Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1: Some Basic
Concepts of Chemistry
🔹 Introduction:
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes. This
chapter lays the foundation for understanding chemistry.
🔹 Importance of Chemistry:
• Chemistry is central to understanding biological, physical, and environmental processes.
• Applications in daily life: medicines, detergents, food, fuels, textiles, etc.
🔹 Nature of Matter:
Classification:
• Physical Nature:
• Matter has mass and occupies space.
• It exists in three states: solid, liquid, gas.
• Chemical Nature:
• Pure substances: Elements & compounds.
• Mixtures: Homogeneous and heterogeneous.
🔹 Properties of Matter and their Measurement:
Physical Properties:
• Measurable and observable without changing the composition (e.g., boiling point, melting point).
Chemical Properties:
• Observed during a chemical change (e.g., flammability, reactivity).
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SI Units:
• Base Units: kg (mass), m (length), s (time), K (temperature), mol (amount of substance), A (electric
current), cd (luminous intensity)
• Derived Units: m² (area), m³ (volume), etc.
Mass and Weight:
• Mass: Quantity of matter; constant.
• Weight: Force exerted by gravity; variable.
Volume:
• 1 mL = 1 cm³
• Common units: L, mL, cm³, m³
Temperature:
• Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin
• K = °C + 273.15
Significant Figures:
• Digits that reflect the precision of a measurement.
Scientific Notation:
• Representing large/small numbers: e.g., 6.022 x 10^23
🔹 Laws of Chemical Combinations:
1. Law of Conservation of Mass:
2. Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
3. Law of Definite Proportions:
4. A given compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.
5. Law of Multiple Proportions:
6. If two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of the other are in whole number ratios.
7. Gay Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes:
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8. Gases react in volumes which bear a simple ratio under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure.
9. Avogadro's Law:
10. Equal volumes of gases contain equal number of molecules under the same conditions.
🔹 Dalton's Atomic Theory:
• Matter consists of indivisible atoms.
• All atoms of an element are identical in mass and properties.
• Compounds are formed by fixed ratios of atoms.
🔹 Atomic and Molecular Masses:
Atomic Mass:
• Mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu).
• 1 amu = 1/12 the mass of one C-12 atom.
Molecular Mass:
• Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule.
🔹 Mole Concept:
• 1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 entities (Avogadro's number)
• Used to count atoms, molecules, ions.
Molar Mass:
• Mass of 1 mole of a substance (g/mol).
Relation:
• Moles = Given mass / Molar mass
• Moles = Number of particles / Avogadro number
🔹 Percentage Composition:
• % composition = (Mass of element in 1 mole of compound / Molar mass) x 100
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🔹 Empirical and Molecular Formula:
• Empirical Formula: Simplest whole number ratio of atoms
• Molecular Formula: Actual number of atoms in a molecule
Formula:
• Molecular formula = n × empirical formula
• n = Molar mass / Empirical formula mass
🔹 Stoichiometry:
• Study of quantitative relationships in a chemical reaction.
Types:
• Limiting reagent
• Theoretical yield
• Percentage yield
🔹 Limiting Reagent:
• The reactant which is completely consumed and limits the amount of product formed.
🔹 Concentration Terms:
• Molarity (M) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution in L
• Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kg
• Mass %, Volume %, ppm, etc.
This chapter is the backbone of physical chemistry and must be understood deeply. Practice numerical
problems and understand the concepts through real-life examples for clarity.
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