UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
The branch of science that studies the preparation, properties, structure and reactions of
material substances is called chemistry.
Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, properties and interaction of matter.
Chemistry is also called the science of atoms and molecules.
NATURE OF MATTER
Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter.
Matter can exist in three physical states viz. solid, liquid and gas.
(i) Solids have definite volume and definite shape.
(ii) Liquids have definite volume but do not have definite shape.
They take the shape of the container in which they are placed.
(iii) Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape. They
completely occupy the space in the container in which they are
placed.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
1. A mixture contains particles of two or more pure
substances which may be present in it in any ratio.
* In a homogeneous mixture, the components
completely mix with each other.
* In a heterogeneous mixture, the composition is
not uniform throughout and sometimes different
components are visible.
2. Constituent particles of pure substances have
fixed composition.
* Element consist of only one type of atoms.
When two or more atoms of different.
* Elements combine together in a definite ratio, the
molecule of a compound is obtained.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR
MEASUREMENTS
Every substance has unique or characteristic properties. These properties can be classified into two
categories —
1. Physical properties, (are those properties which can be measured or observed without changing the
identity or the composition of the substance.)
such as colour, odour, melting point, boiling point, density, etc.
2. Chemical properties, (are characteristic reactions of different substances; these include acidity or
basicity, combustibility)
like composition, combustibility, reactivity with acids and bases, etc.
MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Mass and Weight (1kg=1000g)
Volume (length)3
Density (kgm-3)
Temperature (°C)
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENTS
Scientific Notation: In which any number can be represented in the form N × 10n (Where n is an
exponent having positive or negative values and N can vary between 1 to 10).
e.g. We can write 232.508 as 2.32508 x102
Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same quantity.
Accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to the true value of the result
Significant Figures: The reliability of a measurement is indicated by the number of digits used to
represent it. To express it more accurately we express it with digits that are known with certainty.
These are called as Significant figures. They contain all the certain digits plus one doubtful digit in a
number.
Dimensional Analysis: During calculations generally there is a need to convert units from one
system to other. This is called factor label method or unit factor method or dimensional analysis.
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
Law of conservation of mass: It states that matter (mass) can neither be created nor destroyed.
Law of Definite proportions or Law of Constant compositions: A chemical compound always consists of the
same elements combined together in the same ratio, irrespective of the method of preparation or the source
from where it is taken.
Laws of multiple proportions: When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then the
different masses of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of the other, bear a simple ratio to one
another.
Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes: According to this law when gases combine or are produced in a
chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same temperature and
pressure.
e.g.H2(g) + Cl2(g) ---→2HCl(g)
All reactants and products have simple ratio 1:1:2.
Avogadro Law: According to this law equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure should
contain equal number of molecules.
DALTON’S ATOMIC THOERY
All substances are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
Atoms of the same element are identical in shape, size, mass and other properties.
Atoms of different elements are different in all respects.
Atom is the smallest unit that takes part in chemical combinations.
Atoms combine with each other in simple whole number ratios to form compound atoms called
molecules.
Atoms cannot be created, divided or destroyed during any chemical or physical change.
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASS
Atomic Mass Molecular Mass Formula Mass
One atomic mass unit is Molecular mass is the sum of Sum of atomic masses of the
defined as a mass exactly atomic masses of the elements present in one
equal to one-twelfth of the elements present in a formula unit of a compound.
mass of one carbon – 12 molecule. It is used for the ionic
atom. It is obtained by multiplying compounds.
And 1 amu = 1.66056×10-24 g the atomic mass of each Eg: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
‘u’, which is known as unified element by the number of its
atoms and adding them
mass.
together.
Eg: Hydrogen (H)
Eg: Methane (CH4)
MOLE CONCEPTS AND MOLAR MASSES
Mole is defined as the amount of a substance, which contains the same number of chemical units (atoms,
molecules, ions or electrons) as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure carbon-12.
A mole represents a collection of 6.022 x1023 ( Avogadro's number) chemical units.
The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
The mass percentage of each constituent element present in any compound is called its
percentage composition
Mass % of the element=Mass of element in 1 molecule of the compound x 100
Molecular mass of the compound
Eg: Water (H2O)
An Empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in
a compound.
The Molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a
molecule of a compound.
The two formulas are related as Molecular formula = n x empirical formula
STOICHIOMETRY AND
STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
Limiting Reagent
Reactions in solutions
1. Mass per cent or weight per cent (w/w %)
2. Mole fraction
3. Molarity
4. Molality
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