A Project Report on

Audio and Data Transmission Using Li-Fi Technology

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

A.Praharsha 160619735005
D.Vaishnavi 160619735012
M.Sriteja 160619735028

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. K Padmavathi
Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women
(Autonomous)
All UG courses Accredited by NBA and NAAC A Grade
(Affiliated to OU & Approved by AICTE)
Chapel road, Hyderabad – 500001
2022-2023
 A Project Report on

Audio and Data Transmission Using Li-Fi Technology

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

A.Praharsha 160619735005
D.Vaishnavi 160619735012
M.Sriteja 160619735028

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. K Padmavathi
Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women

(Autonomous)
All UG courses Accredited by NBA and NAAC A Grade
(Affiliated to OU & Approved by AICTE)
Chapel road, Hyderabad – 500001
2022-2023
 Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women
(Autonomous)
All UG courses Accredited by NBA and NAAC A Grade
(Affiliated to OU & Approved by AICTE)
Chapel Road, Hyderabad – 500001

Ref No: SCETW/ECE Dept. /PW961 EC/2023/Batch no: A5 Date:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled “Audio and Data
Transmission Using Li-Fi Technology” is a bonafide work carried over
by Ms Anisetti Praharsha -160619735005, Ms Devuni Vaishnavi -
160619735012, Ms Muthe Sriteja - 160619735005 in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Osmania University,
Hyderabad during the VII semester of their B.E course during the
Academic Year 2022-2023.

Internal Guide Dr. K. N. Sahu

Dr.K.Padmavathi Professor and Head
Associate Professor ECE Department

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is an acknowledgement of the intensive drive and competence
of everyone who has contributed to the success of our project.

We are extremely grateful to our respected Principal Dr. Satya

Prasad Lanka, for fostering an excellent academic climate in our
institution and we also express our sincere gratitude to our respected Head
of the Department Dr. Kedar Nath Sahu, Professor, Head of the ECE
department, for his encouragement, able guidance and effort in bringing
out this project.

We are deeply indebted to our internal guide Dr. K. Padmavathi,

Associate Professor, for her guidance, encouragement, co-operation and
kindness during the entire duration of the course and academics.

Anisetti Praharsha - 160619735005

Devuni Vaishnavi - 160619735012

Muthe Sriteja - 160619750028

i
 STANLEY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ANDTECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS)
Hyderabad – 500 001
(Affiliated to Osmania University & Approved by AICTE)

(All eligible UG Course are accredited by NBA & Accredited by NAAC

with ‘A’ Grade)

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Vision of the Institute

Empowering girl students through professional education integrated with
values and character to make an impact in the world.
Mission of the Institute
M1: Providing quality engineering education for girl students to make them
competent and confident to succeed in professional practice and advanced
learning.
M2: Establish state-of-art-facilities and resources to facilitate world class
education.
M3: Integrating qualities like humanity, social values, ethics, and leadership
in order to encourage contribution to society.
Vision of the Department
Empowering girl students with the contemporary knowledge in Electronics
and Communication Engineering for their success in life.
Mission of the Department
M1: To impart rationalized and high quality technical education and
knowledge.
M2: To achieve self-sustainability and overall development through
Research and Consultancy activities.
M3: To provide education for life by focusing on the inculcation of human
and moral values through an honest and scientific approach
M4: To groom students with good attitude and personality skills.
Program Educational Objectives:
PEO-1: Graduate shall have skills to excel in professional career
and in applied research through innovative design by acquiring the
knowledge in Electronics and Communication Engineering
principles and moral values through
PEO-2: Graduate shall pursue higher education and participate in
research and development activities or entrepreneurship to integrate
engineering work in the environmental, ethical and broader societal
contexts.
PEO-3: Graduate shall exhibit effective communication, good
team building and leadership qualities to design socially accepted
and economically feasible solutions through multidisciplinary and
interdisciplinary approaches for analysis of real-life problems.
ii
 STANLEY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ANDTECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS)
Hyderabad – 500 001
(Affiliated to Osmania University & Approved by AICTE)
(All eligible UG Courses are accredited by NBA & Accredited by
NAAC with ‘ A’ Grade)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Program Outcomes:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment & sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of,
and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these
to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change.

