11funu rllM[tn]!!!0nn6lu
tulsod 20 dsfia rd! fi$iuoirlo xll]r.!ftarm:r'lulnj AA urrdl'r Aa fiourtd"t aa udtdoulu
ri'rrs (rk e ua: a) q"ln lrK 10 d'run'r r:1d'jrin"rro 20 ri'? d.!.r1i!ildniai6oftl'td,)!Jt!ei1.!
doinrludodainlos0ufilr(rraludurla rirfi e rr n-ruar a I d? ieiiarirldd's6a A ua: a du
11/20 !6! 9/20 n1!8id'u
Q nqrml- - l2iiriiin (Hardy-Wetob€rs Equjlibnum: HWE) lonii arrld6'odnluiuqaajbl
r duutr altott rir
1. Jiltinrfuuinlrd aminrlnftlu rarn:o{:onua:duirflCullrfu1nulrjrdon{
2. LlimfhuMgur:r-j'Nniilrjrrln: hdli mulation lridln narural selechon uallifionr:
(UnUUlluA.!tadafl :nur]u

riri z :l"odun'rdairoqlu IME nraruroldnlrdo-a6arirrfll,nnruililul rl (senotype

tequency) ld nlirrf,Dlillnn'jr i!u"u! 2 o"nit 6s A ua: a lguiil'uiid'sda!f,! p ue! q BTt
aid'!
ccld'jr p+q-1
lnnha".!qa.! p? + 2pq + d- 1

ur-!f,0n11!6ilulnd AA. pl Aa . zpq ua: aa = d

niorirmn'jrdufu! 3 d'a6fl fih'$q"nnrrfitr2iir uriorjrdl-jrllulnrldriu h€rsrozygous do.lnnr 2
llfNurhrs!o
Exl n?llrildadad0ulhnfuiunld'fiidulu rlllnrnlilrirdroufu HWE fidrrvirrlu o.t q:ii
{ritirtrrrtouor uir'[: I
ifuil ln"dsasrld'oiEu A m: a iarufirrirfi p l!a! q n1rl.iii!
i!ki'q - 0.1 (c'rnlr d) m! p = 0.9 (nr1! p + q = 1)
{riwnr,r: 6oilu1nrl ea r$nrrllti 2pq = 2(O.9)(O1) = 0.18 r-0 18% ro{ ::r'rnl rr
Ixl aru$rrfiduurnruqliraiiu r rir-r'filu r,000 iuiiuriia 40 n'! e:ir'!i\ here,
rczysous (ft) frriu riao4fu uwr r
litrtlar,ud6'nde r ua: t f,a p m! q rrllimiu
in'urirj 40 fir lu l,ooo du uan.r'irnlrdiluln n . q'? = 40/1,000 . 0.04
nnulu q. J0.04 = 0.2 un! p = 0.8 (mtl: p - q = 1)
cr'ta'n'rrrliilulrr] ft = 2pq = 2(0.2X0.8) = 0.32 rild 32h c-rn r,000 du
n{uuer! lt 0! 320 nu *
Exl !6amiu! ABO nrrj, afludo"ado / us: i rilr 0.1 m: 0.4 ,r!!fi;! +l1t]-j1jrrlnt
1,ooo nufu FtwE r r{rEonn:frru
^rifi linrril6'sea f. P rrar i !i!
mr r r,lrldhd'u
p, q
€tii p = 0.1, q - 0.5 ua! r - 0.4 orifl: p + q + r. 1)
rurfrJro f,aanlfilulnd IrlA + I\ - p'+ 2pr - (0.1F + 2(01)(0.4) = 0.09 xio 9%

aunlJii Fon?lrdihlnrl IT + ft = d + 2qr = (0.5F + 2(0.5X03) = 0.65 rfio 65%

nunir|oi fion'nril{Iuhf IAf = 2pq = 2(0.1X0.5) = 0.1 = 1096

nun! Io 6aafllillldrul ii = I = (0.4F = 0.16 = 16%

ol udrtrnunlrjro i ofi u8!10 odNn! 90 650 lm u8! 160 au nrudrn"u r
o flnri2alhlrf.ra1u rdoorfuarqndudr c 'rh.iarulldadaldrdduuni$!rau riluljfiirrlf,lrilni1
16! f,an-la]ulrlrid dniouifiiia?,]l]doio6nua:aflrdilulnluirlrdr r]::t, nraudrulduruuriln
fiiri'nnd1tnnifioalth1fill rtruiqado lrid]a'ifaurnr:dlo.r unlunrrna"ufi riraTldd'nfiolu
iular duuuUall flo:riou Hrrioli'jrfin?fiurrnrr:fi4uT (ntcroevoludod 6orfin1u
'rioi! sp€cies !fiu?f!
o iqr"uidrtlrtlr miqo€votution
1. raDdod genetlc drilt fiamrd rltrnlinllrjduuu slnfl'uriJ rh}i!!10:ro.nJtrnrju
iourbin'ulroriun-rururar r:rrr:iuriounirdld sJraorliu
1.1 d"1n!ntd.Dr2i (bottteneck effsct) fio!finr"!6rirt1f, rdu uduldm 4trlrl
lltljc ll lllul:trlnt'Ilrult$na{ aillnononnrunuulutlnnoltltu"lu
1.2 rm€rrljmn{riofi (founder effect) f,orJtnnm{rdn.16anr;drutiublfibri n':ru
ilo"a6naouJ::rn:nridnjfir dtrlll qrnrfi!
2. nr:rirurrrrCorrdrui! (gene flow) f,anrr# rarn:
2 ndllr]iR{!fi.r{ftr ttlon'Ds jn:!c1!!awjoi oloo.r
llrl uan t1!0rflrlonunu1tlt.lnL 11llr mnn1.l lllaull
uua.!a,}1!0o86at!anlttultln1tliutlllmfl 0!nq!LnnnN
e\
-r0
3_
nllloun!!:0u.1 rlanafl lnnllnuulm
nT tnonir{tlnuq (non-random nating) n1lr6rrldn & a
LlJ
8.0.6 B=0.9
1l'l{i?SilomdlUnnAS!nU! OnSn!T.lt2Oltni&{!r|0
nul
4. n1?fl 01!rrit4 {rnutation)
ud!fi!.!
f, 0 !fi rDhfiolnr'lurrrlutrnin

nid.Jr hifilifl?t!60-n6m,o{i! a! 6uuq a.!

uio:runf, r:riu{da6ondaAntlnarufilil.iri, tyonuol
@-@ B-0.5
q:sulul :,urnrrrnfiirloul lumrrilo-adar duu n.r

ry@r
lunqt
rnrfiadonLur:lfifi (natural selection) rjolrfilf
08asruJll,Dr1!i!aill0ua{ tun}!na-un'!tBaaitn!1!6!
n!n{ultat!1tu:uuna:u1ntu

I
e species i1ulo.!!lnn 6ori^.!nirLd{tulrt'lun:1a'r.rdi1{n1lnlllnm lfilnvroqn:lio, u
specie€ ;lli?irur ioli.riifinilu'qnUriuurTv i0urln irrnll un: rfin gene flow ::rirrfiuld
tf luot:rnrfili.rii6irnra: sp€cier lrlqrlrrofia gene tow r:v-jrEuleli uririhrlarmuun
ftgnrrnrdu$r{ Geproductive isolating m€chanisrns FlM) lduri
1. nrlntu:rioubhr (prezygotic RIM) : ealriu{rlulrild rmr:urndrlduhn'ru 6uioqj
(ecologic€I) nale!filr{ (ternporal) oCtn:durixi hechanical) naddurfixi (gametic) rlr|em'tr

flt$fiii O€haviolal) fltoildrJl,l

z. a n::a;r&Llne (postzygotic RIM : 1ttnlditr-ttt(!furin-di a:1d'trndriur,rrTu
hybnd stedity) inmu (hybdd invi,abitty) rio qnufiurluineru trnu luiol.Jdor4nru
rrftl
ftybrtd breakdow!)
| ?fuurrrrr::ftruuni (Dacloevotuiio;) fiofinlutd:-rtrio epecies riollfin speaes luri
1. ?fuultrnfEtti (phyletic evolutio4 atlagen€$s) lDdoq!fii species lniern species i
!o{61 rdl lrn A narorf,! B
2- n1lusnut!{ rpecios (speclation, cladogenesis) ioitJl;trmdouuln{lt duluJod
!firdu srcies lmi fiaarrm'rrnsrodlurn ritJ arn A norad! c uot D

@*d
2.7 nrlurnfrrmr4imci (alopatic speciation) f,o llt1nlnd'llf,mifii Qntrrlnc'lnd!
Crgr::urfi rdl urhh 4t:n rh}llqalo'rftao.rnrlllriinlrintioril aruurndrl
6.rriou1rndu6ou1 riolrtrariJ6nifinarulf,unua: species rlildoud?
2.2 nrruuafruaruluur4immitiuzfiu (.lmpatric speciation) Id! nlllllntl2s
polyplotdy lirt!on1:1ufi1 lauuan{ririurirsnrrrnaoqo.rariilts{n rSonr:tfi n
iffll],nTi'u (co6volurion) rioi'ritrh z tiivid'f,lid!firdd! fu:fltrnr lui'?
n'rvdr.rltfint'fit lnuronr:ii.tiiinlio4irul'uuul qmliosis rdu lri tlnddufil#aT n

znlbsrlrhshlqrnud ulomrr{urilduuu4"drniuurdo fhiltnntlhiorlr-u

 gf mrniao{1o{mfi |!{In
fis A niufit B iiunus: speoes iurfula:&br
rr.rruIn!t$lJouRuu1n tufl t1{tinndu'llJ6nfl {!
2n= la
r rli r, riufu c d4ndrrflurrir (ritn ma ::u:
i I r.rftblnr)

61 ,'.!i.',L; @ D uriuru{s c e:nfi'r n ndiurfu{t'ln:1l1nr'lri

l--r g aoni dogndrudrl'ueslniur:li n riuir o d
L:V']-J t aug:aiuiru:.1 iitq! species rij A r5o B ua:ulu
\ zn=re a
4 i! polyploidy t'1U

f'-"
o lniud : liuunronrrd!1ux{lnrnlad,tnod rianrfitfiurndrJdr:ra r:ruu-j.runiuriuludn:
rnr:rhJndrurlimn dNfiun:.rdnrtu:lo.rc;loul.m rirutmrllnufiuundrnfia:uuol rirrnr:lnr
fiurabl rniqsaurrorlin:rn:r 6on r:nduru,jr rdoriouunruriru'umaiiu speciss tfimrlu uri
flantut/nriJnNrlllf,idni filiujdulrtitr spcies t,!ri nlorrlujir_d,rnrl{nqru}ur linrnr
rJfu d'ruurdrl{Cluur:uu0nn;

I
o odet Primare iod{ a"nrnu!f,a urllJfllT ! s fi rSuuuluuurdo d, f,sroqiurr1,,rla1n" n!o.r
lqj lnqirmliudou i 2 nd!60 procimian uo! anrhopoid didndr,tt udrlurio.roqn:rilru
lounrir6'rdlndrfiuuqurifrqnfiai{rjiln,! (ape) il 4 !i:ri lduri rri qliq;r noleli.r uaiilrurtli
(no.rrh u:nuillufr oqjuln'ulf n-rqarhuoornlrn unCna'duluquriiqn)

tr^t@ *[
fsruil"'*
qrrqil iurnri
- primar,e rflrln'ru riolinrurnrrqrdua:rh$0raaur ltnr:1n:6nas n:llnnluqil'u olo.r
lurgdu oarndlr ua:d'r{ir14jnirn"r riunniu
- lqujortrlrrNd HoDolidae (tnn Homooid) Mne'ln ape rndD 5-7 druidua'r i z n4n

6a Austrslopithecus un: Horno dloir.tiilatfiaru species oqjduludr.roarirqorjltudan

olrniv nd'tgrr.rlnriloniriilurnraouquritit r.uu cladogeness atldrdqlolnl:tiL
!r.0r?jo{fim:6ur"?r:.! ua:t{aurnr:mrdtunr tdu mvr itluifi! f)oth{uluiue:ulfillu
fu a4nd rlwnuainiunnr tdu
A. afarersr:r ido$ilrilryuflrqd rirlrliiqn rudio6loriu
t{. labrts oqlumtfinl tirfinr:ldlorJr:f,vjralorio ua:fintuduriltitirKnr
H, erecus oqfu qafiutdr rlllfldm:.i, dri inrdruultr'ldlau fitttlltl R"lt't
rnnnni:roonbuonmr'llnr naruuluquiinlnuaaquiml ui H erectus oonlrnlnuarfi m
udrnarur u H. sapiens ln'thlurull z lnrfr
1. nr:qrud'rrio r-2 rinridua'r oqfud;r.r1 uriruda#fina1u!f,! H saplens
2. nr:mud'rdo t-2 a'ruliiudrtuiourlu uiid: roriu ooaff!6ueqfi.dwi r$60
finlv1rir] H sapier,s iuor{lnr riour:oonl irirqda 1oo o00 idiTr!'r

nelolill H. srpJens

--E
E
Hsg.FE
iE-j65€
Li<<<

lrttlurlln1
1 -2 rl[llY1[t'l H. sapiens lluorfinr
ereaus lluavfrnr H. €r€dus lxltotGnl
(,

H. rapierr i! nmlCl'ldt 4rdfloarn trriloonulu 2 slb6leci€s

- H. FalpdiDu!9aifnr'r5alqudqaurn ri:-rfru.ro:riu
sapiens neandetthalersts
- H spiens sapiens 6n!io ao,ooo iilqlir uri'rriuqvjln:fuua'r ln:ttquriialu"u
n?i!oa1tm:ur1t6!a! drlv"llaurnr:nrlrjruuor:riurrurnrnnddunr:oqjronmlupti

ooo
 gorgutation&

e rr!1n1 Fo n{urosi.riiiln species lamnir futrx.i.rir{ (habitat rdurnlt ludrnnrdurn-u

uia:Jrlrn:rfusislu?ronr: liuri
1. t!1aJt?!lrt (populatioD sD€) dui'lo-o:rnr.ifin ii'o.rrnr.rnra nrroriulRir limrnrqna_
m:ntorlnaon (en gration)
tion)
dmrnrfinaa:mmo.:lr+nj irdl]d'rtlfl1l!fii d'nflnlrnluli{rj:;6! 6alfiulniu 1.000
2. i?1rlrlr1tnirrdr!,lTr (population density) aariuruRliiisrtinr?lmriudoduifiorlluo:
iSnr:riuqirlrui.riilniilui z uru
drmlalrlruuadudr {mark alld captue merhod) !'n1fit-udr?1lrlh Inu{udniuaS.t
lr,rnirtJ?u M. udrn.1ralo{rlrsrft!,lr]n :Jdoal uadulJr6noi.rqimu T fuClutu{n,i
dir,oioonu.r,iti'tZ, o-r 1t1t-rpryTloru-lrlrrr'urudl:rnrl6riu fU, i , l"l
"
{rio-rali,ruuu.rrrurJal ia{lni,:orjrlmfir uirrfi ouriry4-rln.irnsd ldriu'orl#do1,lu
f,r $tu{t!
drr:"unrrulurudurl::ttn.t !2 i:nm
2.1 n?,urlrui[riuod1.!r,!uru f,oFnriodudrft uun
22 n?1lnrrui$iurt!fi n6 fiaFniodufiiaqjrir
3. rnlultifi!$lrlrr r:r1fit (popularion dispersion) dsdfufuriduim-uC1dn (Imiring lac-
torsl ,novJr:tln:rtu1 60 ihfttr1.r.lnlln1r lnrunmrnr:n-ulirl:n qrwl4i pH ui.! .rdr)
i!{utn.!6?r (4'di olxr rAr I:a::urn rsrl edarnqlnrnni (ii.ralr.duirr.11
3.1 utiin:ir'ruuiJlld! (random disrribunon) ioiar"uqnlorhlal\mla
ortrfrluufi[.riou1
rlu rdu n'uliludrnlhr
3.2 uninr:eruuuun{l 6oiioq-ln:ial
(clumped disrnburion) ris!'.]tnr|o l,:da.:oa1!d
ifm"uulu1 rdl {r{ni, Iooianarw:mn:ru
3.3 Bn"jnrirltrBuuorhnlo {unform disfibutron) 6oidun1'[6at#)d?lJn1 ftatlliN.l
uhf'u rlihiurhuri.drr-a rdu fiddo oiannrvp romru

o "@ o@^ @@@@o

oooo@ ttt @@@o@
o@@ o@ ooB
o "Br; @@@6@
@@o@@
SoRo @@@@oo

drflrn:o{romardtlrflr (suwivo$hlp) u8t't61tidun:1ilC{ uildtitf,u 3 nln

l!!u 1: nou!6n.]ilon'riroolttn:r;iloulEun doM fi$ rhoiihrdolooo rilu
firfiiouprua'runruuri tdr mamnal
ur z : hirarquhhidn:rnrloriirfilidu rd!
un lan:r rir
uu! 3 : noufinTiourioDnqnflatrnnl whononfrl
dolafildrq:ufi unisiru dtl s1 nou rlrr&\
u8:d.ltnthfi !ddxqifi lo'trrmo{mnlnd

lJuuunrrrCuouh:rn bopuJatlcn glowt}l form) ii 2 liin

5.1 o)oon€Dtial growtb liurndi n-? J u {oontiu 2 lw: fio lag pha6e (,filaLN
d..l) ua; er<ponenttal gxowrh phase (rfiuthqrnrh) nr:tfrluuudl;iurdo aoa
rJ::nn:nriurd.rluarr:dlriiia{uqhtli ortmruhhau4ni filiJ:nrnliloritldi
iinCrfin drrivllild rivarr;hqnlnh trrr:funrutimilorrtttlelllir{u'iliit
rirvl 6un'fir-r*rurnrtrl{['2tdo! (envtonrnental resistance) n'rVriordln, ri6't
nltd, J !1llTinlniquuuirotuua:nnma6'uiftJ (truptive growh) ni.r$tln'l
5.2 logistic gEowth dunflrli n-1 s !fiomlri?nuood urj{oono! 4 r:w f,o ti! r
adru-r1 ril*roth.t:rnrh rilfuorjd'rr un:$iuhfi!fil mdrd! mrtiiluuud
*rirurnubiir urndolr:hrnurnirrlanrr fh uacf l$ua::fruiaari urndorlrrrrn
rorluJrnrn:1{1n'lrn#qnli rlurrh canvbs capacilt (K}

F s

,
.F
 iiurdlidrarirwnlduumrlfiuro.:rlr:trnr fifionrrurrrrnlunrtirri"u{laliisiiitu urJ.rrf,l
dlvr"urik't"n*.rrfiar (smgte reproducrion) ti! i,ihinl:inlhflft f!a'!qn
- RurYurildlaruarl (muhiple reproducrion) rdu fn'iinr:qn{uun'.r irilir.r
o. Lflrixorq (age strucrue) drr.ri urqud u!i,!d1{o1lo0n!i!irjriountr!i!i (riou 14
i) fu!e:e{u4 (15 44 !) firus-.rnierfuli {Es idirJ) uan. dCraulun'rrilatrrir.rarpor
drnrm d$d'nrru:riufirc)nuurururgt ! 4 lii f,o
6.1 luJu!1und1!!0iura! lura:Jr:grn:tfildurrntir ir6nlrn di:.n^llnn{!na1d.l.
nr:nra nt4lrirrilnunrl!!!6,1!,1rauq!! tlaninrrihi6 rlr;lrn:orql"utu rdv
muln ha6u
6 2 trililtmnhn[ruJ lmm]r:nnrrfildtodr.rdrl o-r:rrnuruua:o,rqduidu tw ouln r
ual]1'r ood!':6a lrE
6.3 uuur:rftnCr rturn r;trn:ali nuuriuniry niu dr!t! nurtTin oot.d! 6116
6.4 uDDrontll1! o"rrrmlfiaun:nrurl $nr .t:lln.tsra{ orqdalrn rdl d.ralJi

L&
lnurflrrlr,rd

a-
I l#

ut'ttlntrnirr!olurn! uttlnru:hnuou ull.tttt"lottr llu!n0n!?r!

t"tu*ru ro$t &8 iurirn3rpr"l{ : iorriqft{ I iudouroirXril{

I conmrmity 60 ::'ln:nn.T r,lirtfsii.tllfuui:t tflliurfilr-j,r! species (tnrerEpecific inter-

actlon) luull2ruudl ::trnrurio:nriufiiulurrudriflN6?n1 (nicho) iri1.!du iln,r.lairorlr:
(troptrlc sEuctur€) aralur:ul ua;idliflnlitti! (dominant species) 1 , 2 rit

l"Jf,fiiJiil, *o",ru-,,n.;
. -i&z
a!l1r1no1tlnlu,lli{ l,l:ot?nlt lix ?F
.*
olrr:ifi l ol,rd!saruu.olrdrrdiulm-
I riolJdr;riuri'rorj, sao{ !d!fud1!!.t'jr.! qecres dnrrfin
t. rm:tJ:3r (pararitism) (+l -) f,obtiiunrfiuulaeti
Clsuntinlo! lAnaon$u
' rhinnrlllu (endoparasir€) rdu u!nit!! t!'t3dr.!'l
- rhaitnur]on (ectoparasiE) !d1] *.! lfiu $,n nin q.l
- :in1u$s6i (inFaceuular paEsite) rd! hid
ttl
flh
\E/
r]anflndu-.lifitlhen (n'trhn dDuvto{) untllan (!nmtn-j1)
d'ulaarirhuunoon dl
-
.
pincipal ho6r fioiirn:dufu{uunr{urmlvfit
mrcrmediate hosr 6olriiinrdl,ri-d[ulordr,vrnluftr u6t,
\

s#
nnrab$rir

2. ,m!6{sd! lia m:u{oqr (conm€o6alism) ( + / 0 ) lli! m!!,nomuirja1om! flv

na'ruli larnuduudu$r*, nuuuluJr, ulafi 6ulfi ruf'r' {nr1ttliosrh. rdotfu ui'r
,Yr2sdon (mutualtsd (+ / + )ni1uunnr-lJ ( / - )!'nflllliolnluliuriti tdu arnrlu

ln:hdr trichonynptra ludrld, drir{rnrdou"ularusolurrNdloltr' :r mvconhDa tlu

lrnau. lduaru'irululatnud, d"txil!!ltm chlorera dlltonrl tlt-ti'luiliu2Bnldrisl ena-
baena liJultllui.!, nrrhudriurunlfrril Nostoc ltio AnabaeDa n"!fln fl, uunfrfiu
Rhvobrum ri!tl!1'tn0'T {rool nodule), tluifilau E cor liui! {1rfhtJ Dnoflageuatf, iitiun
zooxanthelae du !n'li.!
* sytr$iosis fionrudlri'udultl 1., 2 t'60 3 mlfnrioulinlCrulrntiu (coevolution)

4. aT:drtndo btedadon) ( + / - ) rdu

{n'ifiu{ni. dtrii!fi! u5ofitfiuurn'r r0u
t:rrr*rl::rtnt
? uuuftfl!&lt{rxifr fi dllltjni f, oiludr{
arqns:lnrilirlla t ri'rrllnudoilrnl
{rirf rirunir"nlrltiril:luu rdaimuijud
l$90
f, nitlua:r$dou6ofou r:11nr{drfr tl19
olmieratirll?lla\ drlisdsiurntju6n
n{.rr,ri.r riusdrsdl rioul unrJldra'hd
r:nlmlvdottioltlidnrru:id rInlnrr
m-aa"nuru:ioaoonl arnnril6ndru
 5. ari;tJ::lrtriirufir (prctocoopehdotr) (+ / + )tiluun (o / o ) rd!
'lom!-nl!u!&!,
lndid!ltrfu, r,lno'rurfuoontn*l:ro, rJarnrlryn-uaonlfwn, unldlNilualu, sriliu
t:gift^ r:9'. lharufiljr]nn::lanrnn
6. tm;uJunr-x {DeurralLs) ( 0 / 0 ) iohfl!?dl]mo rdu r]nrmrf ddaulndlrl'u
?. ,rnlriofi! (aldbiosir) (O/ - ) inrxn".lt,tlmirlta".r6n*to rdu fl penidlium # dou
fir
ti?u! penicilin oonlrriurKrn:nirpoluuafhlulmrqr:rdD
8. rTn:[ti{ud{ ( , / - ) lfirirlntriliiirih oiche r:lrluura{irtnil rdu
(clmp€tidoD)
rfia$uralarar{u{uulla u t"rdrr"nnumrlunnsl lnudruilnn:rfirdrur! d,url,ru[ri
sonCrurtm riuarrfbi! :funin"ulnrw m;arr;rlKnrm:nrfi rfiiu :urmnriuirn
nulii?u
ltrn?t$l::mnr

tla ) tttt

n:rddrilnr:mno.rdordu{lriflltiu! 2 dtlri-!{ 6r A m! B llulnfiu (n:,trlii!)

a:rfu'jrrir.rfiniryrlulnln"rf,lrrjnf, uidordu!'liri2rldu (nfltiml) ndi., flfl!.jd::n1n., B
rirullrm:fi nnrr urirurhrirrnn:ua:ia{arlrdadrllu.r ro.r
nna.rodtrhlqrra
Q inrimutknrad druln{dlalr{nr{uri::nilnd! fixlnrnuo! ,pecies n-u et/:lrrlinfld!
r6yrniufilnru{!{ud (inrraspecifc inieracrion) du}i tdu
'1. ocmpeition td! xtdl ltd{ol$ati'u
2- un:fldlu
communicatiod f,Bn.l'dssr.rn"urnlniu rdu,r &rn-n
3. social tnreracdon f,onrr{arlrfluulu{.r rdl .r:uu&nlmldl ::uu{uo,rftb
Q nrrr dulutJrlurudn{liliit lecotogical succe*qon) finfuorjrliluuruu lnn{liiri
Lif,idou rh{dorm.hu1 :;lrn:liinri! mairnrrinrlur ia"n{lli,riiffjrfidldouundu r.ir.r
Ido1rr1!od.!nT lltr:trnrnlaran{l rn::'1{rid.ralnr:Jfii (clm6x comEulit, d{id.nEa;
6o nrirlifrdlndldol n(!ai{ ilnriurJ:,rn4,ti ltrei?n.rn{! imfiurrnnus!ffrrro{trr rdu rli
ll}n]d{fi oni?Bth.llo.l succ€ssion BhJ
succlssion fuialilld!;
crurtose + tolios€ + ltod + rfiuun:r.rrg-r * lldlqn }iil uo:nllilqi
succession lgsriofr:
qilinlon dnrtrr{) * fraolu'r * tulftr'r * f,rlqririuri * riorjrq]lJ * duf,u
 nT ddt'|] uJa'! tlnuiiuri.!aon liu
1. fi !!4n bnrDary succession) rllcirw#filriraullisiiilnnriou niu rioliu rnrlf\ql$ri
l:ruuunn hur:iraous:lanudliud.!!ilniln.0n
^z--
z. !tltlr!|4!l lsecoDclary slrccession) nfl,l]nru unnliu!{.lt}t?r0qnoulnJl unQnr l8^!ralu
iqr"uu'l{ori'N rdu }irjr rir'liGiolaou at'}rrdou dro:allrfi Inrn:fu{rululkfiilnqnrin

O ::u!]iinif,ai?1!fur{r]ji1:tri1.lnrilli.ltili (communiry) duanrr[rndou (envtonment) it1fr

finrm:uuina6un intnnu1 (ecolosy)

pogrlation = 3am€ speci6. sarne habitat, 6€me time

il::::*ffi"..:::ffi:*@
Q rrnumiou ulloonrf,u f,qi'ulNnrarri rdl't u*l qaux4i nrufu ir
ni:usar pH irnru
16! ua:0qa'nrlNt nrri du orrn: 4'rir dran La1]u'rn dld?ud{esdomrl$rt? (adapladon)
aordridbluaarnurndou dlrinfirlf s dnro&
1. ;ntt|l'16'lm (morpholoqlcal adapradon) 6onr!'ln:{qirlrirfiiurn:n"uaalura{on
rd! m!uo{trr!rlru'u], aiidrn-rutlurlrltn, rept e ltn6niouiunr:qqrdrrlr. llrlitn,
tnllnuRruln:'r!52. u:r0{tuiuu{ua0!r2rr!artl!!nu FNanl:nunv
2. i1rrti.ano'r (physiological adap6tlon) 6on1:{1.l'r]nD{i1{nru ldu unrumiiolmao,
qlriiar'umaD{|'iDonl, niNn']u, nrrlju+!1erie"rrrudntdanunqrn, drrirr:w:rl!
Bowrnan's capsule rdnua; loop of Her e ur, NsiNfiDoonrnrilldo. fu! pholoropLsm

mud{
3. ihunqiarr (behavioral adaptation) tdu tnririo, ml9ntfi, n1llnolnlt, n'r6oni
| 2rJuuulovl:urinnindrudu n::lruntiitrl rirwnLro lmrurhcuualqrun{ilod! riunil
uione lduri r}hudr dua-aluonor{u dldu tj.xrqheno!{u {!iuu,r rt:lormu 4ral urt{l
Jrfu urrisrlrrfu ua:lndqirniou drrorul liome :rlriunarurtulanao.ld.riifit (bio6phere)
! ronernd 1u::ru0nnrftia.rinr:rrunr:iitf rdonrrn'rlfimardrffin ln'uri nr:dranor
nittrs arlrltrrlwarrdrq Inuifod{rnnir nrrrirulanria-rlrulibii0ul4r'nr f,oBttli
un;
nr.rorftndua:d'uqnil{rioudflu rimflWrlu!f,ltc:r uf4l'nir.Jrlaal ridinlriilo.rntlrun'l:
dr:ur0nm:nro{bi}inu
! isiiinuri.urunuulunr:iluln'riu
1. autotroph nlot-flAi broduc"r) alnormloiC 1nu1f,rtd.r!'nre]nqd{ (photostnthesis)

!d|J it, rulur bacterla, puple sulfur bacteria x-a1f,tn-'r.1'rurin ifi3u1$i

d,rs+ru, greeD
(chemosynth€sis) tdu dnilyidg bacteda
2. beterotoph si'No'rn:roilJld lCuri
2.1 tftr3lni (consumet
- {ullnnfir iherbivore)
- {uibn{ri (camivore)
- liulhartuF ue!{il (omnivore)
- {uilaatrnftmndn'i (denitivo!6) ldu lft60! i'.cfi0 flfiuuritrnahrt 6un sca'
venqor rdu lalhir unui.!
2.2 {rlolamuarftrfyr (decompo6er) h'ud f.tlq ru-rnirla

{'r:ilnefiiu s
t'b i"prt r"""r d I
produccr clh{or$l:
Tonrrldunrnoitfiirili'r lwziw,16 I I
d.compo3.r douralun'Ni, nrrr - XGI -.'
hlrdCr/rnr6sniif iu:ler:oiurli!.t -lV 1Ul fiFlaciriir z

lur:uinndr aolrri*i:J tr to, $

r:rl!:niliorh,rrioliriio{fidriour:idourrru
conrumer Jouat lt tI
rlullaeirr'r r
Inuuldurn'r:6uiiil,fi:lurn6lnirfdfulrnr6nao
r*r@Oo icx r","r i z
rrpiltJl.ila"
l
1000
{w"
vit
J r)'
rieir
rlphi r6d d I

Q rrrrhanom&nuluraruOrea ionnu{naulurzuTiuro.r (rroprt wa) Glfurio{efinfura-llrl

M,u{ddiNDrt,r't: fidNrudrndrrrnnai,ruronrirufl 6aulJrlor:juf,nfuqnrhu fio{riordnra6ltrttl
ar: us:nr:fifirudalduit 4-u{am:lnldwuluotrrltfiu.! 1096 lnlr'di{dado rfuIn ua;iu
rfu ri rlurrhrp ror iudodaMlil:lrum2rnalq ri-urira rioldbjlC ua:n,ufi trflua'u1d nurrn

riuululho.rir{dornrr (food chaln) fi?inflrusr.:6urrdldrurdlql drrirddsrm:dwrr

n8a{li.ln!!l.l0tla.!1t11101tu
c rirddornrirnrtl i;urrl
1. ti".fduuuc"ufiltxl0 ulufi uds i':lili.riiin rdr
lurlou * rusltrr * unnr:irL .-
!.rRawi
2. ri2'fduuu deEitus nlDu!! saprophytic lild
slnaurdd !d!
grnLlj * ldr6ou * r.nn1r.1on * uriiur
3.ri?{d$u!J:ao larr:rhRoofu r{ri rdu
n$alU + MaU + uuni$rl + l?td
": . ..
nTlnnrrr1.!Ita1itlflln1llJiuiau nulunnuo"ll4 l:
r.r8lulin qn!fi mrldltln!,lnnd1 r!;n fidlE]tnr
d.rnlqnludrrjluolnir lfi nl^ne,)1r]&ttiui
(food web)

lurnr:rhudoriuw fu1-r rirrfinunqnrfildu r:rhlri

rlo rnn,:iu un:ur1 riouas dles'bi oltnn msrl
rsr urdu riruonlrduu"u
I azru{lrfu;ilorii.rtrdinluuin#u rcptrl" level orrnlnuan.loonfupffiiiniitlul (ecological
pyranid) d{i 3 lrl]!
1. f,llitc1ll! uirutfiu n'rldldrio irrn: rirnaiurlo3rluauld ur:rlii.tiliinrurnl4j
rinfrulurir t i'rrra

l:un oo rirrm'

nq'i ioo i'r!m'

2. ilriir2a?2ari (biornass) xi?!rti! !T nliuitliotilrn: ltrrndurioSrvunuli fun:ti

id, n-ufi rfi.rrir.rn-r r6n ua:orqiu

f--l unrfiuar o oot trg/.' l----------l rht ror,9r.'

