Here are detailed notes on Atoms and Molecules for Class 9:

Chapter: Atoms and Molecules – Class 9 Notes

1. Introduction to Atoms:

●​ Atom: The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that
element.
●​ Atoms are incredibly small and cannot be seen with the naked eye.
●​ Atoms combine to form molecules, which make up all the matter around us.

Atomic Theory (by John Dalton):

●​ All matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

●​ Atoms of the same element are identical in mass and chemical properties.
●​ Atoms of different elements combine in fixed, simple whole-number ratios to form
compounds.
●​ Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed in chemical reactions.

2. Laws of Chemical Combination:

A. Law of Conservation of Mass:

●​ Statement: Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

●​ Example: When magnesium burns in air to form magnesium oxide, the total mass of the
reactants equals the total mass of the product.

B. Law of Constant Proportion (or Law of Definite Proportions):

●​ Statement: In a chemical compound, the elements are always present in definite

proportions by mass.
●​ Example: Water (H2OH_2OH2​O) always contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of
1:8 by mass.

3. Molecules and Ions:

A. Molecules:

●​ A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together.
●​ Molecules can be of elements or compounds:
○​ Molecule of an element: Made up of atoms of the same element.
■​ Example: O2O_2O2​(Oxygen), N2N_2N2​(Nitrogen)
○​ Molecule of a compound: Made up of atoms of different elements.
■​ Example: H2OH_2OH2​O (Water), CO2CO_2CO2​(Carbon dioxide)

B. Ions:

●​ Ions are charged particles formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.
○​ Cation: Positively charged ion (formed by loss of electrons).
■​ Example: Na+Na^+Na+, Ca2+Ca^{2+}Ca2+
○​ Anion: Negatively charged ion (formed by gain of electrons).
■​ Example: Cl−Cl^-Cl−, O2−O^{2-}O2−

4. Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass:

A. Atomic Mass:

●​ Atomic mass is the mass of an atom. It is measured in atomic mass units (amu or u).
●​ The atomic mass of an element is often a whole number and is based on the relative
mass of atoms compared to C-12\text{C-12}C-12 isotope.
●​ Example:
○​ Hydrogen: 1 u1 \, \text{u}1u
○​ Carbon: 12 u12 \, \text{u}12u

B. Molecular Mass:

●​ Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.
●​ Formula:​
Molecular mass=∑(Atomic mass of each atom in the molecule)\text{Molecular mass} =
\sum (\text{Atomic mass of each atom in the molecule})Molecular mass=∑(Atomic mass
of each atom in the molecule)
●​ Example:
○​ Molecular mass of water (H2O)(H_2O)(H2​O):​
2×1 u (for H)+16 u (for O)=18 u2 \times 1 \, \text{u} \, (\text{for H}) + 16 \, \text{u} \,
(\text{for O}) = 18 \, \text{u}2×1u(for H)+16u(for O)=18u

5. Mole Concept:
A. Mole:

●​ A mole is a counting unit used to express the amount of a substance.

●​ 1 mole of any substance contains 6.022×10236.022 \times 10^{23}6.022×1023 particles
(atoms, molecules, ions, etc.). This is known as Avogadro’s number.
●​ Molar mass: The mass of 1 mole of a substance. It is numerically equal to the molecular
or atomic mass in grams.
○​ Example:
■​ Molar mass of oxygen (O2)=32 g/mol(O_2) = 32 \,
\text{g/mol}(O2​)=32g/mol
■​ Molar mass of water (H2O)=18 g/mol(H_2O) = 18 \,
\text{g/mol}(H2​O)=18g/mol

B. Mole Calculations:

●​ To calculate the number of moles: Number of moles=Given mass of substance (g)Molar

mass (g/mol)\text{Number of moles} = \dfrac{\text{Given mass of substance
(g)}}{\text{Molar mass (g/mol)}}Number of moles=Molar mass (g/mol)Given mass of
substance (g)​

6. Writing Chemical Formulae:

A. Rules for Writing a Chemical Formula:

●​ A chemical formula shows the elements present in a compound and the ratio in which
they combine.
●​ Steps:
○​ Write the symbols of the elements.
○​ Write the valency (combining capacity) of each element.
○​ Cross the valencies to get the formula.
●​ Example:
○​ Formula of Water (H2O)(H_2O)(H2​O):​
Hydrogen has a valency of 1, and oxygen has a valency of 2. So, the formula is
H2OH_2OH2​O.
○​ Formula of Calcium chloride (CaCl2)(CaCl_2)(CaCl2​):​
Calcium has a valency of 2, and chlorine has a valency of 1. So, the formula is
CaCl2CaCl_2CaCl2​.

7. Chemical Reactions and Equations:

A. Chemical Reaction:
 ●​ A chemical reaction occurs when substances (reactants) undergo changes to form new
substances (products).
●​ Example:
○​ 2H2+O2→2H2O2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O2H2​+O2​→2H2​O​
(Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water)

B. Balancing Chemical Equations:

●​ In a balanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element is the same on
both sides of the equation.
●​ Example:
○​ Unbalanced: H2+O2→H2OH_2 + O_2 \rightarrow H_2OH2​+O2​→H2​O
○​ Balanced: 2H2+O2→2H2O2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O2H2​+O2​→2H2​O

8. Important Terms:

●​ Valency: The combining capacity of an element. It determines how many atoms of an

element will combine with atoms of another element.
●​ Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
●​ Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
○​ Example: 12C,13C,14C^{12}C, ^{13}C, ^{14}C12C,13C,14C

9. Example Problems:

1.​ Find the molecular mass of CO₂:

○​ Atomic mass of carbon = 12 u12 \, \text{u}12u, oxygen = 16 u16 \, \text{u}16u
○​ Molecular mass =12 u+2×16 u=44 u= 12 \, \text{u} + 2 \times 16 \, \text{u} = 44 \,
\text{u}=12u+2×16u=44u
2.​ Calculate the number of moles in 36 grams of water:
○​ Molar mass of water (H2O)=18 g/mol(H_2O) = 18 \, \text{g/mol}(H2​O)=18g/mol
○​ Number of moles =36 g18 g/mol=2 mol= \dfrac{36 \, \text{g}}{18 \, \text{g/mol}} = 2
\, \text{mol}=18g/mol36g​=2mol

Key Takeaways:

●​ Atoms are the basic units of matter, and molecules are formed by the combination of
atoms.
●​ Laws of chemical combinations explain how elements combine to form compounds.
●​ The mole concept is essential for calculating the amount of a substance in chemistry.
 ●​ Writing and balancing chemical equations is fundamental to understanding chemical
reactions.

These notes cover the important concepts of Atoms and Molecules for Class 9. Make sure to
practice problems related to atomic mass, molecular mass, and chemical equations for better
understanding!

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