F--------l qrrra-' I I u*errirnuiri r x"r"J
dr+ii is kgh' L_l 't{.Jfituf,n
0 2 Lym'
 3. f,r:iinirfls
r,trirsriu trd{iru/dud^T ar tulr r reum'n1

m!naum$19!munu t'1M0!n1!{ruoud{ rhmu 10 rc"umlil

llau1!d!atlrudo!]iufiuna rqi1 lm kc€um'/o
10%

C u-.linrrrilunoa1116nrl r;mr$d{d unrJo un arulout;rurjoaoul riti riun

riuiua:al
biomasrntication 6o{r6nr:lnrrfivlou#qn ga;rilafiln1lJ6ot1
{u{and,rd'uqafrua:iar:
fiunidlo{ttTqn rdu nrr:Jlriowo.r DDr lunr:rrr furil{ll1a#tr6.rrdu un fiij.riar:d'rdlrn
O il{nrfir (matlrial cycte) irtwluriaudruur:urnrariuld'n idu hlnrnu nriuou aoniral
u'r dru:rYu fiolrytriuleiruu uf,ur0tua-n td! $na!i!! rlof,llot-d luin lnudoiariu]rruh
udr 6u{d1ri:Jlifl qthifirnruunqnuudu*r1an r:Li',jr o' s > Fe > ca > Na
I igr-rnblmnl iamrriutdaduliufitiduorhqnn u:r:u:ijrtu::arnlnr;iufiq N o{ 79%
uiirfiiululfirqulfiorndu? lo.r'lurn:n (No,') xSouofitliuu (NHa) Irirf! risuirrair,r
rilJxio:il! CNH,) fuI:J:fiu rloriuo.rrirtr:noulolrunfu DNa n,i:lrunr:1u54{n:hln:nu
nr:n'rlnuii.rlilnir.:1n"ld
l dtrogeD-fixing badeda dlur;.lhlninl lnuu.lduuffo N fuo1nif,lio! No3- xio
NH.' lls'rr!d!0edo\l!!ni6ll ld! Nosroc (addurindfl), Anabaena (oljr]-ul!nul!'!), ocitaroria.
Rhlzobium (o{nilJfl nd1), Azotobactor ritiu
2. ammodting dgaDisd lduri decomposer irsl r'sflirun:uunfirlu fir:rjouqarufurdu
h.arnitrndndrir0ri llx
3. nitriirog bacrerla r du! NHr'+ No,'ihlrfli) * No"- dur.!I) ul!-caunadn.i!
rludui4r-n.rddriu chemoaulotoph f,oilnai$l1lrlflJ|fifuitail,rairlorrar:1n'
4. d€DiEfyitrg bacterta ujdulJ NO' lfnfiJlrllr N, dudr'lu,tnrr

I. nht b6cLri.
'llirino

2 - anmodfyhs d!.nl!rn
 rril 13 !bl'rrm;*F!(j*t z1z

nrprirhnrnifrf mrdrrnrim

e rinurn:r::uriuri.loanriu Q rnfiwtrrutr
L. lxlellJ]tuodu lxu 0tn1f, u't 116totlttll Do 6ariir'1 o. iia:aruluir iirurn
2 La[n)rnufuLn r,n! nt nol nu A.!6 Do foufil 3 mq/L l"nliuillau

3- la[a1lDJniu !!u llt t!0tna{01lll1]t - BoD ;atJhr'rru o iirhurlutf,Lilu

e d'rolinfi$dr!!l!url nl5RR rUdltdLfltL 0lunMntiute
I an'l1uu1t.!tls !tu !'ln uq{ulnnal lntl:tlff o.l2']lLu ll6110lJrlllltl-r (r.!L
lljrtnql iudrlnf,nllndni) BoD lTtndi 1oo

z. nlrrlanllndlulu
rrJqnu'll.r mct/L leluul]ltdu
3 d?ttltrlnaf,tdnt l )ut )u!l!qt! rn uunfr rlutiousal!{-rrdur ii 3 ih!{.'tr
vrro lrfronr,dnlr'l I aerobic bacteda ld o uou lorrlud:
4. dr]]lntlrn r&nn?1i1r]fiqnBfl10n5 u co- dsllirf,ulafiu
an$!ttl,t1t (t1l't lluo!./ 2. anaercbic bacteria ldarr6uldol ld
s. l?]nfirriiurido'idr un61l1l llltlJ'lnnlJlt!! llu uH l\u

fi fiuvrurn$it5l}nlfr lllr fld'tul,tDU HS rirUlnl.6! ((J LDt') t:Ufdrl[Al

l. fi"rin.rrd'lraia }u ut'tEsco a ui.r unln!!1n
7.1 'rd3una-l! alnfl! 3. facuttative bacteria !i,li o- !1nfild
72 r!1r{1 t t1U!l!t! nl!r.rD!nHlt
7.3 f, r!d'n i.ai 1.i o-sriurlir r u arr 6u15 ti l; titt d'rrir v un
7.4 lt-rumu a. r:r.lo'r i!,ltu or un!L5!14! o. 1!lf,uti'2nitalo"ditl
e. duilronlan 1o! uNlsco liuri ta!u!nfi r-! 41t160 me.l ltrlrra,rr6uir3d
8.1 uroinel{uddnd lrirlurlurrnlr 3r,l0r o. Kltimo.![lnfl r5a riin'rlori":

uB:r,l'2!u udr r.q$'u!1ii fiir urjn.tii:qnliSnaa.rour\udai ri'r!

I2 dL1t11fl-6td{1u16!l nr:iircrturtt:nr ldu liofl lt{onrn
8.3 oqn!1 !\d'n on i ir.filtt"ix;l(a i a'r t1;1!r

8.4 f'ru!du{ i.qorr{: trlrp t6ulnldod I t:ro ti r uatuood, rli

8.5 rrtrleqj olrrurriu alruorriwidmndl o iliolns'l
9. Tlllauaqrhf lui ritr l' 1-nll loj
'rdullfi4o
e doi lf,.riu 15 non 1n"wi u:n n::! $Ji eutrophication
arudl n!o.t nljtl t6txar R'ntar ttirnrio ' coD 60 illm o
inr:rni1t'1unr:
6!!dii n:q! $r1a1ufiuaiou unn'ri, r,rf.rd anrrnrr6uvr5tfluir d1fi orlr1nihi
lurr unsdruhn"orrir lnn::6uu cOD , BOD .ot aluu$alu l,!ua$llr!

Q lrrn4nr, nitioun r:nfl line'ln co, ltnEo

a1a cFc ua:udd cH,
I t0rr$r{hliu (alien species, oxohc species) i{Eitr:uJ0nfi ud{oonriti
1. ntitlh'l7ru (non-invasive alien species: NLqjJ) o,ne:rlttrrldrloljld lulnJrlnirjr{!fli
nNnrrtfu td! f,rdauuo lnur
2. run{rmtr {invasive alion spectes: IAS) r ulnrotillrn dr"z,r{r.r1ounrfrifu{riNliu tdu
llrmrrlni arEa fnnumr rounoi
uurnrlrlttlnarufi ulwd,rluun.rnr:nr:fl o.rdurnrunianiua{rmnxniiifird.fi .!
lil lasrhnotirjftu s fiJro!f,0 m!ioNi'! m:dunrr uo:mrrh{i

ooo
mrC r , t:bdotd $rtrfu r
t nrv'ornndomarr:nrirtuln'us. riumn!6iot'rtf,inaiu
.lljiT:du{n'i
z. :i.rli':nrrnonrlr:nourhlnori[6:r6rrY rfuo{tta.i fit In19d; i.th lllj4fi6u rfiDlda
3, centiole. ctrcmosome, mitocboncLia tls: ct oroplast irfiraosn"rro i
4. cell wall. poroxisome lls! plasmodesn6ta ruhf,n ur'Unllu{ri
5. colgi complex ua! ER ld2udrudl'Ndot!]tt8.iliirliu
6. I:fiu a'rJblararr ua:llrir a,rn:nsi.iiln! nE'ti. colgi complex us! sER iIfid!
7. plasnod€smah brtsdf, tfiu gap iunctron httadd'Fl ri1r'nirflmorh.ra{rurl'tr
8. cilra - 0agelurD tiNiluiazllum C1lr1tr un:mrl'r6ultiDfu:iu
g. lu6sd*! chloroplast ?i! mtochondm lllttf, ulqo{li.rhnoriilrdorilao.r{u
10, lysosome, peroxisome un! SER qltnlnSallliltlllrloli'l.iC
furi! ua: cl orophyl rilqrrdnllu stroma
11. DNA

u. mdi o iluehpsddtd lrilit*rsrmrn arp {lriuar:ioJrlrrn mitoctronom Inulf, o.

13. rni!t86!!xo.! cyioplasm (cyclosb)lri ftr gokaryodc c€ll

14. clrcmo€otrle it chronath inar"rlum:urilgoti

t5. nrflnCorilor organelte ld nioonrtute nlunin ua:ldn*llrmrn rutochonoria
16. urll'uoodhif, drinili!fiuarrrrdi.ttt-uttorartn:ottr
rz. riado.:luoduinfioaunlvrixr6! t:'trsaartq:aru 0.85% Nacl liiold$sliFr\6arnridiliu'udqo
re. dorirttadriurdorionillr (semipermetrile rnemlrane) uo fihn'lanClnoiTlla' un'lrirnurl-rnra{n ra
1c !iun:un-di1!.r u,niriirradd)untu?unrr,iurfiu
20. hernolysis rfia!'m:rtrcr6oau*loqtrmra!91ti hyperionic tio(tad

eold z, rlonrhroudtrnixdirrit triolt-s2

1. dDdr{Cr6'nyt " d " molina'oqnn:ariru,ruliull e:rfuriu
n.d Lb n.p {.q
l ia4atioh)iaaudntio z-s
d1 ttJutltlu 8o{tnfl8olrlanttf,u
un-rlduar iraltvrarnudlnnh tox
taldlnit'rl 4ox ! ldiui1rqutj'noN
nu1urdmriu 't2 rnm d'.r1
2. diti,ruuriolrtariri{.}uiea'ntfbn:ou
n3 t]- 7.5 630 .!. 75
 3. d' lirlril{.fii!1lr6rtdlnd{nqdu 100X rlrfiuflllJluiltrsri
n 1.6 r. 10 i. 16 dlm
4- dDndirnld'.fimu oliectives hfu,rnilu erhti
r. nilrrra:r6ueirlliaua{ L arlttfir{i{iinnrr! specimgl tiD!,a{
n. dl]ur n,jNrnndr L io$d ins oiaptuasn Lhfiual
s. r rrliadoqem:nril,uiolnlriulrloltlqn
n. In,l - lnranr'tna$Dr{jolr6onluwxdsrriul
!. sEM - fnv]shbau:fi"re{dilrtr${Bri I

a. lEM ' imnoldrl:inDlraiirnulu arttoctronaria mtnadl'!

i flnlalhtlli1!fiJa:Jofioslor
sler€o suqo€cope
e. lar'rrJ'nbdbiujdwulaldoqnriotrira proteese ohrjootj:ftr)
n. clmnatin fber
r. ibosome 6. Ducteolus ,!. c€lt wall
7. drrl.Jl!Atit2snuhGuC,xrrnaruirtdrulur!nrfl
d lrii mornbrane ljon:iDlJsndriirqnr,:u l) U organele dtindorlir
c)lrii nucleohr
i.a
8. microtubute ar dClu
a) spindl€ fber
c) m sperm tal{r,irtlsnn',:our
1.ab {abc
s. dolefi n,:rlilri'uiilrioufi qn
n.rfuio!6${rhdo! , ribcome As:du cytoplasm
L nirni{iuoanoroli - ER r0rdlddtl{ rpid
a. dn6oifi?rh{ardoLa - tysocorn€ durtl enzyre
!. n'l'h\l1lrra.|lradlhld.tn , mtochoncLia d!d${ AI?
10. organele lnrirdri at{ii1.! menrbrane uru {u.lcl-mo€aic model
n. m n. Cot$ body i. lysosome .{.
0nryfs
11. basat body i-i(t!{hflnirurn-rla un:dl :iwoalauludriq
n. 9rO . iubulln lj. 9+2 . hrbuln 6. 9+0 , hrbrilin + actn {_ 9}Z , nDulin + acQn
12 Erriul]it6! rir mirochoEdria !o{Ao $fiouiiJrr"iii
rit!@rne b) DNA DdN,il!
a) ms c) &lalritil rl!1d
n.ab Lac n.bc {,abc
r:. iolannio$iq;riiu.:ilhrnhlolnariilftlj i.rielrluftoruiuo*aloolTrulntaquoh
a) ra inolctlnlriiaill b) Irfriolrnlu c) rdaflwnd d) norlnor!'ldnri
n.abc !.abd. n.acd. {.bcd.
14. tiriomt$ltlrrtrl bsuliD lo{ijdDlurihd{oomronfiodio
A nucleug B ribodone C RER

DSR E Cobi complo( tr exocytocj8

n-A+B+C+F n. A+B+D+F
a.A+B+C+E+F {. A+B+D+E+F
16. !'ol.ird1nfii$rdd.'l
n. A'l? *tt|mn hilocho.!&la rir.rauiurdrvluardurmd
l. ara,ne s{'}!rT !,smme orlfrioaeeruflrrh!.I
rr. spjndle fib€r iL{r10 c€noot ljldlunrrurhsad
!. .ibcoDe ttfN'fi.l oucteolus ulurnirdl]nlroh{rlll'u
16. frluJluun*iliuLlurlrharrudr dolnjrr:giodlqe
a. nuclgls - nlnnul:qrrllknquarl !. lr'srBone - uifrlrharru:ornrio.r
i. nitochon&ia - l'lloliti'lqnla! ,r. cbloralasr - rhili]tlo.liduoal
17. i'obai
a) conracnte v*oole n-rlulrrbfifldluredor tryperomc iottad
b) sap vacuole nr:ri.rlu rmrift uarsad{rj

c) food vaorob rtrdrilniJ lysrn€ lduo

n,b 'tr.ab !.abc
rs rlariln&i zog ribocoma

lrtlall6ubfqiou !,. rlcddrirrntnou i. didoim.llolau r gnfi r nn; r'.

n.
19. amylase fhio 1fl! i.trlt:ihul{ orgranem b rrlelnmtolN b@<ohm$ tlldfu dycolysjs
a)B b) Colgi body c) Iysosome
!.b !.abc
20. ftfi.mrlfrti'l#Ifitu actin lnrtr& iibjd.lr.rio
n. mal$er'hrrlD{ cyrople !. nrdi1.! $hrtut|'ollir lFoillr
a. nr:ullnla{tfitrllltdrrurilrtnd {. n1.'i{a,l1nutli, lui{!:ltto{tnad
zr. rn:vrumbmlosddld lrP
a) Na' - K' punop b) r€c€ptor-m€djat€d endoclt sis
c) rnddosaoil$Dofllonodddoqfi tltrrr:
{.abc
22. lnmhilirsrrftthhll motabollsm lD{lnadstelothurn n'nrhfihr:rlnnntr orgnn€ne htrraiqn
n. ritocllon(ltia !, FrorisoDe ,!. Sm
23. .!0{lltnalqtugtl1ltdlwNlfla {l]uidity) rntl!
!,8
a-c .r. D

24. osmometer odNiiuthlallr1ll 6on}jr lNls"1ilf'ruflldDuN'lodlrlr rirflnrnoi A B C ua: D

ritrrn6oun.: nqLo Limr Mlqr5u olhra, 1 rt-rrrJahftJ r:niudrlurnonaol0nnorlm:6sflqn

n.B
uJfun
ff.c
ll1
'1. D

25. fi nD:hduniunadfurlid
t.0nlgntuJtuuTe!
r. $lda. lurhrio!
i. uJneolnllt tuuunn,
r. lrlndo
n"alnll:{lilrlqnia.:
- lta ln6ourirnnrirr:trntrl,lrrfn
n. active tansporr
t. pinocy!6js - uadrdoqd,rldrdnFtuwnllrll
n. phagocl/rogis da 6oa1'n gr!ru rdoltarndr{a
n. exocltosis nlitnl:tlrrnna-.nltdoun{u:fiuir:
mrudruoqarad! rqliir d1lrnrhldleu
a) sL1lp1e di(usion b) facilitaied diftusioD c) active Eanspoa
nb !.ab
28 nr:n:orullnari A fiarrlqlrr'u - a rhldnnri n s{61tayalu B d!!n,rul!'r]'li! - bles b>a ldr iuir
n. B lir./ hl,potomc solution doltnti A n. B i ogmotic pres$rc druniifitaralullJ$oti A
ff. A tr turgor pr€6sure $rnfirdo!.I {. A lnn osmosjs unr plasmol}s's
z9 10411!r0Nt/!tnnxo
a) ndnqrlllnioonlrad rb-ahqr:llrilghnnd
b) utrtl osmosis oamrnrlnri
o.or u fr:r
o.or u nrlnr trIi'rr c) oarioqlu trypotontc sotuton
o.o3 i.!

ool M rai o: u nfnr d) |nariorqrirua"runnlC

n 1 ria 'r!. 2 in lr. 3lio n 4,it

30. m1r{lr$tft.ln11ujCrlrlrtii{n1rllr.i!fir Nacr Lqdilrlirr
q ! lila
uodiril,llulilrhtir
ixld 2or Nao
% N.cl
x.B
6_c
.l- D

@ -rn! s 10'!6

n1?urin$ad

reufi I , rh:luriottf iantoh r

1. ltln!flDllnrL xaryoryp€ nloliuilui na&IllJ i!tda{iolF6!6lut:tt! metaphase !o{ Inliosrs

2. hr:s! s !0.! irterphas€ ttuil 3tnal DNA ua:irlrula:!1tl rlirduflnriauurirmdnltr z tri,

3. nirJ2un'h n€iosis !ra!8: anaphas€ I t:dlinrulnn-uto{ homolo€tous cfuomoeome ${i!u! ataphace Il

fl a:rfi anrrulnr{uto.t sister chromatrd
q. rodtrifllf,i'n centonere enituluirt:wi'tr metaphase ifil anaphase 10! mitosis t!a! melaphas€ tr fi!
anaphas€ II 40{ D€iodrs

s. lmufu anaphase uludr'rfildtrn'tdorfi4noo.t v ptrase uo:rflu1t:1t[l!!iu 92 irriloQlulnadfitn

o. ntuanr Cttatriqnrrlt:r,rjlt sin€r chomatial tio\t homologous cluomosome 6ndtl!r:!: prophass I
10.! m€losis
7. 6dliriiorthma!6!fraflnMmr[rjlltnli1i]ftlrjAuhfl1l Fo ac€tocarmine
8. llsrilui1{nluu{tdfrtqtldtr.JTmruj{$ad ltrou c€mbrum !Blti! flatcrlinBitrlli^rrl m0!!0qn::.h1:
Dlt4'11

L nedirnrmr!' n'D vi.r?uflfi.4l4{nruori,.eu cvcter lC

^to* platglr,lltalii!fim'm colgl
10. da$ij c'ttolqnesls mtfiorli, no'lltolidt'jlt\ifln nidotubule d?u cell body

d*rf,fi"durhrn'nu rln8ti a:nd1luJLdutdolJflar:r/tirlttad (rniddlo latnelb lu.'r1!r{'t

11. cen phie
12. doi{i0nlonlilud{tiii#u6{ dtd.im:it nnstosrs tirtl risdfi.tnnddurfuri arl mirosrs riulJ
rio r€q; rluler
13. lhbJeDrra! anaphase r ro.t meiosjF ilnrldnuoq(uttad ta ui'rudr dob'nadu!fiorniudfirr'rrrl
liMfiiblallrlu: anaphas€ I i:li''j1! 36 It:rntt
14. ceotdole rilr orgalelle dU! DNA uiliitrri!?uli'110.!lC
u. c! 'Eiir-

15 ,rD nD raLR rur rnro!,lt$0.lLnirrf ll ll lr:nL rtsriaqfur:u: rnterphase !-nfidr dur!!: anapna"o utur
rioudqo

roui z , a_rill

1. LJtu'Bn1l{.!oinr.:{t,tnariiio'rm-rnrol
naaluarn (A) oqlu::atlnmururirnnd

2. e.r rlurdrnir rr,lln rrnrluarntinad

@@ @ @@@ 5b

roui : rioaahmldgiordqrrfum'rrol rlm

'
r llD nomoogous chromoGomc al.on cro€sing over Lril n-''iusnrr!frldt:tiurtjl{tr

" ili;E; , ;T; iE3

" i!"" iE; ., :[: il:
z. 3$i?nfiiIa:&ttrrfir.r 1 in nrlrrllltilntriulnLlii

" lXl t; " :X:X: " Jn rX: ' t: il:

1r. B B !.CD
3.,rarifirnet:oulu::ll:lnrrniiac
frG,
LS
nG,
.rM
4- trnflri[di{lj-'::rinr DNA ro{lredrd{trd?liaino{rlnri iNlniolru: mtosis

x.b

I \rd

5. lt],lnrij]nrlrl]rnsdr!ybunrdr'rntrsoud ntlo\$nailrhvi{ni

n. metaphase, 2n 4 - n, metaphase I 2Il - I

metaphase II, 2n = 4 {, metaphase II al =8

6. ri'aau[li!$adrfroqil.roql hornologous ctuornGom€ l!u!nDonmnn_!i!r!r]: moiosis I rfioiEuniidjn

non-clsjuncdon ua'r riooqtirfndulJmufuli zygoreilirQnaasar:rfrrqn::rduvhhldijr
nh t n ua: 2n a. 2n+1sn:2n-1 !. 2n+1.2n-1m:2n
7. ft!.rlrllofi w1!!"obfhrhnil/f!
n. DNA lu ::rl: C, sa: Gr lu mterphase ro{ mito6j,s
!. iilJlll centriote ti!l!!! iniephase rtJll8lut:u! prophase lio{ mitosts

la:rrind proptrase I rfu t4lophase I no! mercls

a.

r. ftrfubuth:u: rn"trpnuse II if! fiutiu! anaphase II1ra\r meiosis

L douJlu!fl!!rio![o!!r{.!i!tr rnrerphase llo! muosrs rfilrrulnillrirfilduu]u z uh
.1. DNA

9. ddnfinln:nlduonarrrunndr.r::r,r'irlnr':uirttada${oqlno.lnufilatiii{d oilorsnr]tr'l.ii
b) cyrohnesjs d) sprndl€ fiber
.l-abcd
10. ::u:1n'oqrrnjl$ari[rl rurtosrs dh:fufu lmr-e*ufiqn

r.b .rd
11. n1r[Jqwrilu! mftosi.s (1) 0n! meio€is (a luiolilllndDri{i
n. (1) l6'6oriin 2 sedtltriolllnsdui ui (2) ld 4 $n.id{Dlrrir.llllrr$.duri
u (1) in1:u!nd sister ctrcmaod ui (2) ln.ruand hornolosous clmrnosone
F !r.riin!D.r (1) rmrodis irli {riiledinlo.r (2) meiosrs ,iolilf
.r (1) thltt.Inrltfiltlriu 2n t$lDlrfir]si (2) aafin 2n ltlu n
12 t.ltttartl(trr&b! 2n = 4 ill nlullr AaBBcc dof nrru, lrrqri(uu merosrs m'? n0a'b;r:ilarLLl
u!dt

13 iolilri,i!ct{dlrrfiunrruri.rnnrid#fh ulu.nrri

n. oqlur:u: tetoplase n ra{ meiosrs tlirrfi] lri uh mitoeis

l. finoriuiulvimoli r#la:trhu : i
i. A ua: B !n!li! homologous ctmmosorne fiiutrnduri
.r. Ia:.rairdrh}idlaum c rirriolidi cyclocis s6:$fi rf,u!.rD!D!!!i

UUdnniordor AtnSillE''t1+

roui I : rtr:Iardalld trnftole r

1. {niltllrW! echinodermara ull{*Jr:rnuhrlu
2. rla.rlh 0s: od rlufisffirflLinrdo rdo
3. d'rrin:ntiflrilllnlr.rfil]rummDu T .1ftLiii drlssjim 1 d fui1!$i*hatdldiihlrldl ofdsna
tfio mollusca
4. a.1ri.rf,i.'lolehifir (taxonomc csresory) fil.r:nrlurrnbEtl6nkinl! orudn! lrid'! dl] d'!r r 6118
!-id no! 6iid
5. f, !!6!ti'i
u]l1lidiiirliu.roo.rn{ldlrou{o
6. lu 5 olmrdm lid6iahoro, {n:{o,i9h?ufl{eulrilrrlnari
7. lriifl re:[!ntfil4nr0ifi:.tihlii/tdoure1ll (deconposer)
L echinoderm!d! i1,)rE(s silJrlln !8!marsu! bilateral do0luftdo! srililulu radial doliliri!
9. drilJ1qosi!fiirlw,,lsd,J ri! u!{n ll]lotld!
10. 1njlJ!6oiiafilonr*iddi{! aruraiaa ss: chordata nhriJ
11. fitt lrhrouiu{r'Jniarlarfishrorrndro cettrjtose li
12. lirir{iar*t n!nr!u?!nll meiosis #{fitninti{Nqdoi (sporogenesls) Mnil
13. iNnl!?o$lslnr:in[ir'lritln::qndau
14. rto,flhuailoinnfudo 2 {u 6o eaoderm n"u enoooerm
ts. wo urh{riarulrfuruoufirdo riti#rdoruro ecoysozoa
16. ldltolco! rironldr6auiunrfl 1!!:wu6oi 1ll]umdr t!o!ti!!!iotlD1ln,!

1?. dr'tfinrn mrin$l! rnorusk fir€{ fiirlit!!!6onitudit:!! tldlntit€Q;dqnhnrir]d'{lr1ln::1n

d'urd.tdrrrltr
18. {iidu.!ini2ru! drdrirf,u{nE! durfrlrinliilnf,ls1u rin t6oa uasfitrlq firi
1s. fu gymosp€rm !d! flrnlta fit:rs ui:firu udou ri'rornitaonm':durinllSmhi'rtlurrioril
20. Ps otum Equrseh]m s6: Lycopodium lviol,lduoaltltiNidia!6:Jo'itule(6u? du homospotous plant

21. sl]rogt1a ulua, rj' tnorirfiuriiidofiii, l6!!t (nuclear rnembrane) th.rrln spirulrna d'i!!
22. aT :laf,uslnrnn-rldhleiltdd d1l,Jtin1i uldlulio:no!ftJrQ]1not d0!
23. f di lrifi lrltnfi a.!trhlirnurirlraarr6uririrnndluradon
24. $r6Mni1[i/nlmbil 4 lili 60 Amoeba Paramociom Euglena ua: Plasmodum ooftlnfuldrf{l.t'Jtl
litlihttdllrDlltladou'l
25. trhtrmitrolrlm-m Monera fitr rnetalotism ua:ltnlriJ'1n*|flr!{dti,1r.rirr'lnj!,larnnarufiqa
nm d.rnaLnlgfir
26. broudfJlrirl.luhlr]urf, rnFou
27. brA$llJraiflbhh:nDull*rlttad lauar:firqnraolrulu DNA ttlo nNA fili'

rod z lu6frmtrluu;riiolffrdilttttufnd t thrtilftlr

'
n, Diatom i. Anaitaena No6loc
n. Cliorelh Scened€6mus
{. Gncjllaria n. Padina Laminaria o Sarguss-um
t. r]obhrrclr 1]ulnrtdrttllJ 2. 3. o1!'nrl6l !tiuQ.!
4. o1l4ttd-!fflaonDn 5. iu 6. qt{1smtufl1tnfi.l

rodl 3, qwonirrfualrltiDtd lirrlr1n*{r {r) tlolluiiGr (8)

1.ruau6\ 2. {]!fl!ln 3. daIfl a rn'Trfur

5. oib 6. rTamieo{d! 7. Jl{:Jiltltr I Isrl\Jr * luttdrr
rDrC a : taonrhmudlnffiir.fa.ftmlltsi
1 Gtnf!
drrlui'o1no{1il.:!
lnuJn
n. rrrJlloflo nDwl\ri! ro0 !. e,orn e$!6n J*,$!!a
a. ml$s dalinlil altlTna! {. nltNlhm! Inlti.r9! ttNd.ru
2. dr iltiioborJnold rtudt!
n. rftf,nlru {aiirn:ua rJre*ru r. uurrh ru"rrh 4rh
i. tfi! lrn $fi {- ur.t!! u:NdD! urNal
s. dr fl ulolnilqru'rr$lnroon4nuluhi
a) {dlnuir D l'?fiw. c) l!i!!r!1! d rrrld
n.ad !.abd n,acd {.abcd
q. {n'Jluriolairionlanhnrdotlrjqrlrrnlnarl lr{ulC I

a)uint!\ b)g,lr.rir c) muql{d1l

n.a !.c 6.ab !.ac
5. nndloulo! gasEovasclitar cavrty ro. oal irdrfl
a) dl1.! enzyme b) diN food vac{ote c) d5N n€n6tocysr
n.a n.ab a.ac !.abc
6. {njnlildid2,jDudsonnrl C llrummhr.rndr,tnd .
n. iriidladoulul mctroplore r. {i.ili!6ul,Mr[u!16!
a. *rififldoulrnuuu protostomia .r. {o,J;lllrfordoiufrtl
z. rniernii{nmnlhruanlu{rd lr;ldi! !rn:
n. c€Iulos€
llirlraduildlt !. nnrirhlru}:*ufu,iurdodo
n i::!:i'rriodudrwriqnlib !. rjrrlalltd:!{1norjN,iiul
g. rlobf, oa_nno:i,lnosloqh u,a:l,an:r

a) ! fu (diploblasrica)
germ layer 2 b) Iriiiio,lii;r {coelom)
c) ljmrdDlmdl]lia{ (hraceldar drgestion)
n.b t.ab a.bc .!.a c
9. riol ddoli,lthtlrotntuilllid'lrfu1 anrlur-oln
n entacl€ - mollrsca 1, dorsl nerve cord, chordata
n water vasdrlar sysiem €chlnodermata .!. choimoqrte - poifera
ro. Colali{arfrajaiol*ri'r (sesrn€ntarion)

rrum rffi G#+v

a. uil]l4ei€0{til]nrn !. .ialmuro,lliito n. a1ft!o{il6our!16 \. illnsNdlrb srlrh
11 nurBr:rf,idrrTn!1! 1nmii.ri
a) lirN Gr]DltftileuJtoi b) u']no{a1r?
c) LifitilJuraoi
.!. b c
12 dnao/:!oh:no{dr4did! chordara f,o
d luhnuin b) rjo.!$don c, tfNtlJnn1ltuo O !{uj1!tl l qii'lwa-.!
n,a
rs flnda rz {nironbdtdaxu:ftnrknftian
a) tti,'rcato b) amphioxus c) hadsl'
n.b c !,abc
14. LI lrnr n ir[:lonrtlunrrcruun{ridt1$rird

lll T- J.rs.1r, a- nr:lnrtil

ll f 1- lrrrrr b- lnilrriolrrilflrln
I I L- r1.1i c- riNoi*)
I ,tr"rin d- a:lu.froef,i
n. I-b,n-c,m-a n. 1=bII=d.[I=c i. l-4II-cIlI-a .!. I=d.[=b,Itr-a
15. crustacean ldnB{ulrortlnfldri lrnanradruol untnopoaa
n. i'lu n'u'ti 1. t2lr4lrfirJiuon n. t]lllllirl !- qofa
16 rihJ,tfttfiJ!{di16u lrllotlniurr.ri4!$dirlo!fi!.rirrCurgn mdrlrtroordtftrnior.rfu6nr:sd
n. l6u6n!tl r n::qnlisuluunumu a oonqnriu}i l.:nlrlu{ru:.t
17. dobridJlrJ'lCd1llliuuror I sa: II mr.hftr

[ rd,lnnr! Oaa
I l------L- .1lrl.blft ei5!t'
- i.- &t
n. metamorphocis n:iinst{
iutron iriiuonulon
a. .r. lrnin riuhia
ra. dohdlJhirtlno{ amoelocrte luilodr
- hl mLan{r1$arL$tntatu
a) rjololr.rrmaliJEari
c) 6i1.rx11n (slicule)

19. {n'iirur$irrd{d.rdrmruannuiosr.nn lhn{ufu rirfrulurjdor i:;uuriasla drlaoriir'nud'n1J<rt

ll6n r:nrt
ios! uin uriu.lrldtJi1lmu
n. 1 fltl!t1t1ruud'ttlltiu
i. irllJnNrti/oll,taldlltni {. nnflnlD
20. {idlJaeldlemftrftiiirluftin iririqrionrrrnrr:uraiqn
n, 4!rn n {mnrir r. tu1{ r tllifi
zr. Ia:raJT .rludolad.rqntiura!ili1'ur/r&rn01ltr1.litt1ttulJunlr1ntlin
r. tiontr i rliid,!s'1i2
z. dolnMdtn:rnJ'nd riu lonn-nt {iilii,tdn gn6.ulrqnrh!
n_ nt!u{a!l .!. nlJuuu hair tfiD fu
z:- fonnhioir.rqrlo{lC 2 mra Foauadarh,,lurnbq
| 91.t4ngn n1lMutllJl !i. 6mdrrruSa dudrl
rt. illa0tlJ60\r n. filrillal cDntn!
''lrlt2!$&1lA1u
2a. lioliiiilu2|r baplord nurDb€r M'fiu6JdrlDi!0,llJod
{) protElus rio.!flir b) srrobiluslioltlriall'l c} cone to.louanrlu
,r.bc
25. ?ililfiitdol.ltl!',!fiuJlddrr (alremaion of g€neranon) lln:nfiJti!;{o! (doubte ferdization}
n. dlttilllas t. d1?r"i1ui11$,ti!1 ff. tltrhunt{m$Dn {. armnlib
26. inluioliliu,ltrll
n.1dfi r. ,trnrrliu {. rilreud
27. iifi d$ rro{*rtC^,tiqinNlntldndti(thfiI
1 drdrlyilo,lllod - oopuilirl r. 1md6d6rf,u . hrro.ltrE
6- dloJmluwlro! - u6irnitrlir {. iliriid I I t!ft{
28. fui',fiio{i! nlaurhlnarituu mitoeis n:lrl rlo
d gJr{riadaurlJli b) si1{d ol c) nlq 6dnlu:!u! sam€tophne
f.ab !,,a c !-abc
29. n.ui I lrs! II nr:rf,ul'ohruo16t
n. !uDtuDa1(a!N !ann
l. ilooln ibrdur u rrl'-lllr
r | , arllrnt
i. homo6lore rnr rtutdo! ---]-- -
r !ot6n icJfionrilurdn
"-i.*
30. *ddobiuidAuirdfiidii flagelum rr,n'Ljiul:ultioolrtdllrlnloorrrl
n_ n12rrnqlu !, t11!n:!0u i. ril]rlnrnh
31. l:rf'trn_uurir.d'nfiulrtl.rlelbnlrtl.njl?r.nttn!:lrl ldfitfsqowinirriird
a) riu?ufudt^! b) {l!2irneljion c) r:lju'la 4 1'lud!lu
!.a b {,abcd
32. f,sludDl.tllri! srrobitus
n. rdroor dr,! t. fu{nsa a- aumi.ni {. lfllut:llou
33. potonerna rj'!!oa riu prothallus no.!!iu $iolrn't1r1.!fi
a; Ia:.rnhor_urlftrrft{ l) lrjilioa'r r6rnrnlh
c; !1:toaCprtrua:m6oli
\.abc
34 rrd0n lturlJ1nhn1rll!o'r.nridiurluii$li?ri-d$!
n- t. oltlu'r l. m:riri!! r. {n,lr1
'lwrd!
35. elriudridub nu{io
a) d1$il!t!t!D b) dlnilu![i{ c) 8i$iloari0itln!fililr
!. c ltillil ,i. abtftoc
36. ?"Dl.iiDdrlraNlAur,iri i'lJn1'drtud${6iClritndD.r
n. u!fifirlu lactobacillus - rirnrntu"to"" 1. [!nfl6u purpl€ sutfu! ri1!!!iu
i. fl rqlp€rgilJug ,arnB - fi: aflatodn { jspsldftjs Diter - ntiitln
'1
J7. UaggUum ntltU
a)saDete tori{r b) prodst uNnoe c) gamete xo!f,lnon d) prokar}or€ u'Nroi
n,ab t.cd i-ac {.bd
38. l:aludoladh$nhln ut:nftrl! Iir1rrdr un:rdolnlra'rnir
n. laf,rqrhrrir aolu 1:a0n rnCol r. tjh oui r-ol:a Lirrnrlr norn
a- !6!h qi!dn!d! ortlra lon q lraroad uraalrln lillinrd'nrs! I:adou
J9. !0laluu9nll!:t)!nuro{ prokaryoie rlndl!'tllJq

d lrltr nuclear nembrane b) tn&lnariulu p€ptd€lycan

c1nll{rfu lnuotrldsmr, :r'n"ro unsrioirr rn!fili'
n.ab
40. r'rn dichotomous ley ilf A B c $i! D Fni[JuC{tri?ioir m!]fifir

1. rilJ autotroph- A
br:lu autotoptr'- ib z
2. !rur[]o .io 3
B

3. [luhei C

nh:sflnidr: D
n.Dho0q€llate r{arnrarlu 1{fi0!co! l{riouiu
t, Euglera |lllul nDlir-,)ia unlJl'Itl'lutd
i. PoDhyra rlo'rl'riu;r ri!1tfuii x!0lrluu16l!rtlul
{. Selaginela nrulri{ nslu1(t!r

ruudnhiorda.r rnfi filinf,*gtrmdln

roul r: rtr:Iaarielrtd trm olrr

1. raffnose liuhimthaaln glucose q6lacr.6e {sr frucle odNa: l luarla rirafii{rrGi c,,H..o.,
2. ah steffic aod - C,,H.,COoH uft trirtgarin rli{nr c",H,,6q
3. o'rnrfal,|fl.r:lhds.rru tb r:nou6?udlrorrmlda:t0arFurora-riol d
315 kcat
ll:f,u zo ni arJtrlarn* 25 n*i btir 1b ntu 1'liu 5 t:d&nltr uirii 10 lahnfl ua:rjr loo mt
4- aNbody €nzym€ rdr hormone rlnl0rr{ruduI :fiu
5. ?o1thrfixfi n16ri'Nidusl:6ufi ri ariromlu'rnrafllind.tvu
6. cholesterolriugr:*rfrnMmilf, o6orh6 sar te*ostero*
7- tlrf,u allltirlnir unlbfu riruriln, :irL rq4alrnluqjiorjrlu rileru rcty'ner

8 d.eiunr.lldsrd{ns_{llunNaNmlq1ndoul i,!d{ io arJfulorn:r lofu ld,nrdhrtr.niu

9. rio!-EitlufiuJntsrn[t!.itltN pobsaccharide tur11?o! glycogen > amylopctin > smylos€ > celluloso

10. n1r{.!tarr:riri!uud.! rirnrrsnraortlrrlaold o, riun::u, ua'n2nr{.rvulo:irtln{lvlr rnl6ht!

tt. lv-rnrrirrriuilnonir$iar{ulorn:nriualrirl::noufiCq
12. lmiil]i lrsli fifirfnfidorrhlue'nan
13. lu c€Iulo€€ trt:nr*rr{uoilarr nuriunwiuci,olo: nr
tl malairdrf,t rdu nraloro6n rnalohnin rhdulnlrfu rdl l'rrfuihnr6or rlr:intrdu mnnhluhrrhdri
ts. cottas€n Ofih6lflltnndqnluirrnrr dnr celulose riua, rirllrnqoiiuniqaiulan

m# z' dur5otraioUdlfinrn:rufirlrir:qaar
A l./1!!nt n:taTDn e drlirlrdu fifilr:rrJrr cr:liomN !:a:no
D e1fl ii.r$f,.l E t{un Tlriatli r urianrr nioduda'i
c i11doltio H mdooulri, o1m:rlln I u1'uilol tr:lrr
J :lo1$1.: ri\${.r K lrluldnrnruln I 1a]!url'1!
1. dlnldtltrrlna rao{.riolnrr-lrnnJr{lrulnarirU
2. araruriua;drhrrqm qonrlqnfllrfiir.foafiu_1nrit
3. flrruarlrihifiiotlnnr'rfu prnrfu_lirrn'luirli
q. lulo.rro'oar*rldr6n aldurmrniourinrrlldlar-$ir til
5. qlrul!{ii6oi$!(rfl.hurnn nriulu googte ua! ra1_dldd
6- s'tlnrir:uudrldl lrit lnrna! rll1rlllirhlfurl1rtltlairC.idlfiu ri! r:ri
?. d!rodrrurillroud!uhlrtour_lerrLilC doa.hrrriluri.rlunv'ruoar:a!-r1nflriouJoliilr ilCl
8. n'lnrnufir!$r:u!m{irjooa{.r e!ria!.i!su:fi1lr",l6!r-rjotr.1

4anroloar:urudr rirulrra _ ulurd'n

g. drnJriFlr3\.dqel !6nl!ru,iun^ r,trolurorflr"li

10 dlnttrln 120 kg d?rlirtnrr!fu l:6fi1r ru'rmru ua:rnoerllonltalo.d$'{rlun dirjfi!_lpCu

rua{rhlrfuknrr4nraulud

rovil o : ltr{doarulludr:fr}l&ninilfu f,rCnnrdrrl dthn

1 a{tioLldil rf,lulr{ri t:nou unriu
n. !mml! !a[ru l. ddrr luhu a. fuurnrpr iu1 { lrri llui)
z. n0lanillrnlrll]?n! mono€acch€ride

n, gNcose luilll1ilanturnnnqilu$a0il!0rlltlt0{li{bll
t. tuct@ !i1,l!d'li_qdur!ll!aufi]{$Fd1!
6. g6lacto€e o'nldernmrdoubmaluudr
r- riboce duo'!ftJr:no!fi r{q1un'nrfirqnt'rrrta_n1lornlr:r
3. oluldrdqflqii cemroae ulr:ir:rilor{l 1'l!r6drn{i!*!i{ rllrri
n.$rn! monom€I,lolrr.ilu'lut!$nlnrJrn[tNst,!
!. Ulnrlrintlnu! :Ji.}|ir,lio!
a- lriqrrrrndorlduirrnroiriifi uil

!. lriur:lahrrquiiuir[:.t!to!i!r,i1,!61!f1!r:!iu
4. o.l6lrnotnioldlt A tt!,hirjlrl. p€nro6e niun{riodlrinrilrDdNtou dolauJul lrildrfitlrrl'uq,nd
fl. polFer !io,t A [:]./6atlriuqmrlmldfriin r. A du nucl€olds tiurd T {Tnymm€)
6. pol,'rn6r ljo,i A ltlt]rll4ti.lnail.rrulolraad {_ A 6i hy&o}ysa ldiidlNllr 7.3 kcaymol
5. tobFollllttf lQni'0.r:roqJrrs.irrnruC$lilr
n. ff{qenltl !E Jarr uo4r}itoonftinfl l_ rf,ri?lluo:ri.r motsbolism ,i1.l1!1n!1!
i. lr'nftli! Ir i! oH- riorirl*irnruluoari r riurirrholarldotorunrrlClrnflqa
O. n'mroola'rrlut-olala
n. HdrJ arnyl6s6 ria: illrl]\ r!n6rl6:n1 ben6djct lrn'aihl i!: dliiinrueur{d!
dii! 1tilJiuriN
!i. ad! amylass ldiftl NaoH ua: c\$o. i
a. rar rJTui.r fulolsfu ufinrrrhl:urai : *hriuvna.r
{. irJlhil&tmuiJ Hcl [dri.rl'riu r.rumrrolerr leneoict ad : fi.i!no!im.!6!
z. 1! r,aqoirul'ruda,u r0uo{6ji:nou$a-a!o.lart1i ui:fi r.!{ilif,uoljir{

'f.o J_"/
"a*_ n.ttrr$err.2 l. rhniuo, z
H" I to-" n unlt.4 { !fion 4

8. lliilttl] potysaccharicl€ roula:.roiislilu

a) nrlio.lrJ b) a_ulq c) ill].ltradidi
n.ab ti.a c i.bc !,abc
9. slr} lqlmndlrarr: lCroiui1n.ra
n, phylloquinone tJ, niacin n, blolin {. calcit€rol
ro. rdorfiwrfun:oln"uljdldrdiolau c lrhniiruib n!,11
d n'lrlnfiradiipiNllloqnlisoriounh b) nr.lotrJd!fttt6'r.n#u C : H Lnn.rjl
c; n:alrrrh6l*runemqtlnfi fl donfu €..trrjl
n,a n.b a.ab \,abc
11. r'olidlnrldduu( a{tfiidudolfa2rJounirarur:riunouruluarruJ hCsnrlftdnrno:ifu
n. denatuation !. hydollsiE .. glycolysis .!. phdptprylanon
!2. liobnrimi! trrJlrm{ choledre.ol linn*r{
dr ta'tifievoor,torqartlrlC b) !r2!rl!d.nr1!liDofl!uur6

n-a !.ab n.bc .!.abc

13. dDl.a.dmfi'l DNA
n. uluarrirllr,aladrnrdqellrmd 1. irn-u rfiloatolrhi1e ut:
RI,IA nld
a.ulw,niiqn::dud{trilrpdin {.o'urmiaa{i'?rolioluri.lno{i
14. Ilri1]!iudlrd!flr1rJ$i1n!!61! !n1'rl
a) i arnjno acial !i! monomer 6! 20 tit b) irtfifiralautfuqnltrna{$ia: sp€cies

o fl'Dtiltthttltit{ arhrno acld n!m1$rt1n$41!

nab t.ac i-bc {.abc
rs. alrturinila'olalriqnio r
n. irli!6 io{fudorFlttri{tn L lt ui lnmufiurn
_

6. ,lr1! ii 5 - !6!rJdia{t!!! 't!d1tr {. inrlura - io{r{uloinrN

16. i1r:ifiuldiirwfld{{oiol6uriulunr.trimtrr orrr:rirli
t rdoalill'rdr b)irroinar{Fu c) lefire+r
r.ab n.bc a.ac {.abc
12. ri61drfi duionr.rododrrnslns''r!rdotrad::all
a)ca b)Na c)I dlP e)K 0F€
n.abe ,.ade n.bcf .l.cdt
lS. tlu2ut]tlrnllaatllu lJolulnnl:nuao
a) nriui.lrF)1o.litoi b) mflit-2no{n61! ldD

c) nltuhm:ut r51r c!) n'uti1{tii!6oaui.!

n,a !.ab tt.abc labcd
19. orqlndrunr:{untrl'ntixouloi ur'llliritrorfiJi:notna{flt,ldiNlt1ofinJ::noda1'oluari
a) ni!:niu D l und!i!! c) tlost{oJo d hln:t
n,a tb n.ac l.bd
20. $.rTiad1a_rldqid enzyme fu1ur'o!61nt0ri sulstate :Jtu,urnnlf,aodoltl
n. enzyne druaan{lltdofuirflCtnn
:r. enzyme lamttottttltlr{fi.J subsEate
a. enzyme dorhr[fflmudrilqotfl rsdfurr!;{li!
l. idrfln"n*to!$JrfurrurilT!
enzyne sub€rrab

21. {Dlnolurtlflt}1tiJ lmllilrjrd!.rlu

d)drrrliulln*!{1ul1nnilieri'.uri ltldarltnrfindulCratdrirllndwrunr:{u
c) $ft6id{mu1 lhmr6om:iqrnr4flar*.1
n.a !.ab i,ac .!.abc
 ti a I le: c riuoubi rr! B loalidtrt! b P+B
rynni.olrmi I rdoldrn p e:rorn 4 loitJr.oi :
60poR rrr!s d2urro. n doldrn p ls r l:rorn ll I
loi u!tr o !Tn+ .oi wn*r6.n{tiurthf,ltlC
3..\
,,f.,,"
3 I

n.P+R+O+S n.p +O +S *R I -
n. P+s+R+ o q ftllrfrlqlori
oedlhnrwlqi u.Ermalol
n. thlethTi?adh r. rirrluufhnerr&lo a. {innrinrrodo .r. ioalodslirundu{
A 6fu + sshdD + *
pedD (25t) rh&r
o: thfu * g€hnD + p@aio (sdc) + ft*tdtlCl4
Cr 1& + g€latln + pap6h (10trC) + fr{uualrfou
rrnrrnrmmolf, nh rlrnnrmrooddoleirjltdlqnl
n. drurarlrrnrr*rfrrhrfio rh{! fuluh or
g€laio lre: Dqah
r. qaui{llmiDff,yntNrrls{rolbrl pqen
i. izut$rfililhr.lril!6lolbrl poein uEruuJrr
{. pq6in thflidSd$tlq.ls{tl 2s"c
25. dofnrnt.lrlfir x uslmr y ionrrrhl.nrloltodld e lfirrnmmol lnd

++++ ld*nrlriadCrunnnnfim * llrnrfuftrai*nrnorm r+ ldmrrtplnnfiiog

lCq'nrhlian{rlounn ' LllLnr,.rlod
dahplor
n. .m!*u.FM0ao!fif x ir.riorrr*MurD{t0dltl A
!. |rn Y lr.d0ml*vrurD{oubti A tnnniffr X
i- rY! x sa y !r rmrtrfira {todrd A drrh
r rn x mrrmrn:frtlrarlui A *lntlfrin
 luudnh'orsoJ n15ff 1fl tef s 6U$a{

roud t : rh:furioUl lnnloh I

I co€nzyn€ A trin'riiufiittunl1 psntodrsruc aod lit.drulh:nau
2. niircin ua! rrottavm riuinriuidriq lu co.na txrhrnffdr::6rnad uomtdlrrtrnliruunl
"
3. ar:u,rlrm't slb$Iate le!€l phosphorylation h eukaryotic cel fu runnr:lu cvtoeot tinfu
4. rnr8Dnilid o, i!ri!f)i-r e- *rqarlru irlfla'u\riurdril'ruri
s. filftqilurl-uranqlaaiiooniriuoltDt]n-!!iunJ.!e c.H,,1'o. r!nuo!troud6nf,'h8!u1!htonnD!triu
s. ri('arirdllra or lauduna_u ll1q!n!i1lJtu1!! NAD [s!
Llnadrlanali'uflFAD

7. h Kreb6 cycl€ !ir./ dantn 5 c uldluriuntn 4 c iido'i't succinate r:rhbifia ntp dum
8- n'rrrfnADa1llddlttifildrlrnir,nirfllrn! o. finnmul:J
g. riornnJrrrq J'nnrtorrtoldmno:ilu mallrriu tr3anduoloa llriuftnar{u glvcolysls 1l
10. Febs cyclenln:lrunrrlunr:hultr:l'loori d c 6untullJn$rl5$Jlurul! c olhnrlimndqn
11- lum:!2uml beta-ondahon lawa}rrir rllC acey co,\ AT?, CO, lrn:dl
12. $fuii o ulnfhlwrltfiafia, lrmq{rvrfiqruldrtrGur,rdruu rild o. Ialufnuoanoooti fiolnanrln
mnusntn
13 lioodrinlo o nlmdi[s]flTn!-nuoanoaod q:rir#ri cytoeot

ra. urofi6uurrt0nfh.nrbrudi q li a:!*uourn:clN ATP a61uf!!t$nn €ularvote

15. ce[iar resplation fi., oddative pho€phorylation tiNidi.dafilurnfid\q'u

16. cyrocluorne ltloi/firdqr: ueo' r.raog rrdrfsfiJuo:d{ n's H' sn: e-

17. rodnrlilliluil{^rnrld rul?{l manx unwu crsa

rovd z : o_rrio
lirlftibitntaud:ll,ltrta I - 2
L glycolvss . n-nd:h{ acetyl coA . KebG cvcl€ sa: nrrriruroe e 'findlr
trud19_u
c sirhnm:sir lrP
z. fllaf,
-.-,-,-
ghfrrifinnr, nJr Ivlotl

3. (n 2H' + u2 o,, 2 e' + 4o u:us'lm.lirrnflhrnoi e' d mito"ttooula ufi m:ternelfid 1IJtaQn

r: rllnrirlillra4a
4. NADH 2llllsls fir, FADttr 3lrlraqa dori, trmn e_ riosi'r atp udrr:lirn-sl1rlJidhfirn':tudr"lxDl
nrdi kcaYrnot

s. n: rqln r l!o1a sir.: am qr l rnitoctronoria ld'CT ururdr lnl{oidndlrvnrtrrmsfN A!? ft|r1o61

ndrili kcaYmol
6.lumi{ui1 n{lisno{nlinrrdoarurir ltrlrruh'nruhilf, o elC arp Fnriudgt lorrlorrulauuld o,
/ o.loFitultutlt I tljLananaLnd nu'l]
7.1 doCltr dycolysjF ld mnlrqln A1" qt6 NADH
7.2 dali11rn1'dfi'! acetyl CoA LC - CO, - A'I? - NADH
7.3 rio!fi Kreb6 cyde }i - CO - - NADH FADH

7.4 dorfidrm,hlro. 6- l!{2 1 NADH T:dfi{ ATP

1 FADH ?:clN - AI?
8. acstyl coA 3 blala di\ ATP lddlrrnlarlannrhuro. -
e-

I mrnun,YrlfiiN (x Y xlo z) liilnrrdil{ e..t/t coA

9.1 ATP

9.2 NADH
.(
9.3 FADH

9.4 CO

rold s : rlonrhrorfltrairril.rietiliorr r.
t. rrnuru4iidalld a b c d forlrlr !dld!

n:rh3ln -*a r"gimrmf

rmmrunrlnr
ndvr:5n +u+c -

n acetylCoA acetaldehyde srhanol tacrate

ri, acetyl coA lactaE alhinonia oxsloac€tai6

i. oxaloac€late lacta@ sthanol NADH
.1. metrzyme A acetaldehyde anmonia lactat€
2. ri1i6r1df,nno{d!fira:arurl-rma{ara *{fililirtlturlrrnido.lfflru 10 tt{l rtrnlatt{d.t:lil6i-r.r
a) co, b) cl{ o C,H,OH
")
1.ab l,abc
3. mflr1nn:asrifin our:nnulilu
a) rts{ind1rlidDqlu b uljittt! c) nllillii
t.a b {abc
4. pr pH !D! A B rs: c da,l!.!tra!1nl$iou vr0lrdul:
n.C A B 1,B A C

..A C B ,r.c B A
5. $.dtni dl$hdr rtrrhurni'rqfin ana€rcbic bacteria.rdl
n lrii slymlrisis r. Irjln1'd1lnDridnirDiJ
i. lri! phosphodanon {. r-?tu6dnni0ld1qir"ilriuatoiurirj
6. riolilri uJlei\ dmfi J Elycolysis
n finfl cytrptasm ns:lolhrirf, iruJllllnunlro
t nlun,]aitldrna,]a hde lltu trilF
a n&ornilal*rnn6hr tndfrrnulufu A'I? uqi NADH
!. dr!d! 1 nQha r!16 4 ATP rio 1 qlycot'sis
7. dltdlnr! x !qn6i161! cristae lu mitochonckia riarurmrdaduulardoamqol'lr r:dlm:lrfri
0 nrroiunDibdnnrDtlfiid rild r. naribimrn:ori.r ATP *idrn!
a firno NADtt lu Kebs cycle aeas r liutliuuulmlnl
a. dtilnlofi trtlo'looni radun::lrm:r,ndq
irifiniro!
a) b)llItjr'ou c) nr!{un1rrhrl''{rlodnlt
n.a x.ab a,ac {.abc
s. tirlnlridurh fiuedu Kreb€ cyae
n. r dw c 6!itri!o{J'r'1a !:! c ofiursilild:JrJ.oi
r. fiurliurn*cvrul4u llADpH. FADH, uar At?
a. loalunrmnotithtrrn*ri! 5 C + 5C + 4 C..> 6C

r !nr:l*ri FID rdon:n succmic rtdlt/dunri tumaric

10. l!nrul1Jmir{'] (fermentarion)lfi *qsMrns'r:la$Jlnd'n
fl,ATP NAD' 6, NADH .!, FADH?
'.
rr. ulol:l'Lhfll m{ularn:n uaihrrir rillrtorituafNrt{l.numnrnffrlh r:dlaardln{uliintd{60
t pyruvate t- acetyl CoA Fi. FCA l. KIAL
12. rrno:t[lujCuudufl:ir.r.imwrllnln'unlru unr{u
pynvat€
n. 1. acetyl CoA
T.PGAL .:. m:irnardul4{rnmrud
13. i{lhroulu htonn€rnbratre sp6ce ete{ rSflatio
a) phcphorgadon b) miai1rjnDi 6- c) arrlf,rJr
ra ,!.a b 6,ac !.abc
14. $r{d!r!duo6dd! ! l$rrwarli'r1nfi{ri.r{rrfll
a) hrtochonc[ia b) SER
c) NADH r'rn gtycolysis d ATP fln o[dative phoE?horylation
aab !.cd 6.ac ,i.bd
15. d'rnr6i-N ATP lu autochonoria qnuirul rldlrdul:
r pH lu matljx m; cytosot rirqfurnndu n. Lllnrtrilrroi6dniftuirdofltrllu
ri. o, ld'rllrniir8linniodC { rtsrn NADH lu mEn ddlJtrlrrJ&!
re. riolarimt.rriolninr aa',runn1ar t fuwnn
n. dt! o ?rrler 2 a't?
dorai o lrrler 2 co
n.
a. doaro o,r:i vao' lu6finito!flnfil6u'lld c 2 D:rarJ
{. dorm o, [di 2lu 3 no{ c li/nilaii:arfluofldrodnDlori
17. orlitltGtluntr':,rrinrrr,rruhr:Ci,sndlild
NADH i. p!ruvate {. oAA
'.
18. dDltdu$fidlo{tjitulu luer membrane uN mtochondia
a) d1!6!N e' b) rinfirnd{{ri.!
c) anr:C!nd*!1unr!t! d) a?uqlnlrdltrdloonnDli1i
n.a n.ab
19. irn tfiSurd dolilnr'ar
pyluvale + 2 NADF + lactar€
ulutlllfmiina_w1u ?. lintl rnatDx fu nitochondrLa
rJin-'irnn, trroqnfufiClesodni hcras€ .t. NADH uld :iuirirrlnoi8dn.mulf plruvare
20. plruvate + NAD'+ metrz.J,ne A + aceryt CoA i NADH + CO
{rndlmrd mrsi.! aceM coA ua: NADH tit/!trfilurlula m'Jdd'u (a - niori.rfl!, b - !rno-.1.n!)
Lb a {.bb

iluudnrrorSod nf :{{tn:f c}i6f U]tdl

roli r rJr:Ia otld trnntlola z

'
1. rfirilrnro16u! e firninltlutiriu
HO + PSII +PSI + NADPH + PGAI
2. PcA riurrlr'rniliuo!o:mrdrlrnfiLilu cavin cycle
3
3. cNorophyt riunodrqdnubiisiTlafli.rn.rridrurdddrF Oi
4. photosynthesjs 0iunrarm, :ivolu{ltryn$n
5. Calvin cycle $iolr Kr€b€ cycte irlflna phcphorylation
6. phosphorylation nii pltoiosynrhesis i,NiulrdifittnlnntNll]
7- carotenoids iwlJ.Mfi6'ru tfil1ll.Jomm€dlihwdN1!]ufi uuluir.lriJo'q{s6ff'drbvnu*l*ru
8. d{lri'lilnniri{.lFfllriirlla.re:,i! o LiJ:rrrnrr
9. phycobilin nulomrbdllrieudunrl|a*rilrllnuhriu
10. rblibtlD:naroontn!fiJririhd (H,,'o) rnu:mld6nfiLrlJmr6untrjdoidCiru{di1.r
11- riinmtJiuilhfu chloropla$ fldn-arrfilnon{d1 rfilr.rrd6ud1: 3 lOtiD ATP, NADPH lss co. ItiltiJ
n'l,lt rni!]1rlala
12. fin c Lii bundle sheath c€n

13. ftr c. rlorlfilriiiiqtn

ul!fidridrrus.! rClazuciruer'l
14. !on11n[dr. dlltu co, m:q0r$4i[6r orqlu. JiunrdrfllCi: [8!611olr]t1l d?!d.!ratioo-tt1
rr:irrnrr: Crrunlo$t*rdu
15. fin c. ilarnt{ co, ilnururma z a{r a&u:nd mesophyl $!6n.t!i bundl€ sh€ath

rouli z , o-rrlu
1. A ' chlorophyll a B - photosystem D - anteDna

c.! r!!{drdu!i.! rr.rdrrnmj?ubqilJu",r,nhodootilndo.r

A - cytml B = lumen C=sioma
q{,lunaifir pH noltotMmliJlJl norishdrrnriofillrn
co
-{
RuBP PGA

3. N tlltnrdri*l:erirnhiltfu lt{irlhndN
i-t ;* - \*-
drdrn,lruqri$nrlfnu2:ui t ,ruu *rli
PGAL oon!1 1L6tl. -aP -NADPH

lcrlmtdimuf,o 4o + 2 H' + 2 e- * '/, o,

4- !i1 pborolrsis
lun, drq}rma rrer<ose 1Lrnla i:dli o, tJdouoanlltllurnla
s. arnlflthr rsuonirfilnfr.rd
5 I
n!:.!nlrld{$r$iCroqd.r
52 rer AI?}i
5 3 n! rubisco -
5 4 n! ribGome

nu r llro4eruir rrr"o.rlf, err ftduillroqn

o. rrrrnqr{n{nrdotulfa:ulor.nult-utlm
z- eTn:ioiudr r:rio{d6r6nr:ouioqnra !f,oitld NADP' li'ld NADPH rfiulnofintlJt{lrlllhr
a_aiurfr o rarar:rufu n4adv
 fi nlrr&rlndbhJl r.llJon'il
8.1 A B c nilD6o6rdt
s.2 rDd!fitd.ud,!:lifitrJ1 A + B +c;

83 nld x unr$sd y a?rriulradtrnlra'1d!

eord a : fiotrdrror#gioldq.rf,r,{ihiD! dul

1. n:unhjtraryr':oift m:rlrii'ralln'rli'lrrr, :ldrrafi q1n

a) cl orophyl

2. warb€rgis efiect 6ifir6ioufistinrfl'duur'llrmrla2i!$iltilttiu calvin cycle i r:enirlnaea.! olT

nnul1undnuiuuirun6L9
n. co, fr. N .t HO
'l.o
3. lriailnnir{m:arunr:muh ln:nr:*rra:rrirfi lunl
a)ATP b) PGA c) PCAL d) NADPI.I
{.abcd
e. ii.ra:ndfi#d! phot synth€€s 6o
n. photolys's a. photophogphorylation {. phototespla$on
5. tlnltqioq'h!firfiti cNorophyl a l$il!fil
a) d{truno.!\nrJ UU{duUna Nulntm b) ilno-.r'rdlri".!n6!ii chloroptrvtt a ltlClris
c) llo{nlrolrrltoumafl ml4ntmla!

6. lh$ololfhduJduueln[dwrliuua.rriu imlrfi no:bdlunqc

n. nrrdlra:r:riC:uuaslii6niaU 11, {!8inrr{l1r0qurla

n. t!'rtuorrnrfur!u!in6anat .1,

?. rirrn0m!.flnriolm.rlrrtlrd{ 2 l0r l{n!finduld

n. nrd{nrrlti ATP 1J .T'i2d NADF
n. mrnrliu Ps I ltioqlusfirnlNri1 .t.

u. mrnao.$J mmlgpralrrqi.l e:$11

n. u1fi 6Mlnd!l6l1:lii",rtllla.ii
!. u!nfl 6rias!flro.!doff ?r!u1.66!u ril.rlsinrir/h1 i>:
n. s4.ltu.lrls:thGuf,od"{fi cnorophyl irnaulfiflqt @
! n?'l!u11aa!t!g t'Nnu uuanan'ttd{tnt1:tt2ulral{
9- Ctnidlrdb{ snldlundoln rw!.i.
n. fia{oli{arrnjn,
! fln mlJi!filrili rr!'r
n fin ltnljtlflbii6 m! ll!r.hriu
{ Iri6er$!i.r
I 0. prokaryote fir cNoroplagr lra! mirochondria is_nB<u#2rr/furt{ti
d nt:rmrhmoi e- tdomll! b) t DNA RNA [slrorilrir, u
c) ii 70s ribodohe stlo{nldu

11- !i! ADP fiu NADP 6{u$hoanido.F:f\noll'!:rl

n. NADPH lla! q
AT?, NADPH U8! q
'J.
6. J1n1s , AT?, NADPH $n! O
it'l ! uJrnttllTlu
12 _'!0 unoi e_ sul-uliu{4{ni riNrlnurlJltldllnrmni
f. rfin pnoorysS d I ZOO L lif,i ATP, NADPH sa: o
F ritphotophosphorylation {. lt'|om! photoaysrem I
t:. iolnlndltnrfu roubd nrlsco
a) Ulllutiwrrlnnnqa l! lsn
c) i.u56ni RurP ulu PcA
n-ab n.b c {.abc
14. nrdf.lnfl$i Atp d,inulu cNoroplast {a! mjtochondria bulil rmulrmdtrouloi etp q,nthase ld

n, ntt{t$ t. [oair{ fiTr6 Bit a. nr:uanuJduuloaou {. mthnlttlD{to{!$dl

15. fia cAM fiuf! c r',tio11dln:.rd
n. dfilihilraouna't{fu n. ttnjTlurounaNfir
n. lfrodlrimnvimrn ruusco lurmnl.r co, ,!. iilrrnofilurlnraliTrrullrilll{nri'itl

16. thi x lhlElnridui'iflrmd{lnrrri*ruud.!!0{dllrfi l'lnfit:

n. rfilalluitlq.t
l. rdlqruq!
a. !fr! o dolirdi1.r ATP
!. riirnjlmll] chlorophyll

0 r(x) i3)
etrufiund rcc (prvd.a)
17. rlnnflr{dotlqft ft Gonbriol dndl1nn'o,l
n. doal1lrdllr{$iorni 100 pmoym'?.s thlttlern1ll
.trdoarlntlu.lnhni! 100 gmoym's dnd,i:rlt
n. doar!ri!$.u1nn j'r 100 prnoynf.s drrn'T r:laarjrqnnrir
r. riaaerro'r,rnurnnir 150 I mol./m s dm'^_rlri4rfulra:a lfi
18 dinrilfird iriol rhldo,rir,rlilJ:roulrioonuaa rumen
n. purnping
ploion 1. sugar s!.Dthesis
i. phoaopho$horylation {. NADPH oxidation
19. f,r A rr.l: B luliol.dlrltlrit* dofifl:omrn:rtl

t:aninrrnri.lo:n:ff,?!sr.l
n. A-!llln, ts-1]ldln
!. A-doa B = fixllla
n. A - rhlilN B = ih.u.fdd
'r. e = uuliil:r B-r'udu

20. dolind11indo'lr.ion11uldr]udndounil boo pmoymr.s

6?1rr r!'tlsdlll]1ihi'ulin_adnnn1liKtnriltiiilsft tofi :1! B

b) nn!l?hu6'r durfca_uaidrdi'lrmdfllafl:r|'ri! !c$r A so: B
c) Frn! ulurfu cq ufuiriurhdna-enn r:{.lnTrdrirl uqslu e
a
c
d) allrnildfu co. nluirluein-aoin:rnrrilra.rraiir! l!5 ! n

{.bd
n,lluf,![ni tz'c (!r,orn".r)

tdr riolnrhr:ridrlr"rrndqn
27. rdofi rr:urn:rrhisil

n. b ujunnm! 92u c ulu n ut{ l. lu g r!urni{! c

F. fh.nrlr chlorophyl lu B C !- lu B !,l.![u/ b c 6!?r,iJl
'llnnal
zz. fi rf l!la:.r air.rlu uwd e:ldiarrLuiri'1u.:nnolmrift F.rri;,l0ui{eo

N- ICA
X. PGAL
IITW
23. mitruda{6"r!&rfiifi:wjr6'rfnr:{srn:r:riirtlr6{ttli (sa!&) riJqftt4iilu ($nu/o!) tD{f,n!$iln
niuriuarlrunln'qnCor

'lr'-"1--l"l,z^\ "l)
:iolnlihn, urlfirhbfil ca ftrai: d1tlollif,nilit c, ludiou
r. PEP carboxylas€ {J O,ltifoun'i rubaco

n. coz h lo{f,t cl trm1'J(firfil{laaoilrm

bundl€-sheath cel
e. rioqrun4oq.rdlu fu c. rlfln phoior€sp[ation
l. urir:virlrbrf,osnntalufi f,t c itfi{oltlttbudtrlnhfiu
rns4lJrlnt/ d'nti HnlMnqiutlrlDuqtt1t|alau
co
fl. AB
(6c)
n-Ac
i
(3C)
6.DB
{ DC
o (3c)

rruudnfotdoo fl 1lUAUa1il1t

relrc r : rtrla drJd gniofu I

1. amylase dlrrllorlolltitf.! amyloGe lrn: amylopeciin
z. u'rfide$ornquhi rlu enutsitier rhldlvtuurnftld
3. o:tuu:a6ot!r1 uqttlo{rl't dllnrdounrdlrltadl$loud1./
+. lanr, dotorrrrrftarulu m:n'uuon ttadlu gasEovasclrar cavlty

5. $lnur-a[!! riu nur uti rurifrla llrrnrf,rro1$rrlridrrutnj rdlfiurrlulonrt

6. dolndoanledvn! dmrdrur:rrjrqrrlutn'rlifti]n?1tlurdThtlnt1N
7. per'st€lsis ttu|sontrl{l;uorm: f,luddos rnaufi.mmnr-n
8. CiJlilolurlfld.ie rmrror:o'tvn:lmlhffldhrnm:dou *ydirlfirirrnsoi6Di h@ric portal vem

9.ro! !_nlufitrmt (rugae) iimirdndndrurfr!*rtfnlunrrlaliluoanooorirfiotnurw0a

10. mrMl:o 1'd1lr abomasun !t!1,61!llndl1'rrJrdou cettrlase lC
11. xa-{ilninJoui1u aminop€ptidase [dr rkbor;aos peptiae l:narUrimno:lfiafhdrq
12. 4ih!i'!oin$! a1'rr?_lo1ir-Dulrl'oilllJir6t
13. dnt6o.ruirnrnluqtr:: flarrnn,nfllCrrnnr:norlnirlo.!r!rlaoirri.t
14. ntiblixrfu ndnoraa tlldhmnmjo xrfu rrrll'rrir1llrj6nai.:b$sritiolR.d{i6n
15. Foro!10.!ulsi 6odD!$niltlly1,llNnNr6!01$ltuar rGlra1n1i

roud z : rlonirroudpiorillirtfieor riur

I r.!onfiraa".roonmra6or,n::.rr^: riln,nfrLralaur:,ruln

t. glycolifrd a- phclnipid .!. liloproEin

2. 61t1ntlr1r!ruh hepatic podal vejn
d nrilsfulsbn b) niisotaoSin c) minar'rin
lj b c
l. Jrdarlnia'ur:oriauaddldnr-nlif i gtulCrfu fl
n, ga:lacta8€ susase !. disaccbara8e trypGin
i. aninopepticlase lactase \. pep8nl dlp€pida6€
q. rJrasuldr.lldrnfiidr:noufianri lrj u:irr-iao, dolifiulai*jdlunraundrdLiahrfunl lClnio.t
nli li
N.BBA
5 N.CAB

@ [lfill1a0ll
5
s A.A C B
{.BCA

5. dulorqnl rfiwldrfuor-or!1aro.rau
n. itu a. rirl{r6n
o. ua-n5'ulnfir'drrlf orduoslrlijdrilir'ri{fi lrirr,t3o riD
a) qnrf,lJnt: T l) alrumdrldrdn
c; nrnd'irll4jdrdd'l o uMll/ulanrct
n.a r.ab {.abcd
?. dotr1rnn?,1anfirlsd? A uo: g ardtouhf laln nua,rd!

o-.Trmrli$r.ro$.rbif

n. pep6in, f1i
1. rermin, typsinogsn
a- p€psin, entorokimse
8. !r,!id1r:.Ii$:n;6loqrirli $r1!da!fln6u
a; c1lrndo{6u$nuarrd! b} Ma1ltioltJni?
ci nda! fit^rtift
1r, b

s. f ourrsfi t/fi ur.1iltllhiubfula dnl:finriuhnnrlruuaumrla

n.B
B nc s.D
c
o

10. n.lnirl diruioiftirrtin::rm:1nriot onriu

n. nrrlmlnou{l1{!!onl'ilir./urddalJ1rao'l!1m t. trnrrrd'rrhdouoon:nh? dftlitrnlil'i
c. lrmalllnarihriltnnlttuo'l r rirrialun:nrarnioa:ttii.!oon!1ron1!ldt!olull
r. ar#drurll! ps bdrldrinlri{.rdfu 6o

d ltGoudraur D fit c) rourmblaura

r.b
12. n1\(euainltdldnwDlr-efifar*r:irurjorflqa
'r. r€iiculum
13. fi1rh6.!16w!di/rN!erJo1r,n1lo.lli ellrid.uadoihla
r. ryunmoohrJoufirdl r. lur-uluitnrudldruriru
F. dntin'iltiltulf, lr1,l r. dlmomaornrrflfirrira
14. 10liuJd!r!tn!
n- gasEin ' Hcl L HCI p€pdm
F. enierohnase - aminoPepudase {. secretin - NdHco3
ts. rior{aaorlrnilnrn (fib€rs) riolnidnt ilrhlti
a) qiiltr o! D rfillornalunrrriul:rirrirldn{
c) q€1lJuln 4 rtilarlnri{elauir
l,,cd
to- n:*rnr4 ltra'rld oln:orhhu
a) passive transpon b) actiw tanspon c) pnocytosrs
?.ab \t.a b c
t:. alrFr niludolnfh:rhl biiinr:dotirrrliu
a) fridodlafN lipase D lullsJN bi[ubin
c) oatntilnalllmllqnddt]n:n d) CurioulritlN Elrein
t.a b {-abcd
18. sfi.fit1niiltio! lsnl€nrnoi g 1u ri! glycosen l,lrirflmnn-r /--- -t
ua! polypephd€ 6 !f,nlnoi A B rn! c r^!nhri! Ennoitiriltti !'V:u*u

oo
hydolysis d

n.c
.r.ABC ABC
19. A5 B J c, ti.llnigrd,irn',rdodtld{d rrn: c drrdlifl0nlni drlufi rr"ohrdnl x q6r! y
dulu\Illi
n- x - tripeplidase y - drDeDtidase t, x = amylase y = suc'rase

i. x- chynotypsn y = cartxfiypepddase {, x = tt}lcin y = afidnof€ptidas€

zo. ftlflritr po4nner ro.r gtucnse tl,t!or]n_u qri cetll1o6e lid']rn1nrialrilu arnytase b'$ioi/[ t fillt
n cqluGe llltl,lt:lolttlau ul{[t.!m1
t. lrlN0!ru0!1{$a1]1!nttl]ti ralFtn6l.}trfiumlurntN
a. inc{u:nrrolr$r"ul:1a n torirlri1lfl rhtliouixfirl
r. amylase iin.-runii. Sorflufirlulriar:rlrndau c€Iulo€e 16
zt. rianldolJdduuruT fllDlriu lndu
n. 6tN sterold d! cholesrerol oiDth6 x d1{rd1r'furua:m1fi0a
i dl'r.rrodniuNi0elridolrlnifu r. a:arrqu.r6n dycogen li1!!o salin1lud
22. ialind1,nndlljliiuunll1tlrlalroilrJlriomrlja?l
n. gaatnD nl:itllllfl l:ln1r$&.!mama0[0!u1!au
n ntriuliirrrio!fld{ NaHco
secretin

6. cholecystokinin rtlqulfi q$JTlufl .rn:nt:lun!00lrrn$llll0ll

rglni'o
23. n?1ua.:lnthdoliirhlilllnrniod lfiulrtnhl{rin
d d1l{finliifi{iaialt b) fiJd8rlriai-tlnl ilun!
c) nl!ffrolrairidfi.! Hcl d i'urjodlsi'N1t r5ldolar rernlitlD ut
n.ab 't. b c {.ad
21. rialrln rir:rrfu nnrii rfiulu u

n. lh*riuuudt'lo.rrirldirlmlndr
l. rlnnlriudqaulrenr lqunun
a. qai drornlul active Eanspol
{.lriiii! htry scid lrs! nA!! tod

25. rdoNJ6s6ullrdieri.rEsnr:lnrhfla'rldln4 a:iornrrodthuaal5urtnurolilar

n. rfo.rtrn ti.hrn6o !. tio,!6! lrftndrnmt a. riarljn l*,rri,u q rinril lirnSoli
 luudnn-otdo,l ftlSifiulqallfl 1r,lxald1ta1u

rotd 1 : r{u.iDlld inrtoli ?

1. rlsr1,r rlslniin lrsnjs1dti ;Ni|l1ola.i1r$lDn

2. lpr.r8ir.!,lnn, auruidfrtr{Dr {!itrud:uf,lrtiitlT
lJ1.!

3. q.!&fua{!!a{ un lt:iili1l lr]r,rnifiulmr

4. lilJlldlnallo.ltutaldltll3Lu'lNlelro'rr']l
5. ldreoir!60.elli!$n:ll henoqlobin aqlu{i.6arut.r

6.o:lllJl llDlul Ititl LnnuJnlu[nd ta],ll n 6llilt,)t r$'ltunu

'lD.
7. n'rmdrllljlJdifuai iodne'Na{i pons ua, medulla laoirlluo cq l|n! o, hfiDr[]trrha?ul!
g. nra:64 rmr:ndlrfo0rdlarllilnrrtlnltltdri&rti./diir
L ntqfilrilrifirhulun1rtYridlu (exqeoon) I'ltlrmnollnrlildm!6uflfim'rn metsbolsm
10. rE'llrlro! riuio{dutlldiin.rroul 1;u rinlnijriruTaufi,ih d! ar:ra Llmfia.
11. hlqrrj biilihdalui! pH lr.!ra1ru1. lrrdrrislorJrlelodBui nlo#rgirooilruuxrfia

12. renal anery *Eo{dumnrNtlmjnli tliho{Gufiq rf{ t/fti [otil|t!O! n .{tn cq ir

13. *nirlqDrisdh or:inunniqalufiiaa]l: (!rme) 6oqLu (ulsa)

14. uJlullu rlJrli us:tu16! fil1liofniuroil!! insulln ADH lrn: aHo€rerone r1alfrJ

15. 6udnm{mrln8.lol,l1ifivh.ln1lrJlBJio h}pothalamus

16. dadlntinlfldr]qo h6uio r:!!m0h > l:lJufrri1U > rruul{lrlBi
pH

17. riudtriilnrlendl.t$Krlr:urn!f,m tlfth!iq!6o6or9'1

1U. rotrl:fi r?noeq!tml]l]ttrmtld$onfl|rlti!

19. Lia!Ao.{i.fo{{r'td!!inn'?u.l!lridlr dfilnfi unrlnordrlrionlrgrdli

20. nnlrf,urln!fia ery!tuoblasrosis feratis ;rllri Rh- iin Rh' lJrnnirrnl,ra:lfiirj
21. io&rrh$ao{ rd! C'! rh! ciodrfa unreiorlnouaa !i!6n,rlli tii.trno.ld.Gofimr0iriN.l
zz. ::rrrllr,rarlltlro.ltlrr6os iifl
abarir{rirletirrfit
23. nd!dn6oi!ri!0rnfiuaraarutr 1ns$lonllnr:qn
24. lhnn.i$fi1tildobld B cen i$d.! antibody ioftlJldqlraor'l cytotoxic r-cel edrarurladu'u
25. rea fiourtllorrtlidd"/r: lndll{:nrlnfil
26. rhazrtt6'!60.g!tl firtr.ur1ri1l{!!{d.n! rdu qrll briur qlna lla:trdumll*ira
27. lirGofijo.riutluinqi'onli r'firjirnurdtinl siiourudu
zg. mnarusruh*rurmrdnr cerebrum ur'Lig.rrff0na&umdt?ua1tl'kinr1lgtoldii/ m€dula oblongala
29. aorliorflfir1rl1q nrtlr:ndrrdl].rlar,l! pristatsis rnlallwoorannr
:0. rarunlloor grnprlri$iolrna{ura,!fi 0r.!tl!6oa6i filrsfi d
roud 2 : dondl.old{nio.d|'tf,o{d.r.ot,fith
1. :lntdoilhulmllnmo{ 2596 rho'inmrnro.ld domenrtus titl 125 mymln 1tl 1 il6oar:fitllitt6n:
n. 500 q 580 a. 7m r. 880
z. isln r0uriarirlafhhb'ulo{hrural.rqjldrili
n. lrlJtitjrlollllt tr. trlmlh a. flJlJtltait! r. *rltittllrduudoi
J. l0lnlrll'uia{4!n1.l ltrflalltl0nD{rNn1!!,JDunqi
n- f, ?i !f, sladddouei/io{mrnrriioonriar;1ei1lFasi, r_')

I Ull2ulllltrlJllotJltflru\t l.lou 1l)l8nli

firr.ilhlxrlllilifiou fitdonilarirornnrnurqld
a.
r $firulurnia drlifivtqflrrltholi.{mu
4. dril'dr,t! ior]iiinrrtllJDnfirnrnehiirNl Lirdodolfirurr{
n.Idrloulu n. a1ndry i. tJ!do1! .!. n:r1ll

5. o:lfi:!findh rior:rl Firuerlrluunau6l]nuniridt]fl6o'!

a) o-nttntrarr,leualnrrldrdrolftlqrildu q hn::qnolrrriardonlnrriidu
c) J-:!r0nhcr6o{aao{dorliujlttrntionlfu T
ndu
tabc
6. iolaf,oli{dtfi1flnnulCorh{iiti:er;n' ilii
a) rrlr{nuulu feather uirm:lnnn?{ b) nruenuJdurufid 2 n{.lionrmuh t a&
c1 !4.:a! s qsliuonuJdwuie
!-a b
7. drl. rilet{ rhrlx 66, ll!s!
a) ldir b)!h6t{o1r,r1r c)oqlu$aoiGo arnndl
tl- a !i.b 6,ab !.abc
8. n,:r,t ruhoonc:rhl n::fia! us:thtlniruldo$fitliD{-
n. ae,lU fi01u 6. ni- inI, n. 6mu !. fii tn
'n
9. mrrlN1rD! hldr5ol ldrrfiio:l:vniqn
nepnlidium
n. nane c6ll !D.rn81J1!t0 n. MalpighiaD tubule !o{u!a.!
i. .r. nepiuon ?rourqui
'lll{sll,no.llairl
ro. nrnqhlu1nftra..
a) d1ulfiir6Mhlunrn'u.i,lUfauN b) Fodruiirrrliuroudd'
c) lblilulmirrilo.tlirinousd llalnllf1
n,a !.ab i.ac .r.abc
11- Iftq{otfirl.|rlo! (emphysema) finr1n
a) n qni odrirlrn$J D L'ltl!6.!Joi
c) iflriflJnlflq{a! d *rd&do.eis.r
n.ab l).bcd a.acd !.ad
a Fltr r

12 d!nlllefi9lrur4LUaurn
a) Hbo b)HblCO + HbCO
-t{b+o
:)HO+CO +HCO + H +HCO d)rr + Hcor- + H,co3 + Ho+cO.
6 abc !.abd
13. f;sd12l flioir!]l !60. pH = 7.4 tr{nnliu DH - 735
n. flrgul hrilnnNuaiJorrrq ,rl LnulYr!)uilrLMa0tl,tt!n18
: :rnna{ 1 r!nann{- $n.!t'rm':!,u
14 n1: earNlutlid rhlir5lr1rl n-{

n d''lnn'll1uli
ii. d'rltun'ruo6n rr1au:n"o
F llt!rru (i() fi!aranr:ourlfl,naLr
{. aflr{uni.riiqr{Dlnnmr$luhniua?T !rd!:a' o 1ir!fi,1naFt

l5 l!. rliu,pdou1 a ! lMalrlr !6oeni,rd Bowmans cdpfll€ ni,t'

n. bbod pres$rc .1r dialysis Fr. osmosis \. drffxion
16. o:Lr!fi rdtr r.ioa.rlar:larnlnudlfi .r luladouuda{rio.r
n .ro r:riollr rnlnndllat _ rarl 1. ier,.hldll,t6or'rlruaaalaluu'.r
c isrir$iu.rdarirlrurritL6! | lndr.ri,yFadti r,.fllduu d,
17 6indn2:n:mr!'mriuf,168!:eolradEialnD rlln
b) nrrcrovur
1b
18 o1i!(irlr"rlro.rmtAfigbmerutusn'roiri=x.iil?.trln=y[6j1ulhi]6d1r:=tlnziiyr*'zorm
'irlruezl,nldn::lrun'nlnl-rs donYlarr A oonrrnJoldriaarr:
a) mlrlD{ (qlom€ruhr flrallon) b) nr:?talln8i!61l (rubulatr reabsoDrio

c) n1.!?r:uf,lrqhrio (tu-butar secreDon)

ls ri?hrr! rdniu $i1rl!ln dNnil]i

n. qfltt! amum
20 drbnri1,ae
n. oioddnroryn"raofu rdrhlrirnlrorlh ro'oo6.rdr
1. 6!0.!6hlr hypothalamus ri!nurjar!a!nr:n::vr!;r
o, aldosterone flndaunllfh i2ulnr'tdrJrano{[itli nir.] Na K'
{ AUH nn$na00n!toJ013En!llttn!{.!
21. drorftrarnquraumirf,rLrrluurnrfudrin[ail,l 17c nrl duru:la{$A?$f,!rrdurdNlt
a) rnor!torlJl11,!!rrr,!rd'i l) ndrlrdotnnruaaroir
ct uod!6'rnrnrld q Edu
n.ab !,a c n.bc {.abc
22. riDrfiulriJ oldtul[d1 r.lo1tld.$lr:!fim:
n. lltnifl,inBs:ui{ur{ni1 r. !f,6r1i!i6or1!n'il
i.1i"u$60 [ioont]rnirmdCtl1nn'i1 l iaarr:iiaaa'hnjr
x. !'Dbfl dt{nio{flmft Jryyrlnvqautnnm{
Un.ldri iT

f. qtwqllrnun$!.rnlm:/nnrdoornrannT *r
rn:ronr:lernur:ibi?!uulE*un'irnt!tondD{n!
rr.
l. rlrrioudrvu$oumubdl utrtioor:::ma;r'uiotr
{ nulo:r!fiIern'rlsliuiifiqfi ld{ilqlnalnnNdlr:Mtourft r
zq. rr:la:rufu ll rdorfin pH ro.!!60ild
a) HCO - D HPO.' c) hemoglobm

La b ll'abc
25.'io6r'ti2tlfutr*di r!*riau
n. fuTUfioraaa.l r. nrlrrhGonrfirdr
a. arrla_uiatrinsna.! q amll'llruoaLtnrlildl
26- rniolrtdiltliirrufi o.uniiJrssluuror !nri!.!"ola
n,$D![ffr! ttSu!_]cf,N r. mnun fniilioi
i uirrl-tN $rllNfir] o l:rir,l lruas
27. 1rlll,tloulnD{ 61nrl u.lrknr6torriodN?D{au DnrllJ
n- rioisdl'r: n- raDrleoi a. ilu 1:{11 .l- t&otA!

za. nlrdluurirllidolnf n
n. lrm! co pulmonary vein < pulmomry aiery

n. lFirnw o coronary artery > coronary vein

i. n?1ll!i?6oi rcnalvein<qdl€rulus
{ fi)1!C!t6oi
29. ilrtt^lrhClmtln6to\!5oie1a Enal win l rcDal artery lrftniol
1. bicuspid valv6 2, aomc s€milunar valve 3. pulrnonary voin 4. pulnonary arbry

5. left afium 6, nght atiurh 7. elp€rtor l'ena cal,a

n.8614352 r.8643512
n.8634512 { 7643512
?o. diinllsliib mrrtrfirirqr:a:erulvirlma ln$r6rnfu drlrndourniql
n. u!.lnrqr ,. rj61lJrlli
gr. ioarrrdslJd uqnrrdlnfllrif\nn'nnnn:noum.r6oa
r. rnudr!'rlnid B :hjrll'e11nuld! olnfl AB
tr. raanulu n iualrtllot A rfirNoriNfirn lffiJ6onflfl.rlr, I drir(mli!0f, A ua: sElfiuoi B
n. iur6oi lth- i,rlo.qrn Rh' d{'i4rr#.r ua:lu nn' 6nn&
{. ,f!Ct\r{6re Rh- iao.lni!./urri{fi snrisen Rh lla:mldnif,daqnuCa awdl lth- d1lJ6nnu Ri'
32. c1n lr,l|rrnnnl:l1l]nlt uftrI?lo{GDrf, irlnndl?ag

rfordodrlurrsur:rnief or
n. alttliijuil t:d{tillStdTt A ltuoua{
l^
e I ftort n
!. ntnlrudtinrllJlq d.lrorlDnlr{.lMftr{ Bl!]+.{nltl
n. fl: c n ltillmqm rulrhr:lrahudolrfaiir
I
c ---------:-{- It
.r. 61t D ri!fii ,tDfii1d'fo!!1fl dliNnlrJr,i cai'

33. rsmd1u;o{rirra0.r6o.m{dlulri uanla'rrnnr.iq.i,rirlolil

a) nnrarrl rfu b, t! eoi c) du (valve)
ti.ab
34. .ir6oa[r{ llaer!rnur:ndlrnr:rh!6s{ttfi a}iilirdodN?0,!i1{nr $n:r$rfjl
d hiiorG6!nlirnln: l) ?rlir{a"r rl'urh''rd.r
c) a'1dulufidflii 3 rii iD co, co, lls: o,
n.b !.ab c
35. uitdoitrtiib dlri{i6u phasocvt€
n. lymDhoc\,te !. masophsge F. ecinopNl {. neulophil
36. tymphocfe luoltn:lilo{i:rr.i40.i!fiun'Liqfi ,! antjbod
a) ltnr:qn b) dodrth C) llTJ o rol]ljl lltlo.l
i.ab r,.bc {.ad
az. Lrodb frc:rilCrrfrilrionodrltnr5rdoiurJarrlrleill

38. rrrnuBrliiirlldn[rn6i rhbilir4ifirnu@,utt

a) 4u!i'!Irurh!in b) 4ififurlr'll! c) i,id!tu$urio lo{ d {otun-u NJlllirm
n.a d ,!.bd
irg. IilV rnelutll.liun! litlnniTd? lnt'E
r) nsl?ln-lldldhs b) rha1 lmphocfie lir B
c) fi dlrfirqnrr|lolt{d RNA
n,a t.a b !.abc
40. ii/fuliuie:iddtlt DU ufl!
n. fi! aldo€terone N, Ei ADH
ff. rirJm1!ftrdDi { rn!fl1!9ra6rru,l'MaDoLn
41. 6iig.llfr"1 rl :fioarirr-ldunonroasr oo Ju,uir,r m [dr*rfiIi O dolaln

U++:*##L{ffi*",-
(x) m (4 I n'"ia c llnu r!.rliri!ni!,!Lurio€.1
(active irnmudzation)

42. r]fllgailal1rJ!.iuiilrno.r611 (fifu/loomlJ iryro.riluln xy ue: z €firi'lnhlmruhl'u

I lq{ltt,lg Bor,roa'5 c4rta
nalas
1 rf, tltlilmilnrlrtaldirdorml

n.x=0.1 y=0 z>0.03 !. x=01 y=0 z<0O3

n.x>0.1 y-0 z-0.03 r. x>0.1 0<y<10
z>0.03
as. q:$iuooafutalu$aar6aerb, m:rB'l1fldlri|6s{'ounna'a:uluorhtl:m:rrirl'r thr/tnlrl:Iu$oansrn
yBoe!6oniD!
n. ana.: ,irrdr .r. rtirdu ncn.r
qe. {rltdrfilu ctass lnfifia-nr, nrmuloou{n6.dqn
fl. reptilia !. a.rnphrbia a- mammalia !- avea

45.,iDlir iuurfrl,'lmrmdu.1 ur:n1'filtl,fialifuinniD.l

h
n1.lm! 1-trii! []rio
a) fiorluf,ltlnria 6ifi!, nanmat {^!0i
b) dlneln$e"nluarndldu{hl*uiru u1:nolnra_n1unr:rir{nr}.ua:uiorr!
c1 l-narrqdaaoodqr lhFr?llqrJlearil]u 1!61fl
n,a lj b n.ab {.bc
46. doli{ntalliirnfi.l'nrd1!6rN o, tta: co,
a) o,lnsildur'l riJ henoslobin llnni,lolnrdunalali
b) cor d1!rnd160{nD hemoglobrn 16
c) uirdBr[rild16rj.r co, fu? rnidlrrfitlNdti
4 lriicoi l!i.|1jo.r tllte{ s16u.! co, us: o ldMlowo{ntJ
n.ab 1rb c n.abc bcd
254 !P b, !6Ir

47. rJled1r x ld 6ar uii.til1!i! rurn !i'ru x nr:. un Tlofiri-ldrioolrdrlir,rirn:nr, tronnoq"r lr"lor.rant n

f.L:"
t
la
a)

n.a
rlnombn b) hepan'1
lab
indn
c)

.!ac
Fl bc

@,-
48. .rnr rldltdorilirnia.!'l'urrraanls-0gfr.1j-nlru:fA! a ,ia .a:6L b io
nnr!llrosl! (6loletal muscl€)

n nA1!lilaalU!1\t$atn(a0er0nl nArlvnnn!11'l1,llll
I natri.tanlL,lrlt9aanraa9t!ont LddnlM&lllrdLtll
o nn1,".Lai'M1 $|6Do.nDoan)Lfl ) .iaetrnnn $1lr
t nff r!.uflalLll)!vnflgraoonR [Jr]i .naol$alrlLR! !11

q9. riiodolnua:rlonoonodr.rn:r,ll'.rti\ dot:rnr:u'rlh n-ll::irBa1rrlunr:n:ovranFuaanr'r#rnn1l] r:fiu

ar|xL
a_o:rnt.r-yrlh l::Ar;rllrn1-mD'l
n riirdr ao.r ryi.r rYil16rl

a. rilduaornrr llt!11\l60nrr'l
n. lir16rl Lrilre!
\. t 16!
5U',r0n0nn0!lnu)nll hemogtobn
co }iin'j, o
rilJ b) ! poltpepnde 4 d1! ual fe 4 o:ta!
a! co lln! o llotutrtulrrll]n!
lr. 11. b

ruudnferrda,: nr:?luriu{uarn?qrhrLTn

rotd r : rl::luaialld gubfur I

t ltj narjoizoruunir3a d oi!0.ifl[a:r]ad iur.irfiiltrn_ rnr:n:nruniu{
2. iarrirrihdnidlr:u:raru31ofilir]::nol:drl germ tayer
3. nrrAuliu{ r: !'rnn, r.ionlrri keqenerauod nru, nrulir'lluairn s?llr a1nm ualrls1trlriu
q lud.lnm,arn'.! .n6drl?:i$adirrnrrLil" lmtu:in6dirifluditr"r:lir. h"o.od "eU
drolor.i .:cu

5. A{fi$qo.a n! r r rfr".ildtvoi{n.l6ou6d pnmary ooclte lur:u: anaphase I aiolllaui'1tr fol]icllar cell

6. !6nnluus!l6n$0!6il]1nio! sperinatogonLum lr6t primary ooc]te t:u: plophas€ I elfioi1r a{rllnr]ru
L hn::rrunr:ni-xoq! merosis I un! meiosis tr lrldtisd seconday spelmatocrle uat spelm nluiilnilJ
8 1spermarogoruum dlrlrrndirr sperm li 4 tiaii ltlru:i r oogonun ni,{ egg ldrfiui I nnliniru'!
q. vo{i!ra{ r!U!'irrtuooilllr FsH {n: LH'hriaoqtnr rrounrrl o rlniilulitl-t?L$invieln\ ru

l0 il_oqi {semenj .1)! irqjdi r! re_nio! senundl vesrcle

rr LdnLnadrv6a.rlu:_.r&i imrra"ig dlluair 5 iilr alurr0di'r.rdlttiriu steroid 16'2lin
'2 li!',rl "stroq"n Inl progeserone frioun{ Lui Nfl5ltliii1ld l10u taau llt tlulunenlu andome'num Mic
nanaan:nrirnjrrir160! (mens!ruahon)

I t. .oriu3loiirfriai!|.oemD[qed rild!rriqra!1ur]L: qdslrulauon

14 Hcc lirdltnrmmrst!a:rri d{tJooftr'rniouailliddlr:luii\(rnl]tinrrd\nr'td

15. r:11itl.$iu!'rdn0ob?iouro4i uortl.1 nr" d{eud'ot4otj'i1
16 €r[ilolurrlr laurqurj tlainaldrut:li'j1\rJ:ll,mto:]uilotio iriani$n.ill rafitra:unsl
cleavage
'_ _ riu Ltfh rla lo _v 'rid'l tior.ldiuu'rreil rdr.
17 Udlln! rnulnll!!i!:1u60)fl annlnr!urlrlv!Du
18 doltr!2nlnfinronnielrarn qenn layer fiirl d:uiolravrnlnfufuraiqutt"ln germ laver ;uuon
19. rnro.!1,4 ni!4.! arantois 1lo.ilin irfilr'rind1lfi! 60mnlrl6iu[ffd 1lillrilr,nro.rrdu ua{do']l'n:uridroau
20. d'nd?u ilrluti[e.ifu yolr sac la{€lruitorllfliutr:qi 1:mndNdlradNdenu
21 i'niinr:qlldutd'{tfill.! 3 nara Mrfi iiraulloqnnorloirrrilo a fu 6l]ni1 exta€rnbryonic memblane

22. ra'rd11]talru metanorptrosrs ln1l]{niaald rnsecla, cnEtac€a sn: mphiba

23. Io:rloa1iroufiou 28 ii! $ .-l 12 iu?ta'\nrrftl.:41l6arnilqotirt] lr, n-ooiodtiStlo i1]o\ lnooan i:li1
liroonnlillli rvr:rflro LH
24. lrlnqllu, Uoedlftfon !.]r!Uflu Craflae follcle m! pnmarv oocvie aqluiid?lo'llio
zs ri''ir's,]r6'rai1lrirar':uun polar body oonrlnldlunrr:r'rrmt meiosis II uiotiliilmrr'llnu6 a:iInrl!fu!
liu 2n
26. ':nm!!t!8?i trno|Jtl-xtfl aroomerrium laruriun: cho on ?lo{en
27. li,,ll,lil1nr DNA 10.1 sp€rm = x udlJall]tu DNA lu primary sp€rmaioc]@ r:lri1niu 2x
28. ?{ni!r'Drlrlldlui1 lrirulou{eqjdfiq,ai{r.raudrrior.
29. spematheca 6oo:iur:'lurirooqidsnuoqluuljar!'ra{
30, urethra 116: uretq tiurioJtul,tir.lr:ulJ?jlJrja! (nJt:!!i! :ud

eoui z, rlondreoritrnio.riq.!f, !Ni1.otr!6m

r. do odiririrrafunr:airm4i
d ia ynoli riD!]en$uln
b) c) eiolmrl oJ d do!lti'6!a'l
na Lab a.abc iabcd
 z. l'ohnnn'o.r rtilrrfun, lrlq !f,dmiolnu
ar orar:a:eirlu&ia{doul nr.ral.rri.r.r b) d?utl6rJ dermi! !riq!1im mssd€rm
c) lDil'lurlnrio tlroldtl'irifie meBmorpbosrs

3. lu1.u?o.l6aaBllrtiu}iilnrion,nreiqluioh
ai ?6 cleavage b) llr./ai embryo c)r:!# embryo !e3.!li!dl
?.b e.ab {.bc
n n"r f,r,r,r'r.qludolaf11.6alriilo nrsC-r.y-r.roE I urn dolfi,or:hl
n fertilization lD.tu!.!n:n} ,) coniuqBtion !o.!nta! ririr
o. panh€nogenesis 1o!!ni',1 !. slonrlation to{fi?i6u!
s. I'olniadturfrr$addrfiitlntrd

n.riLifindu mnlildfunrrnr!{unrnooJl!! rsH

a.irf,u a:!*lr.r S vht'u iirjr:nou*lltio rDcrotubule
A B rs! c Jluoolunrlndthhunrdnlisli
F fi1nr.!6J".t

{. D andi{!'nrn Colg0 body mullJlJliltjtttrii.$fia

6. e rlmlltlnrdli-zolllilr'tNrn6{lrodtt
a nrddouroubritrnql aoosorne b) n]'dil! vitelline membnne
c meiosis II !0{ secondary ooct.te

7. {olauJlllduunrqiN sperm ri! e9s,lalrtqerjliirjqnlt"o.!

'l spemrogonia nlJn&oritln ud oogonra rurom:riouaaan
r. Epm nuriot Affri {rieggrur?ra_\ I6ui
a. sr,elrnatogenesis i:{nm:rftrlCrarlo ui oogen€sjs *n:4nrnlfiulurolrfiou
'r sperm sir Ctunra egg $q.dfildo s€condaly oocfe lnl.tld
8. liiarlBurr!fiu!fiJfilionudr nadluriolnaoldriiiirvrulam.:Ia;lLltdrJrrtrn-u
antipoda.l
7r s€coDdary spermatoqte - L sp€rmatozoa - mcrospote
a. pnmary oocle megasporc mother cel ,!. polar body , polar nucler
9 r'na'n ta.rsaJrdnnrlrr"afai r.! m!,fiuoql rn!n1d,u

n.b

d
.1. b d
finlnaauuaDllalffitnh 10 . 13

o) €)

10. lloailndlii/r!nd!iry'lllrlonD0ibu ua:d.!til]lladtn1lJrndfilooiltlunrilluhltradt l$ll-ldC

1r. B \.ABC
11. dinari M liulolidarrrorjria.i N udr nndlnlunrr thrir.llqilarldnlltiTirFad M
(1)

n.c !I.ABD 6.cE .!-ABED

tz hruJr.:lnlun rtt (2 firh1yr'l.i"dlriodiyio
n.P 1.PO 6.POR .!.PORS
t:. Ia NoJr.rlniiuludnrnrns:n ric
n.s T lr.PT a slj .!.ou
14. ioln{rdr:rjfl .luuauriu{uaarurfu mirdus-nlClllnio.r
n. seminat vestcleqi'ldrn nroo:ltu sar lnlad
1. prostaie gknd nnru.is fiotu pH llla{aaoi
a. Cowper's gland di-N do^niF r.!.iunraJs:ydoeiu riddr):
{. fifilJtadinlrrdldlrloldo idrr!
seminiferous tubule
15. l$:u: gasEutation nrlrqrri rhlrir:rJir
a) aurii! gelm layer 3 fu (hploblastjca)
b) al]ri1ltn{leuotmldlllrnj (complete disestive trad)
c) a!o1! ln riolJi:in?Trllin {d€ut€rostomLa)
s.a b i.abc
16. rlnGr{6${d$iriM6u{.rd larrai, 'rulnnrlnd secondary ooc}te e:rlCwriu orum

ii. b
.t, d
25E !O ti rb{r

lin; fi,itnnatnhaxtia tz - 18

5
E
17.dolauae{urlT1o{loj1luutn $\e'rni irinntio.l
n. A - nrlrilnrrrlily)al roricle uarn'r:nnl1
r I - r::4'u'H totticte ala [d:din corpus ht€um
nC 14)l$Ln9&mtOJ:tnFl?lda{.rn:Ullul!t:. lno!

2a r.n.

18. r:6 .!o::irooi!-worso.f,ud1L"r'r{

tl,:101!q'c'o.trFr rfu

' lufi 12!6.,)n:nuCraanan ro[.F fuir'h 1 :Li 14rJ.. ["r.!rr-ror

, iui 26 !.F. r:rn r:'rnr'r "orpus turpum lui:b ! )ufi 28!n. lir m.n rud|on
19 LcC riryilfr Fia'rlni! raill]1rlo
1 progesterone o. lsH r lJl
20 .rnrnun,rh. rr.{iqrxDr,iu ilE$oi 2 lioeo A LRr B dole, 5uu.filll Frririt'rirliq?

o\ \
O,." A dudni.6arriL
uludoiLsoriiu
\ r anrr"d' r d)! B ial]lio r"drl"r
dr! B

t) )a n Go',mdraourrnrr du B fti,rr...r'lr
-/ "
-s
rinr:.nhr*ar
\"-(9 ^/
r A ! merdnoah^srs 6 ru B ! " -dys s

2 l. rioleli! ld rtiuaitiririntrn ecloderm mesodem Ln: endooerm Linno'o r

n. raurlorr lulonoin oirrior t. ll{uudr nfu rio n:oui

Fr. n::nnduya'{ ur-.ruri' rdoqrirld \. 6'rilnf,ouirl tia! 1,1oot6o,
ZZ .Ulni!Utt?rt:!!ll1n10.!n1tvt'lUl{A?U,1,!.idlln:0tlUU1 rnnal- y _tr tln /!rOntr un]aqtL! n
r. do.t.i't! l,n\d'] I dtnlou r-ndr n. q.! lrrs.riiu s. lr'la.i o iiL1l1,)
23 "lalneiltnrilraildu d u c liqrrio.r rirrirur.nli
| = doT!4dr.trl1!u0r b = dt)tuad!5n1Ulu'!irD0nenl0!t!
': = dn)tU46!trltrlU{niA0nen!:Ju0?
r. s'tr-tNlnq.! !n!'j i{{ ]J. u]lJ,] nuulnrui !ntdon
a{an q1a1$ $ai lllu
 rrrwhE !{ -,.r:

24. dolnna11l 'l!io r rluirrl B1!dl60 rumb rcal coro)

ai dllaNd5, !frlialll:v-ifirnfiur11n b) :li!noui)! 2 anery,lu I v€ul

c) an€ry ni6u\6aoa drlr vein ni!6u{60a6!

!.a b .i.abc
25. dldFr-oorrxilorDldnj$0cqu'{ (n'ldn{imr'rnduo:1:l4ri! ualta:.:efir a erddt u a{u}ailt

a) dn,rlnlracni2ll!! 61uo!lB
bl dn,)lln 1r. d qsliuo.r
c) di?tiouialu qruaauaunord
d) {n'ia:rfi urira:tfluun rl!r.nn:1

26 qn.rn:nondfi riaarnnrlaor (ctorung) riu rindulilnuLir{ororltnr:urvrrrlo

b)sp€rmarosenesis c)fertili?ation d nrrfuiduraqn

-&#
!. b c
27. 1$rfidr{o"r1eia! :lrdtnan, u u-roonriuss.ldru

& .) b) c)

28- n:ii1u:u'o1asqnlnr1fifiriir,lj1{riu?ultaai (llnuuo!) ni!n! rfira{t-itjtu {unu*s) lunrlriqta:dl

^)f ,/ "l\ L
ls.r rouilondnhnria.r

"1

drhnu6!uilnsrird{ AduB riorjrdsl morula losrou:{onulndomo'o$rarurlnlsrdr t$rali 16 ttnii

doudluduriuiri 256 lnad firr'i'lm.ll1Jr$anlusia::ouldnnxr1r|rirb ualhindn'lunr:rlfinub
diolni
n. a*irlrn . rdurdu r. ooqfd!! , liir !f,u r. aosdrlar , drll
go. ranri1rdohdtrnr:a$o!]Fn1n (difierendaron) liBUfiqn
d rnasnmlJtJ1rrru.r b) lnaana1lJluo c) $ad:lrldrr d) Ens1'nrrin
Lb c add s.ad
 IUL' nn6rSA.l fl1flnda$d

rosd 1: dr{!i irt d qftltolr ?

1. lnr\il.ltnuulu hydroeraric sraeton srlr:omiftf.iulnJoui'1uuu rfirour_lne! lraanJo! do.!
2. nT6rh{!th!iu! us:marir-2ro{naludo irildl rdu actin
3. nti'utdofhhvuulu antagonism d{fluhra1l].llrun:lirfiouf,u lrjrulul{rflolrCorrlon!'1ll{rfiou
4. rtdara'n ninnr:aor sr! aine i1!i0lu{iit! endoGkeleron

5. tf.ruJlnlri? derr,r!-n uesor,rnrn ldu\CurJrlln,rtaiioli

o. nirrrda ucepe ulrtndrlrda extenso,
Z. nillnldar3r ntr rf,lfn m!nt:rnri!n:1u ltunriinruNi (appendicular skel€ron)
nr:6aon
e. l:uodnfrlrdotlnrn:1n r*rblthi! nyosin 1 tia?lcndor]iollCildulul :tu acin 6 io
9. '1$ec'do{ndlrrdo {,r,iudo.rldr-ql0rudrdrn!!rnbdnbrir2un::lnri.
n a rdloti
10. $rJorrD{fi:ln uJun::Endur6n1 imhfholua:rdolnr4niurdluaa:rio
11. !'oriodrirlndun:dni. riuriooislinrlrrrlu
12. 6lflti::njxnfiltdodouiunr:pfitoh ltun,h6riiouritra d.rriurdlll*fa {ugamen| !Onr.!d.t
13. glycogen u6! oeatjne phosphare
dtuntilrld!{1lno{lnndnsl!(lDflu
1a. ltddn&urdDFiadlNn&lnrliothlllr:dnirnnrmr$ mtochondia !1n (A:!l'ari6oa coronary arery
fi o !1!du{
ts. donfirrdgoruraf,r uruduftuqyvillfrr muierlalsrtia.t
16. actin ua! myosin li!fiaruuddrurornilurlodnn'rlrdomrln:n{rrrdofthuin?l r:tl.rlorriundrlrfo
rfloosiar! (suBtion)

tz. :rruriarlno.uJararr lwar€r vascular syslern) 6'l]tiut0fs_nvnfuo, ilfit echinodermau rh riniflriuf.r

T

::urradodl :::tuoi6tnart ::lluifuai1tl [a:ruu:lt]d1

18. nitladolrdritri:aonloidrfiauau rinrrnndr!riodo.!1a un!Ii.l1!id.l!fi! perisiatBts !D!nN!A!
oltrntrqrd
19. drr-i kinetosom€ !0,!qni!rii.r r: rlri nagelurn r{ollnlrilri
20. fildo (synovial nuid) rhnhirjlol$1r{.iuffs o" lrl'rdaldllnsdnlllnu:fludario

rodl rlon*rroudtrniordoliulrfimlldrri
z:
1. riornu6!$la.lrgi:r0nft a,u ndrl dolaladrdinarur_r
n.A c
!.8 C

.l-A D
.!-BD
 z. dnr1rlrloln filndrlrdod.trjrrlunrrraiiouidn6aorjri:Ia:.raiNiinaqrirlnrr
1. UAtIlu
g. a'nvrun,t:rnAiatlfilrlriolo nuh{odriin:tqr{urd's
dlidir-tix [6rr]\r'{ii1n-llurindrlrdorlll
R. uainfrlin'uinrn{ir'arn.r: 1. tnaol,lt[ullnalt !r
n n6ar'tflarirlr:aona6ll !. .!an1d6'll !1d!ttird:rl:
4 d-rlnidarLl ri! d!,nem i:iraror ri rqfioLtla rlnrf ndsialn
b) Eusl€na
1r. b .r.abc
s. nirlrdor,rao{dr6ol:ti!.1tu A ni!nd1!ldotrnr!gnduyd.\10! drrllntu B rjld{lhlrlor1G nrrln.rdjl

.c"g{
o. Iarlnir.rln,ta.rtnl,linirirulunr:radouiao!r-u

A 1,AB

.t.ABC

7. mrultulrrtltlml i.rula.rondnrirlrdalurialohpCo.l
no''rlrdorlul niirlrdodan.i:1n n{rllfufrh
,I'ln:lljanuf,ng?u.!
1.
'11{nt:5au
$!n1ll
'it\tnl:!on
i61! in1!
i 1 i1lnf,ud itlai!0?lns_!jd il,ln1!itn.!d
$r"hn1! ANs afir,ll{ Sus l]tr!3hi! ANS
8 dad6o$ 2! tu'hlrt'rrrarnda! rio nexor t;! [r!xo.i./14h,.ioir,roour,u{,rl,f,0-on::aaurirror: ialnlnno.r
n. a r:riiol uirr.trfu B t!!Firl!!J't?vh6!
t. a r:riau uhr,nrlr B rriff?1lu,}2dtuulJ
t:Galoanrtnnit
n. A B rltmiujt?llilti!
't. A +Galoonrrndlr B rlilnrrrmrrldlul
2f? rlo b rBn

,.-ruqEirild'!$ou1i11toud.!ttin 10 kg d1!mn ndrlldo bic€pc 1o.rln1aofl

Irr.i!rnainqai10 [r.!fi ild'u

n. falnir 10ON

!. !lhn:! 100N
n. rnnnil 100N
.!. lnltilr'l !1 afliul6!"urfnfidl
10 lFr{dri'Nh'5:ii'tiofio'jrrirnndndrlu% (muscle cetl)

n riofldr![io (muscle bunclle) 1, dultn{r'lrda tmuscte hler)

blo?].1$rud (myofilament)
n rdutrmdrrrdoCou (rnyomols) ,t.

<.r21-;--:\ .rJLdracrda,i €cUUil5cd'ln

'.A)

roufr t , rlr:Iaariollld gniala z

1 nyelrn sheah b CNs 6ir'$nnlnnsii olgodendoctte

2. reulolilament 60 utelmedrate fllament lu neuron
neuro" 61i'
3 b)pol neuton liu sensory newon t6tlo rd sensory neuron orelririu lrpotar
ririun4:Ji,'r
4. $adtlt:dl fi qTnpathenc ganglion dlr dolsal Ioot ganglron unntir'fiufs1uu'ho{
gap ju,rcrlon ierl\nsrilqliltjo'lfuar':doir:arr
5. rr:unlh:Srndralio!::yirlrzariloionl1 r:irrirrdos
6 rlalounu,ru:r n-uriionur-nfulr6alleirur,rf r n?liul$rannl!rd lldlrlllriaiuniruutirlrirlrirnrniu
7. r::uallr:d1n uffiai{udrif,amrrn6alinointl d!!u a{{nf[t{i1!iiot!!tadm!
oeuron

!1!rr ATP dJ Na'oonLlua:fu K' tri, nnolud'orrdlil 2Na :3K'

8. l1rr:r:rin natitl::a, rlt]'la-!
9 ac€tylcholure. norepinephnne l!n: endorphin tiua-rdo:Jr:nrr
10. liou acelvlcholme lfidiarlturridf i'n1t exoc",to* rri-rr'tou
n,r
11. lJ1?rlllrlsli ln organophosphare alhltiu!'lar':doJt:n,
n n.1ldrila"trmold

12. li'rnr:iiu$Rd ild1t1i'ldrn-uluao:fiirlonnnriidndriuol

e:hf'{ririnar:m fid1vr fil1t Na" K' !_'r

13. !:'wn!J16'u!dtro.!ua:lxdilt't1i"l (csF) 1d'ilm{uaras, rior::rirrrdo{ralor uo:dosnarsbduva'l

$B: palasFnpathenc
14. !{urh!d'ubiutd'! flisrufiurtlorn-lt:tll ::nrr PNS' ANS' sNS svmpathenc
5 7 q 16: 10
15 rdl.u1:dlrlldultd'qni liu.d\xll:6^rtrdtldurdulsuduir:6 rsrDldfi
16. !:uliadujiD? iir:rflliudlr, r:tJ::arr{u:$d!!d1 c€iebrum
Iilrh! thalamus
17. cerebrum id'ualrB!1i1't1.Jtn drua$rod1h'i d'ln;qirln_
ldlun-t ildrudl, ro!:ir'rh mldeudvrr
oUii.ltton
hypolhalamus ml,utylouniir
rg, nr'.,lann""rt1"i u]ulilfiuumrnriulloon rmr:alllq rua:rosd,ru
19 ftatr6{ {bairBtem) J:ns]Ji1rl pons medulla ua: cercbellun
 rrri/t*l 2!3

20. nuullhialm:lnhjGo{ taut, u61r1d{!id:nln (ioe,]fd!a,idt! cerebrurA cerebeuum unl moduua

oblongah n]l]aiqi!
21 dl,ittu}ffn,r:$r:iinJ'mea!in6ufu alrfinalna?1!i6dn-sa{r!!!:l*d1fl6!lr1ff6n
22. t:llllrd.r?td?uner{nlJkdoirkwilid:r cfidana !i!d!i!
23. d!o{la.{do,jinr:ond'trrs:i n3ru'rmrn neurat tube ;jsrildrulijuo.rriiorioth mesoderm
24. r:d1fldurl8irflf,\rus::a ,riouriua:.rii?iln::rfutrn.t!!an!.i!.rdto.td1.LA!
25. eustachan tube fia:a{.rollD{do.lr,iisnh::u:rouiloqrtl duriuondnvnird,r:1.::r.rldnl
26 .nfuj-rnui. d r!10I lLpu L lril.alrr rr: y l flio{ innfi.fl]a I
27. Ai'r1a$li.inilnlaeiaosnuhl idn-nnilur.:.trlai'nqudu sctera
iT

28 da$ljl]niundanlorrrniuir urs hf,u cnorora i6a araprlagn

29. aun]t]ariaa.t t:!a{[ilralu6o!(itA!i!,1
30 n1'] nfiodumlllnadl nrl!$ururjlrnirodrir uri\ lnri1tllnelcnn.rl:hu1 (foved firiru|nad,llurir
rauru tiqn

rori z: r6anarrnoudlnio.dqariu.uirourirn
1. neuron lioloijoracrud'.rnsai (body) o{uDn cNs

1b n,ab .!.abc
2. rirllEr]l]rfrlullstirjr:6,rn A un: B ldr dolanndas
a) n::ual::drr rndoun'h rlad I
li'ifin,j.r$ari e
b) r.ia"{ finnr! udtltldrn !n'1 edd A ,rdlrd6r.idn61ri

"f&:=:-_-_*i c)
rirnil$ad B

lura adon por€mai L A ! 4omv srlu B Irja!ni11.t

3. irftinluiraeionm!ti??o!nr:ll6ir:(an
n. Ranvier
t!!ri'1.!lrn-jt.l node oI n. liulrJ slnapse
n. duri1rJtr/dnol.|llo.iu:Jtd1r1 !. at]rl [l{lo.ii,]n!!d,u
4. n ri,F6L!l1a! nerue rmp rse Ld.u1oll.innyn-!nrao:J.!:i tyt

a)1it3 b)2ii4
c) 3Ir 4 d)41t 5

5. olu?:1i1llnff?tlqr&u pararynparhehc nervoLls slsrcm

n. rio'lJrnrtj 1. ri'laiou fi. rio!trrJrrin {. otarllnd
6. d rrlnutin!tl el]unluuu'lnt
ai dlrlirTllri.ititi Na' snilfirdad D drrdnr:fulfi K' utlloomlnlln.i
c) fitdm:iulf o- ririlihrtad
fl.ab n.b c
7. nrltlnltrd1'llidotl,in1ru3lT! A1 B lAodNlt
n Na ndogdaln A I B

! K Gdoutnm AltJ B

i. acuon potential fl A luitnfilf Na' ulm/ B lrrialdllted

!. acrLon potennal fi A l$dlllhli K' lll1(l B llnioonltali
8 i0tit!0ni0{mu1n!nn'l!

n. rlliln! Na' pump'll::u: a ua: I iritiu

K'

l.lu::g: b ga: c t:!fitnruttiltn Na' rlirlaarrlfutlnd

a.luttl! d itu r *uniooaflnltodoih{alitfi
c doulm:ojn'rfiulrltqn (1) udh nrlrrtitldnthioldo{utad
aiuldulu s!tn6\i (2) no\dum1 lstlD

s. iolnnrirrl'igio.rrlimtutllJurh:n1tnolJi/on 1o\!lDd (PNs)

n. PNs iiuunoDntllinumj$i!ft[utlt!*]n6lo{
(cl0 12 d filtiu '!!Flnln{u$d{ (sN) 31 d

n PNs dsfisunfllrnhfl a'urmulutintCrui,irr4ln (sensorv) Ihrd1ufirni {motol)

n rf.rdru sensory [h: motor dlMrauundouliu]unru.h:amrul syrnpathetic tit patd]'npathetic

r
rft cltl ua: PN s'r.rrlnrlrvrhflltifl semory lrn: motol
(ANS)
10. iolilt]lrmtth!'ontlairlu i!6-lfio-i1u2i
a) n::rrr:nddrrjol b) nhm:intdtinlat c) Jrurudutn, rdoornrar, trt-:
1.ab .!.abc
a a:riua:kliii't't
11. di neuon n!1!6n 1 rrn! 2 liu rnlemeuon [n! motol neuon nrltdldltlir ofu*
4 ndrrrdol-anrlqn

S.{S--=-'<"'"'"^ D dolrlrnhfulu
c)n1:tl1!idn11!
.r,bc
12. iDlaritrntthv||rxDlt:ulJtlt:dlnnt,rifilrten
r. rfuulfirdor nr:{rq. rd n_ rirunrul /2i 66'n!

o. ftlqrfurir tnisurnrhdr
.t. ut, orulr r.rrulqados
 tlJFn$ 265

lJ. fla)$lfrtir!'urDir-!u i:dlrr'{ntr drlenrl

#*F---<4F<,,,u
a) doolilurlirn_llniunminilJflr
nsii B irri.i,]lnans
b lnrtb ::n,rrrornaa'B [6r,nad C rdld]rdo .::nlrriir6ul,iL
c) Lr.orcmr*i$ad a ldhriru grey matter m.ildurdl

ta. riolnlniolriurniu::ur r:n.rrlllr6n (sNs)

a; {.rn, :lJiinn'u rioian::1nr .rfu
b) nlr !ll.t!d1fl0!j!on cNs
c; ra"rs,r:iiolr:arrriu acerylcholine adNt6Il?oirriu

15. liolaudnlo'arlnr:rn't.!a.rrirhlua-n::ln6 qo:hlal:iANs qnn::{,ulinnr"o,r

A.nn/^/\^
v \,, \./ rIl/I/\il/l/l/lnnn/'l
\./ \./ \
VVllVt/t/IIItrW'
drnnrflrkn.:rirh (oir I roisri)
n. l= ne ll = parasympaihenc {nntrrl"tr
1. I= nf, II = syrnpafteric
lnnrr,iu
Fr. I = paras!,rnparh€hc !flnt:q'u
.r I = sympaftetic
innaref!
t6. ndr,rdoir3urn_rrirriulrriniillrun.r c:rioa:lrduur.or:rri\tr,ir'rl luiilo
ua:riuaatrnnrrri.rrrura,r
::!ul:tqrnla
n. fi nq1 fi,rr.raln1rn6n lj
neaur't illrlrrran
a. nRrllfi2 firiirJmLflan .t. xod? 4rirlrLlr6n
17. cseblal clrrex drulnr'r.iaqnrin,ruua'rr:lnrrianl:uint!{ld
r:d.trrrn!r6u1

1r. B
i.c
.1. D
 18. d1lrbaD\6lrr.ldtnrdrion, l]ldutiu co.lun*u6{6Di ua:
d.rnrrlltirniu rfonrw_la n"
n.B a.c .!. D

19. "urrs, rlol:J ::osnlrlsrro dki :e s 'c uolida{ouUf,ra::nrsi

ni!" t-ltrhd!finarnmth!'rl.l1lo!dtlo!d1\r1tl
!.D 6.A D .!,AC D

20 !r! t:qdNlilfiDdru{llf m'rda!Cr!!o!rr trnlfllordrl

aA !.8 nAB {.ABC
21 dalis6.rfi{ii*trrn1fliorrn-rulr:nrmrndri{uirld{uql
a) mfi2udlniuxoittsdtjttdltlliuhJlld1n b) rhlrliJ[a3noilo'lltoli
r:srrriiunndu
c) n1!ta{fi1':d1fl nl:i'rd nllq trulliotilllltiir'!n1!
n.ab n.ac {.abc
22. risbtuQ'ldbilniB!
f. r1at1i(tu! - luiitliln l, lsol irlur,ltj::arn
n. na-rui!5u 1{llml] t:slll
.!. u!6\ tl! t:51rti'nx{o\
23. riolan!fi ?Qnio{f1lani!fl u t:d'rnto ldlttilnalini[um_l
a) ii.rnd:-r{.ranrhi4'ttlurfu rrd1t6!e!tiNi'!D! 2 i
br op0c lobe 10.!rlm.iuiurldr"rdr.n'r!o'r'irq n lr]nnolaufrnlLqu leflex
! l ladl flDlintlltl!
c) ml!^:jrmildlD{dllr c€rcbelum lalQul!f,tf,D

nlrrnso\llo{oonle 8Di fitdinurn 2 tlau ldlu 2 inl'loi

cNx rhh A I cN x f,to{ ud lh B Lii n!'jl rdon'::rir clt x
rirlq e a:tfirr'ro.r ualtiioii dlla:a1lr1ninmoi 1 {d
ijnooi 2 riuidrh s irirtra{rdufilrftr rlolnnlJmnrr

r. r{urJ::n'tnnmldfl 10 !srn! dfln1uitlntldutolriir

r. a'ndoJrrnrndrwluinrnai r rhlfildcnlriudrnslC
r nrnr!{ir cN x thti!finmdriald1tu'r'utnoon'Jrfi_rutndrlrdarirhnl
.1. ri:lanrq:raen'r r.ior{urJr:n'uarol{d 10 lt,fu nr:nr!{!
 zs. dsr:T rnjollorhiduaolJir lln$uql$ri.rd'{nlnil]ur,uiu rfino:l:drddn:lni,r a
us: B nld'rCu
n. ,ii'l ii{ft n $rrh rliruil
6a!tr) f!d1
6. !.
i&1ur"1 vdr!i")
zo. rhllrdor'olaolidu msn u1l]1 d1lr'nlrrhrinrlolrdurl
n. mrl! ciliary rnusde nrd?llrtritnoi{sn:ldBldl
!. rmraji:r'xuar:mi1u photorecepror cel ln1lttldll]uJa,l
a. rvrlr:mrraiulolruarlugnnrllnld olduuu nll nrnfil
r. rnrr:rourlnrrirroqfu {nuoli i{6rru1!tiii
2?. il hld lnod r:d norfi Orpotar neuron)
a) r€tjna bl doqr{n c) cochlea
bc 1r. .!.abc
28. fndu r!6rd!D{di 7 !s:8
!n ia}, €irlario
a) mrfurt U nlrlii!Gu,r c) n1'ft{Jl'l d) mfialrfiu
!.bcd
llnnlhllnawkmtia n - so

€ 29. ttm u hal cen dlnrldJl{t

t, d

:0. I;r.rElrdnd!drr!rdummurunr:dud:riou,lo,r
ndrrio,r
r-b

ruudoii'orda,r f sUll0iaillida

iori 1:rJr{liriolrd $iirli ?

L ntbun:iolrlrnlndlfi c{rlooi&unaa4lofi r:6uli
2. nr:1dulruura.:qruurj []!!6tlnmdN.uilld'wolaollMm*ll oxytoch [6: proladin
3. iolttunlnfumnqnn::q"uiru:udo iio ioaoilrru ecru uriiornlrnlnfirluqnn:lriudh!.r:lu
r:d.n
6onr1i!mMin
a. tftlo lrio rioda ua:nnri!::ql irurJr.rooilrruLi
5. ADH ir.!f1tl!ti!rrr6'lrDodfuidlDltf,ri laudiirnonr6aamr-r un:riilrn:6cndturtrfnionjruh
6. endorphin dlrrt{dlilrhm1!€Flrsydlldo r:nfi
7- Hcc tlna"'loonll1eTtflii hdrtlolr lunrrawl.Irnqnlu::triltosnr:*la:ri
progesterone

L llnft1n thlrold follicle dlrnrnilNroituiri.r metamorpb6is trnu uo:lhvtslqamariulurqw'ln"

9. rll€ts ol langerhans, paralhlroid gland !6! ad.lenal cortex liltio &isddld'rltioian (esssndal endocrin€
gLand) $r1:&ff.40{rnn'nisltudrd lriirrldu irxrrtn. PItl aldosterone #to cfiisor idrbn, r.;!i

10. doljfl!fitliu !'iirttFqifil.li s1t eryiluopoietitr ltrnt:uqdonr:riiunnfir

11. f{an tls! corpus luteun 5r!11014R".! prog€€torone fiu estlogen 16
rz rhl'rhldaonfnnd.r ao! dolJlo{ciftrm fiolrliu fiotl
13. nora&€naline m: thyrodn€ mul$lt-ttl rnetalotisn li'nriDvnl]
14- rbllftrrlnl'o{I'rl1 calciionin dlslrllrn panihytoid folicdar ceu lunt!!d6ott{'l 1!th1}in1ltnl/tt]1qai
16orui !l'1i'r
15. i gonadotroph tQitd{ ds'ttt'nnn::{u nersuria cel trnoDi semhirelous tubule Lldrl anarogens Li
16. ,rjl!r,)]lr ttnli! {6!!lj1lt Dmfinlic'mnrlrn!'Dilw jnsulin alcloslercne lra: vasopl€€sjn ilrfiil
1?. :htrrus staDd Ourfiriarru\u6o.rua:dalliio dJNtot$r thvnosrn !1otl!1&f,!1ilbt{nlinftflorjnrulu
18. f.r.1fi!alh1t66rdi (i Nacl €!) i-Nnllrrlrat aldG-ielone birnnilurfiolnvrflrqaao{nioui
1s. Afi'g riuto{udlnn::{uldlntarrlralta
20. rhroxin€ lnnllirtrntld{ctl IsH ilqlrihu:nri1/srrdilolofurius'tti r:nol druarrrhrd't riua,
:d!
nrtd:dlr$!1 riolllnloli!8ttjtJrd:aaoron (gimple goiter]
21. prd;a my:<eaerna drdouruu:uo:drlq iuurlfialtiul:aaoraoomnduis (ioxic goner) CT!

22. ri16utrfui6ti! (12'18 11) $d! cH lrdhl rnhtidlin'nrl. flf, gigantism todrtr-?6{$4in'1tna
23. sirnmon's dboase lrs! dwafisltr $tlmiD ddlodrurdvrClooibnroonniottiulj
24. t)oslenor lob€ of pitujtary nlr1ufl#urdo ectoa"r. 6Tlli0t$!u'$4"{ooil$rli 2 !0i 60 ox}'!ocm

[a! vasopr€ssin

25. lunrru marlou polyp€ptide ue: Erglyc€ride qwtf{leitlcrrirjouudrdrirldrin rdntrd":aoilll

qasEjn lrn! s€cf€tin

roui z' rion*rroudtrnlorC6riadrror.rrlar

r. riolnn drrqnfo.ldfi nni-rriolraunlndwon ua:orio'::ilt{u{
d .t1'!aail$ru16t+wn p€ptide D luttndrliooJunlilnd sER lJ1nduf,lFlu

c) dlNtoil$rdoonqitlir Ducleus d r.lqthctfilldo €ctoderm

n.ab lbc a cd { ad
z. oo{lulrri{trtvruhllJitq! DNA tr nucleus
6) th$oxin€ b) melatonin c) paiathormone d) progesletone
n.ab lr.b c i cd ! ad
3. fi irriodilurlr1ti6tli'1{la'r dorar'lrJud{rdurln'urhflqn
n. adrcnal corta( !. rslets of lrngErnans tl. ih]rcid follrcle { parathvdd gtand
lfinnlnwkmtriia t- s
q. dolalarliurrfunrniriu
n. A d1!amgih{roil!ur}!6t (neumhomole) !1ti!fi s us: C li
n. loiltllrrln A radou!,h{ I ldlamrifuLd:n,rn
a. loilrttl.1r A radoulfid c fiunrwoslioauinuuru
{. lsj!&fin B n-u c *r6oldolm:ritmolcur:uurlu6ur1agr

s. riolnriuqnrelffuolaoilllrd lioloonllrlnrio! c
n. n::funrriln"raolnd,urforiw L rfi'J::i,urharslu r6oa
n.
'l1ll
prim6ry oocyb nqmoruonlhllj !. tfiliefu11{6{
6- Iit{dih{ A r.t1r0di1,te,rr a I n::{u1arld.r.r n linL{61: b 16, dolndBbdlrld a 16, b t tiirl lii
rl. a*ACIII.b-corrsol 1r. a-TSH,b-thyrodne
l^ll. b = r€srostercne
6. a = !. a - FSH, b - prorFdterone
7. doblnlir.ldimdu.oil$r melalonjn

4 drwnCollnriun drdrd'nfka:rhbir6nriurrjluJuf, mrioulo

b) r-l lurruind.r [JrinrhJduafl l r:irruoldrnnr:n;ofiur
c) n'rbi{n,'r6on rdudircrladaun::{un.r:n::etrl,rto.rxa'rq
n.ab !.abc
8. !aiLtl1nfl bjrdi.ur'1!,nnrldrmlh{n.lrduqnCrtrul
n. lrSH melaronin !, gonadotropin - melaronin
,!. calcitonin, PTH
s. dalnrilarrrqirl,irinndnlrrlruviririaolnuosioqnflawoihtrnqa,nou
n. rlodn)rnlr oirl'uidrnihfiin4arnoulnonr.r
1. Eoriulrnlni oirrfu ileiruluilgqrtuirlron:r,lunqarnou
a. oaririrulrlrrirdudr:n:{ubinqnrnouorfu;r.liirlr C
r
lnndlilTr.'lunilfuditio$hr runqalnouil!
to. dobullc}drnluuruorqfif
n. rhuulul:aonrrrlun:nis_le:irnlandl adild.!! t
!. Ct cel h islets of Langerhans o.rre:lriail p
rujulrriooiTluurqin ;
a. aoihulrlliaorrrirullrjlCrn:r:l'.fiiiraari!
ml!&n nfi i
E
l i1lrrafunr:uor6onlrn,r;rirUl a"ol..rlrit l!
drerirln "
rtt
11. tioloQni'0.ldllifuroill]lJ A 0sr B

ovulatoi
c
R- ,oittlu A nr:ti itiaasfia r.ltura:inhi
'tt. !oih! A rrih:6Jln1ut0.!&arrdua:nqdrrno.r
oo{lu s fiJisntftJt:rldoluarn:ft iour}rll
ooillv B aruql{nuu:uitlio.ua:dltdoluttl
a[t{rJiin

rz. urtrsriniul!{)rufloqlur! hypoglycemia i'rirJrnrnhrisnir $rhlaunlliud Cilu m!rutttr11!

rntualririoulr.n aiiniol did?rlltirtr:.-u 1t1.h6ottld
t glucsgon b) glucocorticoids c) STH
!.b
13- rioli !:unelnnrthflJnal PI1I
t dslum&litllJm:t{osrl8idoanrlailnnllln b) oifirii cJ' dLsr:8"rldlin
, n.1.i'nri2liud1l6t.llflnf;o calstoni! us! cabif€rol qtlllt! calclum

n.b \r.bc
14. fi1lAn n itifiidultitlli0o{lluJ1$iiitrnfi[g!6Dfliolniliff2tili
.]) lu{otr A nn:! nrrrfiln'r lnwrnlqnuiol4n"ld'
b) nirna!6;rut1r{uni nirtlrdorjau[:r otrfiniumtli
_,r2ltu_u
rduua:: ltl:ndu niQ6tlr",!-lndrrlnl iQQlaitu
")

rs. .l'olalilirinonilhllwordn'j
n. rqft rfur[o.ruriurirqnrdolinaiuiJddl,::t!ft tuJant !h
!. r't6 idl!6Jr!6.r!T lnotu, fl oudl'nnl'rridrlirium-n
iJn1'l6'lflur ol
a. $Tldtr:rrnriofiqlowouJarrfutitllmfiltnalolflinllt[nlttnldd'
r itdonatfur-rpulf,rr*rrfu riolalfir{ ulinlo{tlNilJuowilarrltr

uudnnr-odor ilqnnl5il

rod r , rttlaeriollld gn-ole z

1. rqin::r relex cuae iit{o6td{iiiilofilult:ult}:a'utrinir
2. mdcal psdod ,lod2slnqilunr:rlwinqfin:l irnprinting yrhnalnurdrqn::urortlfidburiaaia
3. ta,:<is so: Idn€€is {edl]nqf,nfitr:llluln orieDration

4. nisiliiDrielltJunqintoinduunlrniqa
5. .mCo{Tr li'hrrdtrriluGt ! slimfi ilrN tomr*ua-a r"rulurqinr:mldln! (social behavior)

o. gnunn::llf lqnnilluduladrfiririlrirl{u{aalCr ro,rual rilriarlrrnillri

z. 1nunm:orfig{uurCllrllnalrilfriluirfuri.lo.ln-rrolrnl r:iorunslfrffiourdou{ulurf,urn-ulrild
8. mrfiuui r:'rljbdnjilrn:6nfund.rainir
g. riod.r.wdruJuot a srrnrnlanlCrf{ia r-Brlrtu un:arrdnalo{r!,rd{o,tgTir1uro
10. nfll.ioufiLllurlnrio irio nblilrnrdomrdtld1.ltfii
tt. ntfi nnjarhurblhuu'raorriN {inoouliriliurf !!!eo!fi iaDlln

.0!d 2 : i{uorrhnqfinrrlro.ft .iioltdriuruub

1){ = taxis Kn - kinesis Rf = roflex
CR - dain of reflex Ip - impnntrDs Hb - habituation
CC - cla8sical condidonins T&A = trial and ercr Rs - reesoning

t. rft rfi rdoo{d rr'.n:ntlnnudrioo{fi:dlr:o{fi.r

2- urit! uhiurihhud{
r- urihfinliuar durqn n'uu
4. olslallrui1tjn?uur1l]dlrn.luiilin
s. irrarrlf,aduritrlLrhiilfouiitrrf, rrtiolrrnt
6. !6nfl1'n?ru!uri
7. 6niindrriuldndniDl
e. dflr,ltllilJnr:6"tJ.r tdrf,i.nlrolirlnnln:oimnlruraiu
s- rirririlln6ouifq rlm:aonarnilo.rlia co
10. Id6oirndoufilundo{il T l Andltrd. rinl il
1 1. nTt'h$r_q!D,un!1{qo\./
12. srJ.r{!f,alu urhit ttrdo
13. l]nfdonarlrrfi$u1?
ta rT.ranlriiud.r a Chfif,r ,n:.r:6.rlaroi.r s flitfi$ d{i!r^!fiu!1uo'1
15. rrrrsln t*ni!ftLlt$./rila}i !runa'urtTniri
to qnlruGnr rnio.r0ufiilri.rudr
tz. r'rerjr rjrdor6arduunl ua:lotunft lnulr r:rrh
tt inrur6!,ir!*.Ireri{ufls,irl ud.irudr uflin
19. e{tunriD.ldidtjdunfi s rtqn'lriraul.rrnrial
20. Ei]1lolilntrqn donrio.uridd
zr. uroutrrpltrdolvitiir!{;:r6'udr,)
22. tr!:onur:rJlnil
23. idln_r f ilttrrrld [d?(dn-lri.fi./
 :u 4- an liiliDUleur1rl [ti
.:5. nnllf!.!nTnffll:l!u!mll:tu!!nalaIus{llr9
.l{j. {nal{tttlrtllluq:rn i lrln:otlr{lulltl2 lrlJddlNuris,rr;.ruh aru{rifi
. uluth6tllrd. f,!uriidDur
[nnti00nnri!
: 7. lril'rli.rlurtryninn\D0n!8.lrr m?l!rzalllurnliolJ

re|dl 3 , aontfiiolrilnio.iiiril.fim! s2
l rnL96rfinJdr i.uratlnanstoll/ol
a) id'nBll]:nn": speo€s b) llluDurn/dl uotrlill
.) uan{li lJllu!rlUJfllunlJllllilllallnntrJ
1.a c h bc !-abc
2. d1lorM U-uflnd!\nB{!8fi ift0i',li.ti.litnfi n&0.6mtlufi ailoii !nn-ninj1r3..
a Josnou r hllfilrnr rltn i. iuxfi I oqitio
:. nq6n:: uriolarfinddndJldslro.ldru c€rebrum
n qnriallnoonarnli6un'trurlr o l. 1nlnlrimuLLldi'xwiuull.t
a L:rrdrrharodoriuorrar:ld m .r. crnrqnrrffi tio tulJuur:tlrudr
l. "!T Ui6rC!{unniunldjn-rrdl 1na{sirrrrlilaruluorer.nladtoriNolrlnfirntto o{rnli]td{tralhn
iuvr lrimfruniu{thasnllnfirn'!!a.r4irttllrlu1lif,lriisr*rrld'dolnnri,rglol
n. unl tJniu6triiiluimdtln4dllo!!]'ruif,trfutft.nifilo'll41l
r drrinrtr1n, :niftrhleni.lduaul unnruniumm:rfinlo! (habituaoon) io6u!fidrnli
F nili!/ B11]o{un$lrn?lrriunqhn:nrdd\narnnr:rirnridoaiqnurallfiulrlldtn
,!
d'1r.!6u{l'1'm rilii.rririirioulrrunilrilriod! nrld1niu

s. .falilriln rtundddr'tlCi1.i.'lnnrllnfirn'ri{r
n lntudro'iddrrntiouiuoldttrintr4! ! :liJllLi!fin"!{lsn:ii:oiiothqniel
a.rii anrnhnrtaoilnuslnrltilQdlfin ! trhrouianlCi1r]niuitrtuliltlriorado

TR€{tdE1{t nt
"l -,,,"-,
ruudorodoJ
ua!n1rn?q6uTntD{rf, tnan

rold r : *r:luaiolof trmielr I

1. bundle'sheath c€ll. spongy mesophyl cel lrsr palisade neeophvtt cel &nrulurdordonol parench!4na
2. endodermrs dufl./lronqino! steb ln1.tnond1tlilrunwu16un c€slatlan sEip
:. ril4ir n:aru:nfn ud:ujf,onf166! riri ::nouirlrdordoorrrrfi tdlrtiarfilrtfu
4. chloroplast flrnnn ltitt!fifln o'rftr b ia$l
5. ! tlldluto{ Aftnrravr'rlrir$lirndasf,rdunldnnu
saftanrn

6. *{n:risn;uduto.!tirc'rtt15 dNirilrdodoairf, alirtftr'rlo

7. rdtlti dfionli so:'t.ri druriuntnnrrrrlrgfirdao.i (secondary sowttr)

S."_Tn3ryrfr.fuftrir.aarrrlr apicdt mensrem d?Ln_trriq+Jt6o{rilurarJl n tata.1 mensl.em

L r.umtn koot cap) 6oda!:ls1!dans{in d1!u!i{tradus:gi.tllion1J1l,t|iotaiu{ml'oubto.ttmix
10. lenuc€l ifilJi cort FDIFr.idi.unnuJeuLu,ff soLr.!$fi.rnr$n
11. lirtilitbdlldialqrnn rilritru primary pNoem fir danli
ila:lair!ga:tririiarirtniu:rnulu.rln::indo ufil*un.r
12- rhioid no,!!o6gs!r 21rifl:uou
t:. iruuwo {llr,1nrf:t"!6.iu )rrirn)_irus".l ,ht-:l!odAr!n6olrhnrod!lnni1

io!; 2: i'rir
1. .{ !a!{lhr1l tr!lnirtu1tln.ndLhnnio,r

2 tlnLflUr'flU rtLont'tlFn.!d1t{lnulrrlltju arlnnl:

tllfll1ll.Jfl$l.J I u6:.ljiln d0 I B

c
o
E

rord a : dondrmliqaio{iq.tfi o{drio!fiai

t. Ia:.rslr.r1nlrildnirglm'rnrdorloniqdr dr:ulrmnrdardanrrr
n. i,![tlu.r r. r'rfrlru.!

n. vessel 1. pth
:. riolnlriulurt.r rlirenir (do doei !5!{oa$ ri!D{{rron
n. seve rube mernber 6 n1L0r ra6!d nlou in rdae uo rdr ilrr:nndly6.l
n. ! par€nchyma urrdeudra ni r6o{u uurrruruniuCl

a. !'t{ {!ndtuilnluud?[a]iqr.l'n$ndu!'u1n
\. companion cel 1:!fun6!dnnoni?n1o{tl./
4 lnl\dllltn tlltrlltufinuJatLrlaoll
a. sieve hrbe member .!,
5. rir rylem iniontjllnouftulldd 4 nlinFD vess€l. parenctryma, iracheid !a: fiber s61 rioblnt'e!
n iliad 1 lor d!fi!fiJqrn'rrnuluuari
n. !l'.d 2 ri'l dlritlfir lriililcdld
a. llnari 3 ni. tlrnKoddlri! celuloce udi lisnin. Ellb€nn

| !^nafi 4 noi R1.t!a!1[a]ut61rLuuu1fr!uE:u!r!nulut$u)!in

o. lar.rnir.rlnriduf, tfu rd!! rClr
a) pith cauty b) p6ncycle c) tTgliu{
n.a b

ga
T. tori.iouduiodmj{q{nnharln wh:-nf iiiul:rir.r o ntu6mt ornrtdodu
i,!liari rioirun.drutJdtli fi urillolrhfl !n[amrrndui^nrlldn.'N
nD{alttirlr'lllJl,lltl:llllttu't{ lt
n- o{i6! rgufit]ilrdnnNllhfi!
1. a{firtu urir&rfi r6urinoMurfir
a. 6'rn"hrfu duc",utrurinntnndu
!. {!ni1!A! llildl],j1lrqudna1.! !'r'r ti!
g. drulnroifu df lmrnrnsJr{ar!.t'rrlC

1.c
a_A C

9. Iar{6hiB!D{r1n (1) riliu (2) [6iu (3) 10.linnr:d'liuiorfurhriniunl r:idum :'m6dadodrtndo.t

lsrtliri

N.A C E

n.A C F

a.B C E

.rBI) F
(1) l2') (3)

ro. Ia'xairquudr:tudlnfir
a) nnuli b) arlln!!
c) flnCou d) nlllan
n.ab
.r.abd
I 1. nr$rDllruuJiialtl,/d2unl!tutud0n $
a. vdcDlar cmbnrm n. phloem
rz nTrdulwio tat". u"ssel dQndolrr'ild safrann Utiolitrfrml Nuonirnlurir A (ii.!frurrlb vessel) B
(d1lran'n) uar c {d?!di.el!'l.!) toe nnlld1C'r

a ' protoDlasm

b = do!i1,ulo.r$rd (call lumen)

- tif!$n{i !!40

$
c (1' ce! wal)
d ' r'{$edl,!rl! (l cel wa.l)
t.ad

13. ilnlrlJrri hlrorii iiab$

n. ttadft I i.ro1ra:uliJ collenchyma
""ll^,ul
!l:o schenchyma
l. f,ud I rinfrrlru:urhuori In!,siNtr, r'rn colgi body
a. f,ud zl!'lirulrr1n1naritu id'lr lignin subein !:t/fiiq
r tud : n urlnloariir id'l: cellulose m: peciin drJrdn

ra. ioblrildrohfuo.rrfordo parenchyma

n. dhn:r:rin'r!u$! ?r. 6!6rolrlJ n niliJ{d1r r urirrta{

ts. tirrlourrr ulaNnJrd|rnrn,:rnrrdrnr:.mrdirrnihdr.la

N.A B
B 6.8 c
c {.AB C

ro. *dldolnlrnrdoli (wooa) d!fiaa1am:lrrhltadnrrml]liullriod16ti! (vascular c€hbium)

n. ruln{rrtrn6! i_!mi*1 8i/dir dl:ill]
1j.

a. unJrr rdllrn n !:rifi !:tlu

lz. rrnnrn rrnnrddi1ftroidult'Jffir'lr sn:6ao:1fi'uiuriu
n. futls'uq ptloem qnfi
r. fulurCurrCrn ptrtoem qnl'a
6. f,nlutCu{i phloem ue! vascular carnbrum Qnr't
{. fub6'mrdui pno"m ua! vascular crnllium lndn
re. dariaar, lrylo.rl'udrrdlaruon rMrqrdu t0 cIn lu r r6ou rtfulurammnrdordonlqlldola
a) rdadon-qrJslrmn (apical rneristem) D) luorllonlql'svrrrlna finlercatary mer'$em)
cl ruDtl]olltor]iJ11t uater6l m6dsi€m)
19 tiolnndr t&o rdlrfiun rT ri! n-,ii nr lsiNl;driL3irrriAo!
' vtntlfi'rl],nu .nL ua! alrr nrLunuTr{e!!-r invlr La

rr. tl Cut:uor,nrr ni r.ro _u., *ulul oo!,1- o'u.i"""-,

I llvlot r,rrll0lrn!nt al iL Ll n l.hl]:1 ItE l0lll ltrl ltl.
!. 6 $i 'Ln.rn'r:r01i rnlu i.u rr.i or.n: r:o!L nr _r urodo!fi riur.lr

20 rr:laLin rlueri.rnra{rrasf, nlaw-rir l

c) cutrl d) lignin
1rb
L!Annuuiala r$!aunt6i1!nuourrLJ
n. 'LDUJd)\rtnqJliJ! xyl.m tlrluaun! ! uJDlud)ultqituu xylem Ln: pi oem tMtlounl,/

" Lidnlwi xyem ur'lrinnilr1.: xytem ua: phloem r. Udni xytem n'r, prttr d lrbia ai rvt.m.ir:drFq,
[d:rndnnr:{.rluu1rrndtfuri.rdd! spmd]e fiber 1 flr riorjrUni2r nrirrdordolnr:unnrNrrnlimu4!!1n
iiqo
n. epidemis !. cortex a

23. 8tfl ullo tfi lxl]iln tllj lenhcel

a) lii b) !! lir c) t!r'1 d lil
nab 1.bc Fi

24. tnd6!0 t!'r.lt\tll0lon, phosphorytauon B

Lc

.1 ABC c

2s. r'uln riuzorfitL rf,ura

BC
!.B CD
q.c DE
EF
 rr*n& aft

JL{il".o,Sai n15AUililEIanilI0an

rovi r , rJr:lorio}Jd lnriolr I

t. nanlrlsru:ojorar:rilnonlrinrl':nirsro da!6an6l!.:nir:litoandwlnj$6tdlo
2 .nali6rniL4.hai *F:.he,fir r o rfit co n ai rL r,r -r-r rnniirur-lllaia 2.*r Ln: J a*.t ntrdlcL
?olrnh6! d.xillnurnaririisioun"ulumrf,ultiilo!firaon
3. poil€n sac rro{tnnri ua: €mbryo sac
4. a:oornqaorfiloandtllrr!1ru:finnn.rurtonna:dtr!! r:n! 3 itr66udodRd!
s. r,|rnr,ri mrcrospore 1\:olun:oo\rrqai 100 |rad i:a,l!rndi1.! sp€rm nucler ld'!1nfiqn 800 i?rF6!ir
6. x1nF1! m€gaspore moiher cen luaa?natj 100 llad 1:nMndi.'t,l syreerd ld'tfi!.r 200 $ed

/ rnlJ,davidolrnri q0 cr\,'r.nosp4rm Lff: angrospejm Jnndr{fiJritll.tinl1d us: n!.ltu L6:f r 0d_3

8 d! r! ui:ffi! tiufin'l-ldin\Llii!,im: endospem d,rrficmnnr:llol6r"ar i.:h!oll,lr:r6j'l.rri'uoo!
s. ar'udu o. qruu4i ua:[d{{rn ritrire-!rhd'elunrrranaoru6ofirnnrin
10. dllrno.! dnfi uii!:!e!?.t 6sn61manill{oinn anlhoryann
1l,rsr1!6m1n,iiaeon udriananarariariuaa.rrruiarn16trild
12 rr!,6D 1!L nnro duL:ra dr.n Ln:firol , lrd)Dt-t1o!r,nt)r
l3 nsri lr"lyr,f,r Jrorfili.}lie rr')! -rl.r6d.r!ulfoialoiFo spore morner c..t
y_n

14. !l6id1{nnm!n_rai!tn1id'nDtuJm1ian u!! 6rJtdu

t. nulr,r'lltt9t^.1n11u.! IllDtat't!\: ullt)tnhn J L0n rr.lt0xrLtnrflStuylil.afrqLnlliLitrlLnr r5

eorri z, r6ondloudlnioliqarf, u.lalreouriilr

I od.r hiii..r ,i!!D, o' fir ont a!]10:ruo n.irn0'rd1.ity?a Lir.yrTu r.o:nonuoui.r.lusr,l(rnirna
a) ,Jrldu b) tn"rnlo.t c) rr?r3a.t d) rirr

atl,nlnnlnrlaauaaalr!1tD 2 3

2. rinhirdir\ md:r"r drr".!mn lnxair.rlai !!lluu nioldl

dilailo\'lad
1,AB
N AD
6 3.In:rair oil"nnqntntraoia,lrLr:o'l!'e'iu!nnunolluoonmn
drvrilalii
D |.A 1r. B

6.c \rD
III
a. drdf, oqrroll{orodanon$d? lrerilnirliir'fi antllrul
!-B
r rlnlnadarolu4.r

alHrlnudrlntta 0 sdri11(2) pritar.ir (3) uattu6rtz6l, U) rth.ndtaLd./'ij:fio s s

#; @u
B
G
c H

D I

(1) 12)
(3) (4)

a) r donuilno{#)is.r b) nr61rJ!nt11 c) nt!:tti1? d t dontrrurieitrrilr

La b d n.b c d tr.abcd

a) elnd'n b)fi'lc $1 c) luDu:n t11

!.a b .!,abc
7. d.i/ x lo{uJieawjlilmtlnrluuulo d,furfiotniu*r$fulnrl pp ramiuiufirio{Iuhrl oo
n.Itt n. Itto {. PPOmO
8. 'hfi.1dind-n!.diu?fiJn, noriarhr (4 flLir,
a) *11ddDn 1 1ra
dn f,om tl. a

D $dlri!hun.! (F) oonLh:l*i12n{o{ !. b

d d{ffrfndtI{rtieffi (c} u6lr|nin (H) D-uihjr:IljrJaonl n.c

tt) ua:dordrLdudrq:ulorirrorr 11 o'uqnr'hlieuarilulora:ruo:1mlu! 1Ld
9. lnrldfi di{ri'I6turtudfidqt
n.F-J-M !.8-K-O i. c'I-L ,r. D-H-L
10. f,rt0elidflt:dlNrtll liolrlrrJld:nrJm{i
a) n1[4fi0\ b) !:!i! c) s!ri{
!.ab {.ebc
11. 6^1 l'Tc c:r dw,iuluFldo$snldnadfnumr!2umflhuno. e_ In:lrfnlnriolrtfrtt,lfs, rftndn
nl dw riulue.rrdl
a) radicle b) rr2trJr31't c) rdoor6ra:ll.r

12 f,ntfialiltDnrilJaouri!? (sotrary flow€r)

n. qrtrtu n. vrulrJdl:r .i-lnrptb
 riolnnndo$irnnir: uJdanri! srin (seed coai)
n. hnullJfitlll6arifiau (aynnospenn)
1. riDln.dtdliliulnr{diNdilart!1tqcrf,u.: tn)
n. rilrlllarlnfi ulriqrarirhr\ld
!. rirfrduri.linildrian1lrinii'?ro.lul6i (6eed dornancy)

14 drnladol fiowlliir:rfiu n:elTrnmtsftld

n_ l!0 ut{011i0{di10 ttlott 1. d?ue$6a! o!r?a!!o.r!q!
a. rdoulrrfu irlr1fu J'rJsrr,rrru !. dlulriinn lo!llno.!d$ udi,r!
15. 61$'qn1irnr1!0 ! utn9!raruur:n ]l !nnLtj0ta
n. !:l6ond!ltl6rui.! l. ln:euaubinluoricq.r
a. rolu{o1uur6ar-.rlrirclqriri .r. !o!!{o1u6r5r!diurJl!no!Aa nt
16 uJon ttul9Dnututllll{u,lalulra,) toLrrJa

n. iftldo41n'rGupa'rnon n,rloudrdl
l. tiuaon riim u,a:uhnanoufni
n. ilomsfin:mrn_ulunonihro.t
!. do tffri rdm:nieduesn{!

17. ul0ronumui!u4dlJ6tra1.!relqnJ!t6tua!iulnunu

n. chll chlh nl!ni!.r1

L 1rIU A1m !:t90
F ittDtlrotl uoultul

doleFn rliuri'unr:ifu iilirurlDldfu$nio{f, lnon

a) f1filioniru?ri{dfi .iflloildNUlirD l!!lomdenr,a
b) n1nJtd!;iDu r'rlirnauindsrrrro0rr:riuduna'r1n'rFu6n
c) Lnildtlfuiiuurald'u$n nondir{ram!$odelnitrii
'!. b n.ab .!.abc
19 dolnhldr mrouralf auidaulufi anond'ulw!
n. polai nuclei + endo€p€rm li. zylpte + emblyo
 trD ln Unnl1utumttfiau (clonlng)

n. mrlmrur;nrilu! !. nlr$1!(d!.!roltrilD
fi. nTrm:!du!t1!Da {. n'ltiou
21. rr! tuto ti dltntn uinr!0ltt
a) rlflrlrxf D) nn?liJ r-)1 c) li
{.abc
'l.bc
22. radtrin0alanuh !6iun:nofinha_sron
1r. Fotease 6, Lpase .l papsh
z:. laNairlalrjlCrrlq;un1n5lr fi2nruri (nt€gumenli
!. uj6onn"?liai
F r.rrLl]l6tint{ui*nTtn9
n1'iil{ nn dfu rfi r{fi i 6urrniliaanua:i/llntlln{ud'r iia:rliNrfulurlo{a
n. il!ll,ltnn&utntanf lru!nltaarraDUi
,!. Crltlillro,!natoli rlbidnD{e6dtnaD!ri
q. Crurtlaf{rolni:u {ilbinlo,tnoduonoold
r r'rurlrmdfllCarnnr:uri.rLrlnt osonduonnouri'
fifirtiumLirqnmwrfu oltillio'jlririlrrthLiarara,_ru'uignraatumnrru arrrriarororri, t:t
aruroolmrl*lr riurmr:rilfi rnlu...
n !$8t!q{olJulll]uanrrr?a
r. truorroolnoqlu:_shi
6 Lltta l !t ! l{l']r LU mdror Ltlfl
.t. ufi dt!lnd:murullu!1u.t0!i0n

rruuonnio 3oo fl g{ ltanufilUtt

1ld1lf,
ua:na!6$at

roud 1 , dt:b.ioldd 1rrraoli ?

2. guttahon uJl]thn4nflidafiJd$tdl root pr€ssue iolid.t

3. 5un?rfifir guttaqon lfrl f,oetJuslomrafinr'udu6 qo/r{!{l rrolarJurl
4. uanernfirhriluun-r lBndc€l ur! hydathode J{liuiirun, llldoul, {lr:urnrolullorb
5. lu pnoem orrmdnrlnqfldrr6rnr:oflulrf,mouh*ren6lao
6. afi srrlplast rhliirlnala, grndinlri nrtfi xytem u'):1nn:o.ldbrjrdorboniru fttilJliifiufin
7. dolrdliqlui.r l.i!r!i]t
8. Iouiflfi qlralnllrillu root har r:iar1'lEildt!.lni1,1tjr]on
s. rhhfiuiorn.: rrn:rridrifiasa"r ana rflonsru.lrlnuf,nhnlr
10. dofilrlrn!1el N Ms ;o s r:rhlibrtrfia.rqrnwnqirr

rod z: rlon*rroufl3nfarfl1rrfnrri,rrouduz
t. rnluq:r!.rdoirluuioqlusr:a:orur::unla
a) hype.tonic b) hypotomc
n.a nb ,r.bc
2. n1rlii - lilhnfu du.don::u.unrr1nlufir
a1 ar:orrdurirunru.iorq b) nl'rif,! !a nriri?! |l&{
c) arrmulr::futlnri
n.ab {.abc
3. mrlirrr,,lfi l(ihwNnnfn hildn:rnurmln
n nrrnrtnL !. nt[rrr 6. mrtdr {. mathi rlrrrs oin
s. iorn, lm:dulrdordsi tilatqiimarmdl irrldfitdfmln
a) ir1Lr lr2 D utd.ii"lJnndou c) ndruqn d) lairjounoli11
ri. b c
s. ,finr"Sn:u'rorrrlfnon4uorud?ro{uru.dufi ooftl*]rhunrrilltJ ro dauli4ul*rtJ o0rcr lsduoa
n!?'rnr3 rtjlrEN160n1!nn!r.r dllr/rlxdna{[Ju$tt2 ]
n, [t !il,]009 ltnd lrinrlnll tuiurnn n. i1'lnntulnao [fi?rJ u]lDrn l urnr1

i. Inunarisrifl aiomltiiia$nlu n lnu'ldritutdlduulnnul llnltoal!tltlDllt

6. nrrcdouiaod, mmlaruwl,mdf,! irlrnNlilh{
endodermrs
a) plasrnodesmata b) do{'j}tr!tdN$d!i c),itJ'lrsdri
n,a b
7. !Dc1dn:r!tmrlad!${n lum:dr6!. Jaua:uifincrn a l t

n. nrruriun:nr:ooalliq
!. [r{c!'!1ll
i. a:irn1t tloadu
r. nral!fi
8. ir4JaletJtldt$r::r'ill ldnt:!tunirblttnr:ai6!u'rrrn:rnlJ{loaldorjrdritrnaru
a) ta$puatjon pull b) cohe€ive forc€ c) capilary action
n.a ?l-a b {.abcd
L ll'Dln, rhrrrf !!rlrdr6urormruo:nrrdrrdtrsrFto.rir Lilndocdqr
n. drrirnrhhunaridlriifi i fi 6!,!oir1{iuE.ddiiir
l. drrf, rqhldnr:lnnmqJr drrdrllmm:ldnrrbg.uor crloptasm
a. rhrdoqhliur.rfirirn rhriolormrlilurlfr{N
{. a-)rtulnrtlntlnu{!oa mla!{o1$11c14!0ai{!1t1n
to riole}innda.rriurrfurdordolua, n

'' ar,1.,*ulronaa.r
"ono
1,.iirrl{$edlilrltlilali!tlnl
o. rulluf,tlu rdur6m!fu rft.rrdrn
r draa-nr6onnrrdrlnir xytem
Il,ll'nunL9rr{ n,)trnrln1lLrlelle?JnnlrnL

a) riinrn b) K' c) Na'

{.abc
12. iohliui'l!0njo{
n. ac[ve transpot - a:or uimqlu, rniil r. capilay acnon drrdrohlddr r6n1
fi. smple djfusion - sanuj;iuuufiadrhnlu .!. facilitated difusion ' dlG!{d!1lCMi apoplasi
I3 r$nn1ttuLU'lrLri LlJ$1idnLd5!nlrriTnr,l
n. avdddu { ni'l! rir rlq{daaal
14. liolnr udariirlridlundi, .! la.rld
c) tsA d NAA
n.b c \,ad
15. doltl'lJdnllDlttdriuD{*l:rnDulo{a!{d$.lrir.! i!i!n
r. Mg - $njrnf,liuz n. ca , irftEnri 6. P d'Drirqntrl {.s-l.6dulttar!
16. u'rlqerDsnrf,1lr omnlirirlneirriurirua:: ftmrldquii
,t). cytoktnm
ctrokinin + abcigic acid
l?. :r1tlrirtrlrL6?u6t nu arnn'hif,rrdure::q.rdr. llpirld{llfi!
ir. cyiohrjn o, erhylene r. gjbberelm

18. rlnul]uiiasln1:ai!6um, mrmliud riolelrr

r. o'tmrqnrirmrnuari A rd,tio pl oem b! actir,€ tlanslon

0. filalmL x !ur.!rlJ00rlut!6Nm1rt0m0!.1 nr$allrDn

\1[ffi
4. rlD x !llrn?i\Iaa{\!ni1 Y n10'1tdt}r.!la18liu c}loplasnc
streaminq rhurdofionijrfi fi ndlr
r. nr':ah rdafi nuu:.rd'udrrfi #unaoe Lreriifi .r&rar-rC*rr rla,r

19. dabhlireer1nur.!lt/!d,!
r. nr:ralluburrn l. n'nqlrbm4i Fi. mr4rnelriDnl'i l. nrrlufunrrot un:.1

rr:noraua{uioladilrfu dri.ti smmrSk ri-r

, rilrrhfi!firra-n b) iu11d!1d{n6!ull]n'1
.r r0rlllu'ltInt!1m0ttl.r01r1rrll'um{rdr:?uDoi
zr. rdo&drgr6ndf'rlinnrsu4! tlrllsoi.:Idrir us:iallll1nrllft &! folcf ollff n:nCouro{ooniir
n. A+8, C+D
!. A+8, D+C
6.8+A, C+D
.1. B+ A, D+C

22.

^'N#
#
T
f:&-u trl # "uli,* rirldn*or I Xh
!.n1unll
I
ir3

itnia0.l

mnnrrmnor*rrh dolaarrnoslJmllf, iqn

n. f, nno.dihTiouquDliifrrririitif liloruq{sri
r. oonilriuooffu uindoddur.r
e-sra'1oiarh1l&n: nrlzaorrmd z n"rslrilirrlu
q qrrinndrflngonfir rhlifln phototoptm
z:. ,iolandrryrlos
ir. fittair dssu€ culiu€ fu auxin ri{tr dlu cyro}inin ll{uoa
l. auxn nr:{un,:rclqmmf,N delr caokirun u'u&tmnfunxmr?r,r
a. d'bere[n fitiu];itlnfi abscisis acid lilnr{onrDlur6a
.r. ethylene d.ll abscidc actd rhl fuirn
':aontl2{nxlu
24. i1nflfli !'Dblildrnll x irirrlIjb
o"rrrnr:vralmo.!rmfltrlrl x
n. furirrmru
!, !!a:no
i. !!ri1{u'ri
q ndrul:i rarl (i$)

zs. flndodsdh r'oladhlirfiurrri{sfi:loldrr y flirlof,!

n. ni!{un1.roanronrio{fu tilia n. ntiirmt{onur9imat{
n. nrr[]mr!1u;2!a,udo.iu
dnr{onnmdrrnmonlhlt sraluaua_dlu nu'jrrYurnrlumu$"1leqlroudu ndnhu_ul"ri't
rfim'xorinlurol mnqruulu$luri (r6olnrlio) alotudfildDuftld' j rfim1n
a) photoEcDisl b) auxin c) phoionaBt d) gibb€relXn
r-a b !.abcd
zz. :ialnfiaionpdlflrnmrid

e
n. daiJril.rllo!fi !ao!duo,rriaoanilrldlriryirr{u
:r. oonrB! 5 ppm rrtiflar:.rrhrrluloldlri{un'rfitun!1u:rn
6- ooni! 0.005 ppm a:liraf,iqardoldn:r{unr:l1ir1J!0,r0'riir\
.r lrqtriD

,=

0.005 5
cer!l'ln'roo.rootili n (pFn)

dolafioururrno.r gimeretlur
a) mrlDruoludi D nlreafu c) mtooflaon d !!$ouirqn
n,ab .l.cd
zs. rlrbtorrlun:lnlueruqo.ltniant6o.lulu1i.l rft ldreJrod,r.rrf, urro uoav! iraqamrorqln
n,N 1r. lrg {. f,on.+!.
30. dtt0tnd{r!'linlu1uwilE{fi! un!!innouduo.rrion11rGtufij'!fit a.ririt
1, abscisic acid 1. ethylene a. gibber€lrn .!. cyiohdn

nuudnn'odo,r nlrrilunonf, nuuln'r{fit nts

rordl r *:laeiotld qtrlolr r

'
1. linnlufluriatlirluuiinjni udi'r'j1l!it'lu0r]ir!oi6!mlnq.urlr!ol0/!'r!
2. d1lai1llqBdse'1 lulniurlusaoonlifiior.is! 2 dsi.ohfir
3. mdfiple alleles tottSlulhnlul! l oiada dll.J polygene fio$qasir./a1lJi! 1 a-nso:
4. Flr!{{xo{dli!rrlfun?1!$lnolnu t{nlrllmad1lnorm{rirqm:uir.JslldlztiJ
5 drr{L:fid'.lrhtuu1!firqmtli'ilirfln {sex tIruted trur) d{rrridtjilln0$Jr.t
6. drihfuudrqlrd!ftortd r d.rftftrgdrr*ufrr udr.ldrdidurnvtufuli! helerozysoue drr:frdnbir:
ai1!€.1
L u;ra.raruihrluilarLrtn 2n = zo + xx d?!l'1{dlrr:Trl1r! 2n = 20 + xo urs{d'ruti.rdr{lnir:! rnkage
Eoup rrilfir.Jllo 11 nd!
8- rirri'uludulJ DNA lu sFoplasrn msrloddoqd'xuirrinriD{ 1r!t!o!iDo{ul!rr'rnn'i-no!!h
s. rarhmfudur $!'!*q lriia-nd! yiodvu.r-li firfinn'r {?lrulrrdnctulti.l.[umn (qua.Iitarive rarr)
10. a!1!{.! Io rJivrofiuurom_r dnrro.rol alrmn.rrnLi til6'nv u#lnrluirciurioriod.rifulnle:du
nitlilulnrl uotii.r urndan
a!!4jldar AIo rilduu! riourito!enr:la"ngtu:lordulnr1iriul:Iirfia.rsr.rrrr6a,rMru,L
11. li1qn 4
12. dafi ?€bb x aalb u{? ti.r61r '.t60,loljuunuafo:Ilfulun:rirmonuuuuluon nida-er1di1ril!1nii!
annBt0t]nuntrnlufl,la0. lmkaqe du
t:. 6udiollula':Lrltruri.l16arafu r:rirlnaohhirlfurala.l
tq. nrriiutla$,lidrrrnrn nnrlrldurfuenhinli\ udrliqninhrolllMiaurioniou! ldit Clnhinnr\ finfln
mt!fi a:lninolmJurin$nd
15. 4"r!u6n6Il!!,n:rrr6rAt 6o.rulun-nrru:rriu lrJdofflrrmlu6nd!i!nd!{nB.!u:n'o! ua:6ua-nuwA?!116,
fiIliuautfiaduid::cionilrurir riolnrtnitrii:ulin6!!dla6orn_uriucr6nma:l6riur jrrordtn"a:i phe-
notypic Iaho ulu I : 3 : 3 : 1 trj1lir
16. ${6on ABO rdlrnil ncornptete dominanc€ u,s! murtrple alleles
17. urla{rlr.nin tdu i.i !o rio unu nonunl lrii sex ctuomosome urie4nrirrunuolCieunimqnlo.rla:IlLr
i1!iu n rlao 2n
ta. lunir.lfrttlntiur-nflda{otn urii:[dn\oanli]fr1dur rt?tl
ts. nanrruunniroo.rounulunlllJlunll mejosis d?lJnnml,rllndrradr{66t:1la.rEurfioduLnr.: teotization
20. n'r'Iru rr.ntnNttilrnra! (gen€tic vananon) rindua1nohvrwiqnnrlq']lnuiur,tnlld bolygene) lyl.Iiu

mui z : muaioruriolJdlilnio.r
r. rdoiuiirairrorri'u6.rriu,jur' (t't) ramilrriuriil e.rnr
1) onltd?l]lt!tfllluattitutfi tLu:u F
z1 ar,! 'n:riufir:fiodu4\ heterozygous djairi! F,l {drrni! n1lr odo! (t€sror)

2. !r"?niu ln'rriu urinflolA t$6a{ 'tri lld Gty.l) flq!fiJiiul:]fin!.pajdtiu? astn

11 onfl8)u lul ulu?u F,
2) oa'r! rl:ri!fri! F, r:fion"uot6annlrdar r'Iulnr1 nr1,

3. ii\iiinrnnrd.tiilul i AaBbccDdEEFFGs ri.r$unlftln6ui!6dr:eianiu n{yljr

1) fiMa6irlnadaur{r{fidrrn"ufruu: un:l,uiu F, r:lilulnrl $#ldr1 l'bidrfiroqjodrrslnuur
2) da!'rlr'td']niuaili6lflrier6urn'it{ulfi tuBBccDdeefgg Nrrloniafir:rfini!4niri! heterozygore
d itlrlna'nuor:

4. n"tail/Mru6nn6lt 60l ri'o.riilu}duuuln riio

1) ir6uai!d'aM!:ni! heterozygous (Rryy) uirlda"n:-rdrulo.rqnns.rrlo rir
orfionaln4fior : lllinnal]lt8? = 3 : 1

2) rdlfu$rEnfiff ,!tr? ua'r'lt1'qrpri'ui[rSnuutGorrluri:1

5. rr"liqiqnr{42!fi on qord1fi1llna homozygous m:qru!!ililrtl'rl'rr
l .rulhnrAr uuor:L!lunutl)t9lDfl
z: oorrlon-,si,iuqtqoirn1lqtutiawi.i\1uiut!0nfi?fion un'ra:iqn (liuqniiqnfolniil,tlin) iF? ni

6. arhon.Loplasia ua: pseu.loachodroplasia tirn_nuru:un::lomufrrirwon[uu autosorndl donEance [d:

rir6o.rtfln:lrctnn'r:na'rutiurirtElluoil.liiu n"rqturo[tll:uu! achon&oplasia udwrun-lquurliln::uul
preudoachondopla$a l{r r:ilonrndr:iqnnlr4s n6xao! ua3ulnierilonra6'rqnuirla

7. drlqrljo!riutr'r{ifia!fian riolndlooloismlailt, rv!!?ilflfiT donrrnrien n$1nrruhn:dui

1)innru!o!ltalilrnuAidon
2)r!enriur'rafirrfion

a. lomay'nlnurl er thalassemia (i.ludnnatnlelJ6! d 1ui\t4l'ol't!'n6D 1% d1{'jr'rtn1:r-!$toliutllt!1tl

1) ri'ierluti{n1unirlvtiD$rxiun-tuinrf, arnil r:ilon, ai4ne:rhariul:adigo

2) drqnr:osuna-xuirilontdliur'{ln: ftlurnlnm:ldulvrliri liuulofrs
s. rgiauiurifr alunrr,r:m.tmatlooe n_uiiulirililrnluond r'onn, tira:riud
1) riaurirolnliaui!nr61!ndnA
2) u0 !{n1n ll:tnttlltlll.ll.l0 l! ltlu l!0nn

10. n"rldnillid!m!tiu erltluoblastosis feErrs noutdnl uri:onlttwinua:[oisl'uriuloi rir4nauu:ruornri

r,r46on Bn' m'r CnFrtloiorrrilamd liulton-sndrri %

rr qrunolidu hemopua ueiliu thalassemia niuRfuutiul] hemopNia rsrtittrtE thalassemia Nmlanrdii

1) enm.!'.!er: ?uri!{z!6EGn
2) qnfr 6o!m:du{$Orua:tiunr,r:so.tv'raad:n

12 i'r\]'rldrx'rufl tLronalrn.i (xY) i\l,t']ir

-
I) rl1uni.irunu4vQ.lrtutrlluuut0 en' norl' reludlirr:ilolnr ruaqd,roltviourt, '

2) dlnlrlrlJa{rl]1drllfll nfi [ti1iofl1n']lrooa nnarrqn!1lriirior'n:i a'ngru:orl, sl:

13. ri'rdh&tu:fir'{ulri riloinctu:tiali u1dlu '!n-r{ua:n"r riz m:rirornohJniouiuia:Illtlmaurir rlr,rljr

rrllaid-nufi/:ltiu!!oird!nilrtl!kia-nuu:q"o! q:lden d!!tr'{o"r{un:n"r rilorjr{airl

14. ,iafir'lr M{nMl:f)dludrrirunooul autosome uJ! sex influenced tlait u{? a],'it'l! n6 homozygote

L!ti.!i, un_utl€{ het€rozygote m'? Nl,lli,

ll r:16R71$1n1Un%

:l) namrua:qrlrr*r!ln6orh.rn:ix
rs dld.i.ui! T rlrrnoiJrdlrtla{ar s 16 mnn!firid ilt i

OI 1rtn,r:nilr*,i
Q! mtrrnfu:rli
r) ilu}nl'ol p uo: o
a lofl1ad R dMrflilr6xit61r s lClli%

16. nuhiple al€l6s laul*rri'u1unr:ri'luiu{.rdfio

"untialt{.1i.ri"{QnnDqtClurir
em1 (c")- !C1 (cDt > alris.| (cr)- lttN (C)
1) {hiTrlrhufixidfifubrltlirtulallrur lo:ftv#lri{rrftrlnlld

a rilfilrhldneolerrrrirmldrofu trlhrlnl c"C urih rnd'a:rdruilu}ulh! r,

17. ,nrqdul u!iuqni?!q!*luti! 3d tblur{o (AABBcc)6?1!{,1 1rn. /firi1rurl (aabbcc) mili.t 58 sm.
!1r$tfu
r) luiu r, r:Sllrlnrluadlulnrlflurnirrrtutiull
2) 1om6thfu F, r:$rio!iurio$ir1'tr1i!i|rd.!i!rirkj
3) d'af,.du 1 D"a6ntiainMu:F1r!{{ti crn.
4) nlndlllritliiJii! ilulnl easscc ufuohl:
F
6) 1on16lnldiiiu F t! 65 cn irirvirb

O do$iuiu F, e$rfi:iulilurirnAlulnd AABbcc {rdl inin.mr:!ftmErfiqa-4.rq*rir!

18. rtlliinfnhrlnFiullldlr,iiu loi

u6!i d1iruJ6.itria$ni1.,rl,lri.ru6'ade D d,)C1]rl0if,n1$r!
3 d f,o
r{u{urlur6a$r6ol AABBCCDD MeduijftJuriindnfir{grluialrr aabbccdd r.rlali1*os i|tildrniiJ
F tifi.fi.n$i,trnlnidtnmninMlfiruius:tlur6.t$6o.luw hererozysous ad.xriaa 1 n'u

rg. ruralllierld.cd sorlatic cell !D{ri?{h:i sex chofiDsome 1 [ri! (AAXO)

drr'rdllri! z wh (AAXI
i{.tfu I!! wi{.f lfi ICa!!TT
fl narrriunsriioulnrlaolurorfrfu rlm
uri ir'fli,
126 1.3 4
n.
a.7 2 4 6 \.12
7

3 4
r.'f,? ,,
 a{!6ln heierozysore 2 d?,rd!fixifu1n! AaBb x AaBb r{oiurrj. AB AA
rirEun"raararjrluauo:lartrlrr r:b{6'nrrdrrilulnrllujuqn
fl llrlnutouunrda.lulu lrl)lGge nili.lr1'r 0!rrll
21. rh$60.!ionriNtj!iomnaa!:4r un;aonhqhraonrdnltidtd,F j
filhtildD{dliliorlriorir(dr r'rrr
I dn'dafiIuln1luqn rdorntornrd'ru6or6ru-.rrhionri?lrsr4uilur lunallfit!fil]€l
2) liolhnlnia honozlgous doninance rtrtniiforui homoztgous recesslve u{rdrqn r, dlClJenunnil
(backcross) rifud!$i a.!l'rlon, nfhsd'r;iq:rn*n1n"rlfl 6t{io/lt'Yz1lt1i 1lJn&N

22. s-nt rin ntlirrlilild rjrr:lnrrdrunonniuqmroula

n. autGomal r6s€6slve
n. auto€omal dominance
6. X-lhk€d dorbliance

x. bnrotdrlnrtrtlrsrlrd{raohrfi :iqnOvaurJnirir'[: rfi

udr{llr(lJnllflarouafrlrii l:l;ttdi.ro'rmth pedigr€e
ua:nhuu:doqur autooorne ilthuronmlnluona

21. it0!F11U!tlrnnlulnDl (luulrart0{

c6?D) o{ 2 6! liaaflrnularli [ 3
'oulni

25 rioGonnirl A. Rh' lrirdDrnit B, Irh iif!.lihuCani 6on o nuldt rur'drlinal nh ecnlonrqd

t) qnnm-alJcraaani;l o
z) lnaurioldram:ouaide![1 erytt[oblasto€is fetab
 nuunnildddd fl ln'T Tlll
lta!!nnT$Tnfif,$qfi1en{

.o!d 1: d€Isiioldd lntltol' ?

1- ctrcmatin rioriiril?:nn1lli1r cbromosom€ sn! cluomosome 4ii 2 chrcnatid dolii DNA rcplicauon
lur:r: interphase

2. DNA rir.rdlrr{rqnrr'rlud{llil lnn0t

3. garnetic cel 10.lrrwrde:fiiru?lrufila:1:rh#l auro6om€ {a! s€r( c}rcmcome fotini{! somanc cell

orjal'ud'r rnm
4. uuaftrfinr-nilta:fufuqa6!?[ri{fiu? (n-1) u)tprrlnru d.:IriitJrtu bjstone u]rrD{irJr:nou urilt rore
iflu DNA z{[n1lrlu?J plasnid b'6n*)u
s. elqerh:1oedr.lldo ot:a d.rlir]t:prn rir,lor tr:srone d.!! r4ar narr$urior4aie6t]n nucleoGome

o. llulfiorioyr{uqn:rr*r,rrtamriluitn6lo
?. nucleohde nfilu:hfiri polynucleotide CT Utfrt: phosphodi€stor bond dl! polynucl€otide 2 d1u na1lulu

DNA dhufin:lrGtra!
8. rlnnlri8.r!1inlr{irh}in"r.ij1 (A + c ) / c - (c + T)/ c ri:Jo
9. DNA !fiiir polyDucleoticle z ararilirna-rrhmiur{vulumf,!1d dlutnlrltrrilullna
10. replcahon. prordn synth6rs sa! mulahon 6oTLnr,fit61ifirqnrt!fi!!
tt. pudorlorraiw ulw'r.'i1l]rro.rlunqneirsl rd! IINA, DNA lig€se t!n: DNA !0dlld
12. DNA inrCr.o.lrhuufiroqlnd crfl: ola y z orudlduiouiuguupJr:rm
13. DNA replicsrion 1d5r! RNA {ul!ir.J primer dlruein pcn l{a,u om tulrou primer

14. DNA i1!q!duo!r1,!fr4n::!b'[nu

r" --t nRNA
--f + eolyFrtd.
-
rrt'url.tl"|

fs. lu chtoroplEt ! RNA *.!toa m€6s6Dger' Eansbr us: ribGomat

16. RNA rlnnftftJlriiln1rllifiJn'.lma$louDdNlu DNA
17. stan codon r:! I.RNA 1n:no: u:n!d!o uri srop codonlifi
18. fi1liii &acldone)rie! DNA iofil,ltl$Ju N'base
tg. polysone ridarlrfrlinda'rtdu prokaryote rrn! eukaryote

20. lio ADabaena cli.tt:rairouloi rl'trftlulo:tau enon, r.r-a ua: u! n:rfor{oqt'ftl

rutrogenase

21. muration tld\.fr]ftr$erilu{uriawirwor'trJ{lutrn1d luu mr'rirrinniuqnriiruru iorwro drdltltt

22. mutation strrornli rhlffia tam€€hift mutahon rdlD
23. 6t !.tiu]lrIin Tuner stncLome, sicu€ cell sn€mia sa! EclwarG srnorome a:ila:Ilbl qS 46 ua:

47 wi! r,l!fiCx
rtre
24. fnulud'?d! d!{tlru Tumer rlitnrllfulmiriu X utilltur
25. fi! polyploidy rd! oitrliudn unrllliu6nfu orrrfinllqlnnrrldalr cotchicine

iotld 2 : d',irlu
1. nndhdto{ polynucleoride arudr:6ar{us:ldernlth$lr:

A A T T G T GC A C T AG
3'

2. DNA mltlrrn 1m A" 4:rftodurun:ruadllun4a

3. nucleoudeli.t 4 lrrralq i:6wa'rCiliu potyrner dirrfulClrnflqnilr-rr:
I rhurlonftmno:iluo{ft 260 tii ua! ribcome rh!:igbaoulilla: a uls lunr:rlri/nr Eanscription
fu 6rru1- fi2rihrrdorh{iouiqaidln fur:noriorn:*rnrain:no:ilulirknra

5. iifi! .1u 5' uo: 3'lilaiD.r

b=-

d--

g--

6. rl filda1! 5' sa! 3' $ilniD.t

a=-
b=-

d--

f - _
l. *rf,uJoru s' uov 3, bipna'o.r ua:lanirLra4ala6o methionine

221

Met - mio:ifirrtntl$t
8. a'ln pol!'ribo€ome no! prolaryo[c c€I dLirll rluDnii[da:fi6'nYrfioo:Ltir

B=

g. ?'mR' ahd!$J6'lo.l DNA fild flrrnnriN polyp€ptiae itrrnm$ifulilrnqrirnirt

5ffi
ArA CAT GAA TA GTT A AT A
TAT GTA cT T AT CAA TT A T

10.
3,r r r r r r r r, r t r I r r I I I

AUGcAc GGGU AuAu C U AA

5r r r r | | r l, r, t r r I r r r 3

lo.1) fln mnNA iltrln r{liur DNA sriidiqnnse1lidtn ttiol]rtluonJalu 5 rn: : li4nrio.t
lo2) uondlCu aDucodon lsr IRNA liu6tNdldlin:d'llrild!fi1! mBNA
103) du mxNA ilfud sl'}! potlpeptioe iin:na:ilulCir r! so:flar{uoll ul iiir-uo:

11.

ril Y lllrlq A ai 20% un:6'rrld?! (A + T) / (G + c ) h x = l.s udr Y r:fi rua uracit o{dgt
(drwrlfnooanrrlrn, ln X inooarrlqoDnrndu Y tf.n'lrlt)
mld s' rionrhroudpforil*ir.dlrouf ui
1. F.linnmrlNfi:$j{Eadluritmula riotiria nona:s;rmction

_._@
\

n.ab n.bc fi.ac \.abc

^v
dlairiur!dC1$1:mlrhurriwalnr:r_noul'rftldrrurlfritrr_.rd Insialo.lulro udi{1fi[r.ru.t
n'rlCilo.!$lrbtiriiCl M1:

5'...iocrr...3 5'...6^lcc...J 5'...d^Trc...3'

I c D
3...TCT|GA...5' 3"..TTCG| .a' 3 CCTAGG a'

mnLnalallidz!$ubri A ua!l'idluio{ttiiu!o!irir0irir{1 6uflirl'rdruo!hfleth!im:ar!r:rl

Iaauuh{nn,stleld
n. A tri1ttu n.ArdoB .!. A nlo D

J d_lrlrfiJ,or.:t [polnr mur.hon) ludluDt DNAriiifiin.nddrjus n{rjorfiaiunrao: L

Ils l]u Asn q,s Hls Asp Tyr Olu Hrs
r.rlu lls Thr Ile Val Md ne ne Gb His
l'ohriqrJuuaorihvrduflinzur0 rlo'lrniqo (1ln.nr:l{ar{uqnrrdmh tu)
n nlru udluld (sub€tturion) 5 iiMj.!
n mr ri!frrlori.66Iolni (insedon) 1rhsr.li.r
rr nr:arar,nolho$hadlo1'rd (d6l€don) l rhumi.l
.r. nr:ri!*nosfta*Iobri (ins6moD) lrn:nlrr1finrhholo2iilolnC (delerion) odNar 1 risl.! .1

larfulaldriu nomotogous dDfi! i!$ioudurr{r'

a) ti[ynh kinetochore b) ifllJrnlufir chomarid
c) ri (rnildi/lJir locu.s d n rtunr.loon6u[rinrD_B6s
na x.a b
5. oiftbuu nRNA fllhnd doth,Yrlrjdt,1lltja!!fi!.ldlr6lr olirhllbifinn.'ft n:.ufiirll
abcd
I
tttr I I I n.a 1r. b
C A G C G G CU
G A A G A.Cd
3'r r r I r r r r , I I r 5'
e. dolnnndorrdarnirtrrJ::qnnldrvraldoimr ora
d hnr:uiu-ndrilEdnuldhiqdilrllrr Eumsbisd,trliullo-unruooara:qnn'aii.r udidiufido!n.r:(dl
}lunud lor,il riadln u^rr u:r ld?.fir,cir1ll,fiofiRniufida rr -rly'l tndr.la"
b) ralf,iutnldnft./iSmnJnrrinU:6ud6'ovrrr tdu insulin rio go',rrh hormon€ ln'hlllJnflGJ uritAn-n
ll:ir ruairrfulrldli'
c) nlodNm{f,r cMos rdu nrld6!fr{r!F.r1:y'etryrene nir'Lflur:riallrd !froinolqflaHan filiEfdr
lt. b
7. bmor'1eo! DNA rro,mi0dlm:n3nfiIdr-\A X tin$d1!in_n DNA flilio,rnnuo:ldr.l
b) t!!!tit{*r1 i1,ilf 6t1llda:m
c) aroulDoallotnnuu DNA d) Fi?1rJr1?mlldlrii"tunudna1.llndin DNA
,r.abd
u. n_$ana!filtllion.utrrnlliti tnLtnltrJtn! X lt LLrDorr rnr-u ejt/^ty,-anilon rdAo ni.lllllt
n. XO L XY-r a. XXy
9. h eularyotic cell rlrllJrxflR1'ni A B !,n: C liD3lrirln

a{
n. nucleus tuJ ABc 'u. cltoplasm nr B
po?ao,(
C
c

a. mftochondria rA
BC .1. nucleolus r! A B

lo. rislnnrirrfiordlrniunr:d{n'tri DNA

n. otqe nrllitiq:airlarn 5'i.! 3' roro
r. DNA polrnrerme lndo!fr!1r6'tur"t]urrurln 3'1 5 !o!o
n. Okazaki ftagment rutot,t!!! lagging stlanat oiil]au
.r. DNA ligase tl"N1u \U bading srrancl m: lagging srrand
11. dalnr ;ulrfluunrfli\11/lo.t DNA pollmerase u&! RNA potlanerase }iQnia{
n. tiolnt nucleotide 4 !i:niiu,1ir!n'! x. di1\611 pol).nucleotide lddruruuhniu
n. nn.lluulat!66t:dtlntl]tnut lttunu s. !6nn"fur!'iii6or1n 61!1 5l 3'lr,tiotniil
t2. riale6olruryrau"rfiaar RNA'he{iiio
a) riro.rF'l::nouro,l orqanetb ihifildarFl b) dsmrilri poltrner m.llit
c) riltrfariugnrr:l
1r. b
13. doln6oqruall*onrorrr"ntr'u4nrr! (generic code)

b) eir!6!.[i'r!iinrri rur{udru
c) nrno:iii lnlinir?t-d!1ff r j
1 tti6 riulo.rn'r nsml]o
.1rb
I4 r1t:U1UnttMlt6\tlglnuul'lllllo
' rnrrnfi?a66_
diNLrdur t. di'r! DNA fr RNA

F. dir rnlrir6bnirnliliu L silt RNAQ"DNA

15. diourdfi$drt.rtli! p?E T cldufln a ulu c aradlanlri
a) drlj polt|pepnd€ tud{ b) 61! polrpeptide urldu
d llimrdf{mr1ri po\leptide d l6furf,lrtilnre!
ir.abc l.acd a.bcd i.abcd
16. doloudn{nr1!{uriu;fiaiNiilarlN61ud1! DNA ujfilti aiu6lti nxNA id{lo:r*ildqnia.r
n. A+T=A+U 1. A+G=U+G
n. (A + G) / (T + O = (G + A/ ru + o) .r. (A+r)/ (G + C) = (A + u) / (c + G) = 1
tl. nluao aatn"olndlrildnm1n nondlsiunctlon !tur meiosjs

n. Paiau sln(IIome 1r. Down syrtlrome Fr- Klneieliel sl,ndrcme I CYiduchat syncLome

I 8. ! rr DNA ingerprnr {o uiam:urdd qncn'lrdlrldQ'rno r.llre:64

lio llri ab

E La d

tJ b
l-t d
.r.

tt
I o. l!'r'1 lPRl.rLUd:^it!te\rt!laDrl?16,t\on1luno' iniu riolnnndo.r

'. f1rl.Blral.iruis DCR {i0l0iFuilo"'rl"y_uu'uit,)\.:

1r. f t lF nuaL lr !01F!Jr\ n rd!e10.1.l1rFf !-u !l_11!L!ttfrlLtuot\!eBr l.lQ0r,!4u€I

a _ :Iqauivril i6 PcR !'.do ra';fu DNA pollmprae" tinfi.FbfrLqit 4i ! !

.! nrrlanuaLIruarilu arnlr,!0 L!Frfr 5u llrRlr.'r!t 19tLtituir .t\t1:lll\luullollllR
r

20 ioL9au6n1:lmnltvrnnll.nu.0uttttltttninna!
a) Farundli DNA rioc!flTnrnrr"d helicas€
b) di1{ primer 1t!!6tirlna.r DNA prjmase
cr n'nrinilu!n.!ntrlsd)6!(dhRrdlnuiiafr l5L t'coRl
lla lr.b Fi.ac itbc
 Iuudnn:ordan ?zu$1n11

iout1| ?rbiriDl d inr:'oli ?

1. mr#a6onlnurfl!!16rfindlJirn trfut$r;rrl,t,i1.tii.tu?in'o!lla:i?1lurhrirna.dl:r1n:
2. ntria6on?o.r!lcd (anifioal seledion) rl.irifirol]trurJ.in'u i.:infiqnudr a-nriolri'rfinrma_nr6onhuo:J!
!11 (natural selectron) li
3. 0n!nlls!l]n61!nr ri! homotogous snusrure rliuldrnniuhn i!!i!!us:ym!na$o{uy!t
4. t,ldnlrtinmlllnlr.id''lnr n\lilrlial lql,?initrfl;!{t4",lt4olinr,l'rifrJfiriil]1.rrh:n,}11uli.fifuum1r
5. ljirurltl:dlllarla (fiuqo€volurion) rinqrnnr:dduudasaludo_n6oluiwo
6. arrttr4fimtoalrio.nrof,lldtlu$rinllmadTon !finnrnnirulilslnr.r.t{iilnni auit4a*r.rrlulrndu Li
qeifiin.lnur;ndutnlmtdurdr{ ritunaiter sp€cies ir!{ou r:l3irn-rhitlhftrli{uradodldrvyu
7. nolniriolihiszuujr!tu ndihfllluj{nalir:U3 prophas€
8. f'dr:tlmqo{ndl!fii qene now r:r.r-h.rriuli r:.rs1 ld'.j1rt{do.:n!i!tilr biologicat sp€cis 6!1i'!
g rft ex$nctlon, anagenesjs sar cladogenesis dliddonl1l]t!finr6all11.til,r1'1 (bjological dtversity) lrs:
fi2r! [rlrfilrn$irQn t'r (generic varanon)

10. n'DdurfiJiiq! uiu mltlrnmiorio{itri $ton1ttonlurbB{i6.ro11 'lririolyillntl ./1nr

lriflfirrfii
rr. rrnnd.rlnfuaftlu{.nmnlnqjria mutation fii aldsldrflarla$lfiuqnr:dllurXorJ::unri.rtn,pduuLdur
urlarl
12. vadation !fiibifln s€xual repoductioq genehc engineering un! mutation

13. rhn-ua1rs!firiJr-!}i $n:uJu speci€s 6!./liJ[iawa,ruyu{ filriiinalnulnfirnnrllrfud (reproduc-

tive isolatjng nechanism)
14. n'l'sii{rnnddl.n6.lithLlflaarr: ptygoiay lC drNn&irioLtfii srpcies lnli[nlnr1'Jrnrnrn.uvn\
t1n1n
15. nn 2 da!o.!ulu$a thld'ltlimltluhrfit fraflqeiofianrtierionln!6lilr,r,i1! albiro.liifiu

rold z: d'rrlu {rirnuetlqniooglurnr:aqroril - lrrt0lnt

1. lmm.ultqnfi! gnlactoselna 62!l iutttn'owu autqsome rtirquurnr',rialo{ q0,000 aluo:rhtriu
I:ad t ar r.ntljrlululdr:laudulvrirwoqjiau

2. dlnrlriium(nrnrtlqr]i'i!fi./Co! (b) !o-28id1ri!lurl (BB) 60 i-? heterozruous 60 dl u6:r-?!fi!flr6{

$firrl dodlflrhJurdlq! lildli
(bb) 80 d'r random natins udr lonrsic:lin::i.trjnrun{u p
uarnrrirunrdlir{rdulu l, rilolrta:?i*

3. aondurhn: SOO rl,jdd!f,nlll

q'r (Aa) 160 Cu uairiuaBft (AA) (6a) orj 300 fir r$nar-rrl
'llnndildlt1?
dll]Dioa alutill n!tr!rnr
4. !l!rr6rilfti::r1n:droriulra thatassemia 1% lild!16gata!!o'!lo'ttJ:lurdlTnrirudt
e rl rrruffrnujl]il$:nt{ Ltffln$

5. rrflGor ABO tnff?Dqrfiru rnultiple aleles 60 I^ . I' l!a: i d1&tadrtl I^ r IB : 1liltlrtrnrlr!'lnrnrllrad.rri!

2 :3:15 la:i'ruru ::t'm:n!rrnrni g00 aluorr lalrlttunu {tioa AB fo!nlin!${604 A D{dnu

6. dr&,rtl t h 100 ?&ulumuoadux r:trdto.t$tQ\dtiu homozygous receesive l:titloirln

rori a' fon*reoudlndadprfi urdrrouriue

r. rioblrirJrl.J{rmrfi nllaur]1nlo'ldlr (clevohnon)
n compeition ll. commensalism 6, mutualism !. parasrlllrn

2. rioii1rll,n6{nislilnrldm:Md [,aw ot use and Djsuse)llo.rnrrlrinus'r larofnl.daladoiurullCru

n0i/ti!0unq'l
n rn*.rCrhooqflantrrhllriru6o l. alo.tlo.trquridirhrr'nre:tJarlrttrlrnnartli
6. ulJnt6ldvqnBon!'relnlt"os aso.ldoll tdiir! s. ldfrsorri'tdbiii ::Iuuittioito.dtitn$fii
3. rrltnrytrnlid.donltloitllrtmlnliarfu dolnqnio.nioud4a
n lsiilnialr nrr, :o1unr:6r{uriliqnrarlliulucrlrurrn unluaerrrriurSq'rmud':ifin1u[io:
luinr:a$l
!. ii&flio{olrlCrilih6rrt[aido! sffnrr:tu trtrurrr.rfilqnrrlltosilffir c:i{nfiirifianrff_nrdsn
kur:rt'tt
n. nlr lud?!0{dnlar:rllrYuqnr:tdflltnnlalt{ui'fiiqr uridouiJ t'{ria116'i6Dn1iltlttrfieLiu
ulc,r.rdu
.r. lBimnlli.6o^I.!!lrMl rhblliiirilil#i;Ila'urrnlunr:oqi:onla:duriu{[rnrirm-ulJ
4. lirbini"o.r
n. nrm{iorllD{d{if,t f, on1rrlJr{JiullJn,lw, lJnl:flfitfrodNd!
n. i'rrfif,uritlfi rdr6dlnd d.rr1n6'oia*urrorirum rJrl.riuioldli
a. n'rii donnNrlrllriiu:unrwarmriardonlfulvrf dcutrlt'o.:dllilrluJurnlfi 1

iiinrurarrnltlnrtiCtltru a.ta, rldm.rdof,olun{r rrmrleldotrareiruld

b. I'olilnr'o.l
n. nr:d'ar6onlnurnrmtur'rtldnr.uii$trttrtF{oi lnru:ddnrrwfllrlulrtqrr*ioulgdr{aoontJtm
l:!'1Rl
n. rmn-ildonliubr'rl!1ec:durhnhfirii6nNlolai-r$1n.:tarn:fitrd'nco:li{i{ltindur:rjrdlilllilr
uurn?rrJ Ll Lutit:n1nt
r n rrarrarn lirn lmi ntn tunncoJ: tnltN$n'rud rladi/r "rir,ndualoq,lu:J::vtnr 'do{tntir.d'rg!$
rt.trn:arniraarr uendon
r. nr:a-n6anlam::uriq:rfial'uldrirn-nrrnr:flulr:orLrtuirjlCqrdtruclcu0u
6 t1.!iE!"_t86 udriujr '.!i:ruu ,nr)? a # rrn l.i.rtidr all Gorldudn!- ulnl.!r:6:n 14.ra:rr! ridlJiet
n. t1a66n !. dr1n:ifl!1diw ltl!!
a. mlit1Ft! l!!tiU! L t))i]u1t:tuurrnnR
/ natud setectron iJnnlulonBnlltau
a) F?rlujlRiu (vadation) b) n1'tiodPout! (struggie lor surnval)
c) ma irdl (adaptatron) d) iitlr.rlml (€volulion)

abc \.abcd

rnniur!aa':rrdo-ndafu iulabuJ!ilJlruia.:
")
l) lririolfrfiniiq,urnr, n3.r:ldtllorrnrioulmn .r:r:rirlrio'nlrdru phenorype h urla:iunsfi rala
c) ri1t]rarfi'trriidaAnld(onr:a'nntl/:firiruioau!!utla8ttixtu dr! sex.tmked qene xia potygenic fiarr
lrisrrr:nnhmoln"

g. rlolouan.rolliiiluhrlfi ri JLinrlnnslnsa.ri6.biriin
a)AA:Aa:aa = 0.25:0.45 030
b) AA : Aa: aa = 0.50 : 0.25 0.25 1r. a b
c) 1!\ : Aa : aa = 0.25 : 0.50 : 0.25

d) AA : Aa : aa = 0.49 : 0.42 I 0.09 s.bcd

10 iciufu drlefi ?i{i'!.:!!.rn:oqlunrqna.ri6.bririin
n. random generrc dnft 1l random mairng
n. mutation
11 dolnairrrdrnrrulnrnr,rnrtlrtr$rarndo-riiuruluunihrdt!r!!nrrn.ladlfoqld;iqe
n- uluun speses Fuifi/i{iff tr![llil]flrlriunnrr!
n. a?1rJubt'unNnitQn:tlri{dtattlnria'n 6ona!!otlr]rnfi $u:aufu o1m:lurn,tfll
a. a"ns{u Jiilna-arion fi nnldilri2iil!diair!-tro.tl J.!a!lrn
.!. mrtfirn_lrirUdnslnnlturnnr.rnr:iufuiiua:rfi n specres lrri
1' ,_l l6dw1r1![dt.!C1u1Jn.:ao:iluiuanrirrn-r.1o$ :6t rilnrni r
{n'jinr:tniu96'.! 4 lia lnuo"r X = uqBri[a1 riolnGl.raifu a a
!,6: c r1!nid'! thiublildQnda.i
n. n! lri :Jarn-n

l, lnr nn]r rin t::g-

a, rh i"rrn lnrrhnnar
.!. l4U U'll./1 0.10'l.i

13. n rtfinfruT iI'itl'ti'nild1r0"66dluAlr'1a1Ja.!!rxinr{ldo.t!l1]!1!r.in]ri$!o!16r rfsdriut'r:.r:Linarn

n. t1n4n1r$ino!tn !. r.rnnl!fiJllnririDd'?
i. nlr{Eftilri \. n1lri't!lrladolrlilIJtu
29 p.b rFrI

14. A nitl B roliirds'nlrwas1lnirunl doLiQnaar r riuq'u c r1!'i1!"{di1\i! F.ld'ufl6!ooultall6:d!$!r'!

80% mrdu{dlliirol doltruriuufurfirrnlulu r. raro r'oloqndo.ri4o
i. A n_u B riufix sp€oes rirnr{u udsru{u:innaarrriu1riu6.rl:.r
1. liudlorir.mo{nr:lao specres lt,lrilugo4ioraoirdrrr_r
h.. A ml B inslnnr:ulndl]i Nnrralnitii GIt ) riour:!:lglnn
.r rfl1rn"radr,ila{ RD,,t ll:u inr6!d'!!rsl (hybnd breakdown)

15. ^1: tr5u.ra r tfra6 !Qoc- l tIL! rn dlyiul t !v0l Lea: spFci"s rr! lnndt'r)ri:tl )u lt\u
-
!uul' tnL )ll--lrlrdr
'ilfaL
! qp6.1ps 6L a ri\rr 't,rdr,ri!{r' rr" fira'rr td.ir.nnin.runniun rn rrduriui,u:r,le
sp.oes
I remporal jsolation 1. beha\,1oral Folallon o. mechancal Folahon n- ecoloqical isolation

16. qru:Lu1:llntida sDeie€ r6u?lL 2 dlniriao A ua: B ldrndin1,l'r

--->lltnu {i'r) s

ffi ffi B
r,tuo 104 896

100 95 5

1 6'nt turn )rrir:llir_uiernrian rraL:a gudJn ridnldonlo!J6rtLi'6

1 o11rA!11n1:6UU1 l,nLul,l elll 'lr'rt l'\}1lft6F0 S?eqes !
e. nortin'raoluli.tinrtludlur,rRltln-r.r4?nrnoiNftl
r nr:r}ir:n-rmrf rdo itlin"o^dr.fiuo'rio.6oriuriuFuidriaun.r
17 riln1lrdsqoln'rltfin specjes 1ni f,o napm.olrasslca O) d.!liur-nn'ri
.diavi! nrn Raphanus (A) ua: Bras$ca (B)lolaldrnmr polploldy do
,atnl?qno0 rlrll]2n!u4t/rl]trfl !n! ru
P
^l "B
I
i, rio non diqunction hn'ttdi1{ gamete A [sJ B F, : c
! - c ua: Dr:i4n=
h
?. a"r A us: B 2n 18 uS? 36
t
q gamere !r! A. B [ar C li1rr)ulatltnnlruilriu 7, t o
! D ,ind1J{rlrfiL{i sperm rlu egg !0tfi1 c rYhliu

18 ft douliarrttdrtrYiriilo.r HIV riuuqgJlitrlJe,rrL6rrrrmiui'r natwal selection rfi rlrirfi n ruqnr:n"llor

1 }{Iv luur{lTiihrltrl]lBrjnr odurorjr.urn rir
h nrrrilrfr rripux oir riri, lrirqldtit!'laei.rtrrllnn

HIV ararllll [1.r6.!!mai]4!d1!Ynulo{!qctjri.r"et!roll

n1llJlu[1!ro,! HIV f!811ut'1ur'1u1iD{r]!nth:trl,]{aam:arqo
1 q dnhl$rE?-fl u1n rra$iu r:tllt.RoairllmtrDlri! !".2L
an'1d?ut:mt lulrunnli06llD llltllll\l 1r. a_o':rdrvriir,lr]n Lna daeio urr {nao.l

rr tarurr!{rnnu$!llultuo\t t1!tvlullJ .1. horimurnr'rr'rnd.inr][n:il l1nTnN5flutaa!

 uJfitrlo 2s

z0 1)niulnrflrn!!u'rrrlullnLeLlonir!
n iu'a .lus,a.toprrtrec.rs dr,{rin uomo lrdrer rriurL^^ruor;1ur.rr1 ttomono". .vfiorr*l
L A alar€rsis hn cladogenesis liuiu-d Horno
n. H. sapr'ens ni! H. erectus taUi!-ni1l]dlriunir.
.r lrluriparufiu{ir-nldlrl us: ::injraio,rloli

r uudin60rda,i tj:stf n:Rrdninacisuuful6

raui r : d::loaiolJd gr-oin z

1. {aaonid'{{{q*tro{.n60 idu ln!6r tnonn.r:murfuqrd4n:fi riuraimnan*ti
2 rne:dl.1io $r:i?nR l.! rr rlirl.lLri! ndt.!.u. firfi rrsr r yriruiisiiin
J demmposer lt! rio r urririt rioJr heterotroph i)'rJnrrir
4. nrdo!da1! [4iollnl]n1:r1olcdr!dwerr6wldri!n't:oi]]niJ
5. nd{.rrrrfio:lri.lr afir4u6alaqlueltlinalulnnd uJduurrlrnflnyra-$i.run.rn!on16n
6. mgogen fixing orgarusm liu rhrzobium, anaxuena, myconlza rfuqfiunldflsrlrrnni! N.661i1!o.rna6
tiarflr4rlituldli niu uafrriiur Lur:n
7. nrnrltauri?loltnir rfir.lnlgnf,q gCrd'ndrlian1r&"nFo n.rrrrd.flo{laiuarnrClu!1rEla
e. hftudr1 drlnorfiirlun:ladrl]J: pH ilqe6oriolJr.loifiitfu
9. lu lluri.rut, o::!ar6ari.!yis rinrlildl BoD > CoD !ar!o
10 nfiBn1i. (?aerxa spp.; un*ur3luLiluniu domrt{n.i!n::!ndur;!dit hosr lftdannnlutr-ntta@olir
11 n''r!:ni! rloorioid ua:unariot drtrilo1qir$Iiwrornilu6![alt!
12.fiFLfilrlo!fiirrdnr:llrf, n0rllwlJnlli.lir2firiu+i3lnadnidlrd! r {!3lanoila:u z un:oq1u rontuc
leveli 3fu1 :!f,lniu
13. 'tan0n'Dajlnnja! (gtobat waiminq) f\rlir.rnnlrdariuoulnoonhd n.n Cfc m:ufiairru'l rlrn.rldu
1ofur

.Dt/t 2 : c{uDnhm1r]ilrJrfiJrfuot*iii4daltiriuur:dn
Cm = Conrmensalsm
P! = Protocoop€rarion Mr = Muiualsm Cp = compen on
x riiolrirz-rrjrraTuilnfu fl n1fi nd.r']r

1. rlrurannl:olil]uidlilnqj 19. laehrfir$f,;

z. daralnr:oquunitJll1',{ z0 ua lllJillrl'r:r.1ln!,r'::r1r
:. ni'u}irn-torjluiulibqj 21. tnchonympha du n'rn
 4 d!\ mrlo{uufiitil4ru
iJn 22. Esdeichta @I liuau

a. i/nldlltirmr! 23. ftizlbium ni!rhe*!

€. a!.ldllf,iJrtdlJNriiilutrNfilJo1rlt 24 xnycorlbi?n ftJduq8ifu

, [!unmll^l1[tu LD'mn L$DnltatN 25. fll'uarn.hd! rchens

8. bacied@hage fiuN;6u 26. nrurouunt.lrillstrd.llll

e xlilmldft;. zT. riIaord.irbrJPila Jl'd

10. niJfiJ$t1ur]ti1.llrr! 28. 6old$i1no..i'l

11. lt1oa1ltij 61aar! zg. e,rlnuri.rrdolirilnord't
12. :lmoalr]rTu nanrieu 30. a{ri1d!u .rfirnfiIiolfilhlr1in
13. inmd|ufiJnonli lta gr. d{ni'.rfi nrnr-lafi rirLirnsfi

14. nBnlinr nftiJco-r.J 32. nidutlufin$i

ts. qnrlioriroqflriool, filrp 33. fl peDrcilliurn n_uquntltli ,t!04
16. J:nf{ftrJurifu{1rfht, d|rloflaselate 34. f rft Jr-nrum{inrolt1
17. bffa'ni.it1ti1! cblorela :s. drurrriqrr iwr
l8 35 {haluluunnl:ton M6
'lr.dtnuiDnoJ

rold r : rionirroudpfordqr tiorirrerrirn

1. na_snud6rx6ur:r,tt,urfliiltoindt!1 1lh$iolvm r:og1u1i*r, ndqn

n. nr:ra3qriub !. n1lmulr n nrrraCaulm {. ntt'!d1u

2. fiiror lrriDuuilodi!1ursur:nr:tuirdt'it-i1rulJ1nflqi
n unfiu a1 !. rJriilt1! \. tja16u
3. sii:itriirdb!finii'lilii.lrdo!fir uil"!joud.1!{'1:6urid drlrrnlnll'trnd
d lrilnNliuolttrr b) llnldolo1r,nrrDnlntd
c) renrtltina!nrdauoarlir.ldiroourld
f.a
4. dofin clrnax conmmty sdl....
a) !..iirln (biomass) nto{rllhtlf,tm:rlrndiu l) ardlorrlr (food web) irl:TrqtfidauJ1ndu
cl i'rrlJdltl9tolnqliiriiflmr'ndu &+drdrluarr:rir$da
n.b
s. iolalnrlordorfianr:tJiiuuu:larunufhudla rnrliriiinn'uqnlrdudlfldralrl'rli ua'rrlrioali:nJr'r
n. nr:r dwsJ*! unufii rinfirultlu!! !!I!
t. Cr!i,lriuiuro{riour_nc:liluonuoclotattal
n &nrir!6|nn'uqarirriri#urllFnrru.Jduurdal6n
!
fi lludtlidlDdlituiuluu3oodtn:ritrduarua'rdu
e. "Jm orllun dranlnfiulJo,' qarfuundurn}lrfiuitu
n. iz. dDirlr n orulaor$1t ,r.
']1r!6{oliftl
/. ::u!u12ac:i11{ouurLaLrfi n,Ymanl'numrt
a) ntriruflonnd'.r.iu (energy now) b) ll{nrdlr (nutnenr cycting)
c) mtdduu s{lrllufi (ecologrcat successpn)

fl.a x,b n. a b {, a b c
a. rirrh.rldorm:lu{ruriwi.ru6i$i! frruaati + lqur + unQn{r:{ru
n!1rftniolilr{i{i-fi2! r:t1nr (lrn!&) nglJ.r (A) ftJlrnQn{dru B) li/::u! i

"[^ l@',"lFc; 'l-,

10 (sfllrlra!) ldinn'oltlq.

9. dornao.lrdurnrrriri0nsroir{ x uo: y Buunfit 0, (D ua:'1lrlu (rn) s*tud*ldhlrfirin1rlrleted,

- n61 1,o.r{uin:n, !*uflCd'lal dolarlronranoodiHii4a

x
x

o i ... nn';ri!. ;-t-:-i-i;iirf ii-

o.r. b "-:-:-iT;fi-ffi
Drr
n. nflrienaadllnlxi X dlrd'ud1lrnl.td y
t. nt1*:rl I rlbmlldlniudlolll competition r!fiaNnd:]lillrnr Tn! X llrlsihr-arir{auronr:o.'4,r.r
a. m:rdtn x iudi'.r y rlrli r lj*rrr:orrlrXrtulali
x liurl1r1lritllJffufir{i
.r.
10. tiolrdiJnli l!q-?o'1l]sl:in!1mlti.r!fi nlfllihrfuii.ruraa'o:r
a. ntlo!$tt!,/1!m!niriuol!J,] 1. rqn:omtinurnllnuinorr:d o'!:iu
a. do1!dt!i i{rrrl orln rfiooagrr1rlfinutr !. qntf,! n. unr F.
11. X tiul6l]nidai/a:nir r-nmiti6o{;u1n nudlt A !fit t/}taaernoo! 1 [0!611 C hnfurlnrn
r.gy Y
raarr 2 ti1!h x so: y tndu{ir!fti!fi: B llaii itldolrlli2rdufrJiirluuudn drlr: e ual B riu
o1l4trio,t Y [8: x nr!e1d'u
x
fl- comm6nr6lsm n. antibiosis I I
F. probcoopeEoon {. comp€tition
r'l
bl, td'
lim: s lihr e
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1 ri0D!fi!
rfi a.dnnudfnfiiLruniritri.aln i rurn
,lrurnn\4toudritlslLiL
". r.fi srdna!fi !iu$d.!ri!Drfi
.r. urnvinarJdfijilrd.!fiu[ila.rdtaufittsllilrdiJa r

llwwnnto\hiaouhs tuio t3 - ts
13 n::urvn'nloiinr:drInu{do!f, n1!6u{1!dr'

lj.ab

ra m:urrnr:ledbidrralarnrrrionr:sir.rlrjridufit
1.b \.d
15. nd'.r.r'rlrlnJifi lllllnfi 1fi uritio, lrr:nrir1lidhirn::llri1'l{i
n.a !.b n.c ,!. d

l6.,ur:uuon6'rir$iir[dn!d'rLl!01rntlia.!f no!etnnB{u0!rqn
'. drahuruunn:rnriirurndu d1 r1uorar:riirrr' rduollrluilt \ rrnn:tn

1r.riatii4iiudiliora.! do!drlaoiollqnlo l':lufi narft rrn

,tr. B =-- |
e- ri.!i1.ir!!{Ol]tlfu 01 B !1ad! 6'r A m: m c ore{Qniudli' \\u".'"
\ -"", --r'
r. mtdm_r\rnn:l6oonLlelnr:lllJit1f, fittra6:nna'iliaFldTlu
arrft 3 ni.
tz. rrnn:rr{d1u'rr dolnfi n
n. nrrrl A uri\'lirir.r 2 ri!! dlnflti B ulJiidu 4 l!0!
!. ril K [da{ri!fiuinF21rlxolA{lr?adalllsl'llnu1nl flarm:n:oni.r
5
! r:mnrliriwnbnarr:rfu
a (envtonmenal !es$-
c a. n'1ri a rfi#ur:iolriiartf,ruruiisurno'otl
tanct) ua:Iriirir car''mg capacrtv
.! nlrljdt"nrlr{ g dlnildnrrn'r.in nl! un:nrlartrtt"r _

oonlo{!l!!1nl
18 ).1jrtJ!dn1^.'rrotlo.! trnlnl {suMvorshrp) ilumltitduli
IF
n.B
6.C
t
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tt. anrqhjcatbo i- ,hrrra
i. fiarriflfltrDalg {. mrrh$do![.i
m. artrophicatoo fiUfinh$trrlsuofNl:
n. oir.Flyudtnitdrq !. m u.!r6r BoD !s.nrd{h
ai
a. aearrurdr unfhool,u .l. qrtrfi n. ur! a
2l. rin,llniorihd&dlstlrrMqrturm::na o- ldlnr&u
d bf,n b) rnf,n c) drtufi d t,l'tru!.! 6) ftrrl
n.ab t-b c i.bde {.ede
22 r!.{rs.mrlmElot{firaoetirqdlp
n. nhd.r?nhrur*l r- fl4 i. {riitilzl q tnmr
z:. llngu0ntlt*oddrmfiunorr{..vu ftsrlrrnirft iolecli! lnrurs!&nnr g
rdorftf]rnlur mtdDUolrn

'I
5 #to Ifi tronn.di
t. T6 tr$rd rfto tronrl.d
! nlolrl! luud rfto mnsori
{. Li! lrDnr!rri

zl ururntlufia:nnnm*duaruinrwicnlh frlmrin{nlol

a) A lourLf}htltrfirt
b) B lodrihrln,r:r'liofiid{
c) tr l!fimrorfNufi. BU

tra
!.b
i.ab
ueeri''nrmrrhoiorr&fir
*- trdtrA
------
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zs. ctulutoli$hlil6lo{i!*tnlddolitd{litt
a) fiiqeth b) qi 4n c) lrr.!a'll{ d ulnl
n-ab n.a d a.bc .l.cd
26. rntdD!,.ruturftstqfulhtllmrrrmrinldrfiiqr
n. l}|ft{at, a. i. ill'lrlr.u {. nSotrnu
'}re{etr
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',. irpoaror',"rnuoliour"riorr i. nr:rildumqh:mnr
. nriqnullD$.lltln q nr:a_alirhoradr
28. r"olniouuu O$loaro{nttid u]rtl ld
a) demmp@r b) con$Iner
c) producer
a.ab t.ac a.bc {,abc
29. 'rlri + l,tlJurirdl : rhldorm:d'u*rduansllsdslalft:"T r
a) flrr1.lminrroind{.au b) ,ll1:rilr$ijo breclaDon)
c) nrdoldn1lrn{i,),lln
fl.a 1i.b a.ab {.abc
30. frar]uri.$ftlh'u*d k) rl|rDlr (y) ua:un (z) f,rllaudill1u'ulln eiN1wo.lt:luotradrldiJotjNltmu
ririu
lzl
tt I| t I | , I

I'll'll'l
|

r (.)
r L_l (b)
!_l
(c)
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rn.d 9.n otrrrt!'ru anlul2 16_ !

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11. r,l 10. : 2.1 18. ,! 7.t
2.t 72. a 2.N 3. 1r 19. n
13. n 12. t 3.t 20. ,! 9.t
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8.t 18. i 1) 2.F 25. n 14. t

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n.y' 23. n 1.n 13. I 7. B 30. n 3.C
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16. .l 26. I 16. t 33. ,r 6.L
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15 .r LB lt D.CO do!rrr1: 18. rj 26- ,
16-ff g &rm'rnifirurl 8.2) roud r 19. r 27. {
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20. Rf 25. a) 22. \ 2.2) 1t8

21. Kt ACE 23. I 3.7) 76 )r r //8l // 16

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L.k roufl I 25. a 4.1) RlYy

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25. Hb 3.n 27. t 5.1) 1/4

26. aC n.y' 3.,c 24. 1 5.2) 1t2

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d-5'e-5 f-3'g-5
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trndh 8) A=DNA
16.2) 1112 : i! - 1l B = RNA polymeras€
17.1) lfulntl 27 ollri // fifuIntl 7 lrlJ! fi.y' C = ribcEome
77.2) UU D = I'RNA
17.3) 7cm 12. X E - polypeptide
77.4) 7t32 n.y' 9) 3
17.51 3/32 10.1) 3. TAC CTCI CCC ATA TAG ATT 5'
126) nin' 65 cm // 8.y' 10.2) UAC GTG CCC AUA UAG AUU
m&x ' 93 crn 16. t 10.3) 5 mh! 4rh6i
18) 128 i! 11) 4096

19) . 18. I
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rlid 1 49.5% 72. tt LI 15. Cm GQro- 11. n
3) A:a= 13. n n.y' 16. Mt phylisd 12. {
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3.t 4:7 15. ! 12. / 18- Pr (anribi6ir) 14. 'r

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n.y' 3.n rml r 5Pt 25. Mt 7. a 27. A

lLr 4.! 1.t 6. Mr 26. Rl 2. n 22. t

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utt€uluntr
Barbm Y., Jam€s S.L.. Alan S.. and John W.H. 2006. Whearhtr's Funcrion Hisroto8y: a rexr and colour atl$. 5
ed. Elsivier lnc., Philadelphia-
Campbell, N.A.. lnd J.B. Re€ce. 2005. Biology. ? €d. Pea on Educarion. San FmrEisco.
Clevelmd P. Hickman, J., L.S. Robens, A. L.lrson, H.l. Anen, and D.J. Eis€nhour. 2006. InEsnted primiptes
of Ziology. 13 ed Mccraw-Hill, Ncw York.
Cmpe.. G.M. 2000. Thc Cell: A Molecular Appmach. 2 ed. Sinauer Asso.iates tnc.
Freeman, S.. cnd J.C. Hcrcn. 200?. Eloludonary Analysis. 4 ed_ pearson
Educarion.
Guyroo, A.C.. and J.E. Hall. 2006. Texlhx)k of Medic.l physiolo8y. 11 ed. Elsevier lnc.,
lhild€lphia.
Mmre. K.L.. and Persuad, T.v.N. 2003. The D€vetoping Hun'anj clinica y orietu€it ernbryotogy.
? ed. Elscvier lnc., Philadelphia.

Nelson, D.L.,.rnd M.M. Cox.2005. Lehninger principles of Bichcmistry.4 ed. worth, New york.
Smift, T.M.. and R.L. Smirh.2006. Etements ofEcology.0 ed. pcuson Educarion, San Fran€isco.
Snuslard, D.P.. M.J. Simmons, lnd J.B. Jenkins. 199?. principle$ ofGenetics. Johtr willey and
Sons lm.. New Yorl
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