Program Specific Outcomes:

PSO1: Appertain to Communication and Automation Principles: To
apply principles of Communication engineering and Signal processing both
in private and public organizations.
PSO2: Adaptability to Productive Environment: To be well equipped
with Management skills, interdisciplinary and modern technologies.
iii
 ABSTRACT
Li-Fi stands for light fidelity which is basically a Wireless
Communication Technology which uses Visible Light (VLC) for Data
transmission. Li-Fi uses LED light bulbs as the medium to transfer this
data or any other information. However, there is a slight difference in
the LED light bulbs which we use for li-fi communication and Normal
LED light bulbs. The Li-Fi Led light bulbs access the transmitting signal
which are intercepted by photoreceptors. A photoreceptor is a sensor that
detects light by capturing photons (Photons are light Particles).
In our project, we are going to design a circuit using Li-Fi Technology
that transmits audio signals through light.
The main aim of our project is to design a circuit that transmits audio
and data signals through light. In which we use Li-Fi technology to
communicate though light. Li-Fi is basically a wireless communication
Technology which uses Visible Light Communication (VLC) for data
transmission. Li-Fi uses LED light bulbs as the medium to transfer this
data or any other information.

Expected PO’s/PSO’s:

1. PO 1:Engineering Knowledge
2. PO 2:Problem Analysis
3. PO 3:Design/development
4. PO 6:The engineering and society
5. PO 7:Environment and sustainability
6. PO 9: Individual And team work
7. PO 10:Communication
8. PSO 1: Appertain to communicate and Automation Principles
9. PSO 2:Adaptibility to Productive environment.
iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page no.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-5

1.1. Aim of the project ------------------------------- 1
1.2. Objectives of the Project ------------------------ 1
1.3. Scope of the Project ------------------------------ 1
1.4. Introduction --------------------------------------- 2
1.5. Organization of thesis --------------------------- 6
Chapter 2 Literature Survey 7-12
2.1 Literature Survey ----------------------------------- 7
2.2 Existing Method -------------------------------------- 11
2.3 Proposed Method ------------------------------------- 12
Chapter 3 Specifications 13-28

3.1. Hardware components for transmitter circuit ------------ 13

3.2.Hardware components for receiver circuit -------- 16
3.3. Block diagram Architecture ----------------------- 28

Chapter 4 Design and implementation 29-36

4.1 Working Principle ------------------------------------ 29

4.2 Design -------------------------------------------------- 31
4.3 Flow chart ---------------------------------------------- 34
4.4 Implementation ----------------------------------------- 35
4.5 Advantages ------------------------------------------------------- 36

Chapter 5 Result and conclusion 39-41

5.1.Results -------------------------------------------------- 39
5.2.Conclusion --------------------------------------------- 41

References 42
PO Mapping 46

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Name of the Figure Page No.

Fig 1.4.1 The Future of the internet 2

Fig 1.4.2 Dr. Harald Hass at TED Talk Global 2011 3

Fig 2.1.1 Comparison between original image and 7

received image.
Fig 2.1.2 Illustration of Li-Fi Dongle 9

Fig 2.1.3 General Indoor architecture 10

Fig 2.3.1 Li-Fi Technology 12

Fig 3.1.1 LED light 13

Fig 3.2.1 5-6v Solar cell 17

Fig 3.2.2 Schematic Diagram of Audio Amplifier 19

Connected to TEA2025
Fig 3.2.3 Audio Amplifier 20

Fig 3.2.4 2025 IC diagram 21

Fig 3.2.5 Pin connection 21

Fig 3.2.6 Capacitor 22

Fig 3.2.7 22
Speaker

Fig 3.2.8 Resistor 23

Fig 3.2.9 Types of batteries 24

Fig 3.2.10 Battery connectors 25

Fig 3.2.11 Battery 25

vi
Fig 3.2.12 3.5 mm audio jack 26

Fig 3.2.13 Part of audio jack 27

Fig 3.3.1 28
Block diagram of Proposed method

Fig 4.1.1 29
Working Principle of Li-fi Technology

Fig 4.1.2 31
Data Flow through Li-Fi

Fig 4.2.1 31
Schematic diagram of Li-Fi Transmitter

Fig 4.2.2 33
Prototype Circuit Board connected with
2025 and other miscellaneous elements

Fig 4.2.3 33
Schematic diagram of li-fi receiver

Fig 2.3.1 Data transmission in traffic control system 38

Fig 2.3.2 communication among military vehicles 38

using light
Fig 2.3.3 Li-Fi application in closed space 38

Fig 5.1.1 39
output in the Dark room environment

Fig 5.1.2 40
output in the natural light environment

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Number Title Page No.

Table 2.1.1 Example of table of simulation 10

Table 3.1.1 Specifications of Audio Jack 27

viii
 Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Aim
The main aim of our project is to design a circuit that transmits audio and
data signals through light. In which we use Li-Fi technology to communicate
though light. Li-Fi is basically a wireless communication Technology which
uses Visible Light Communication (VLC) for data transmission. Li-Fi uses
LED light bulbs as the medium to transfer this data or any other information.

1.2 Objectives of the Project

The objectives of the proposed work is outlined as below:
• To design and implement a prototype module for transmission of data and
audio signals using Li-Fi (visible light communication). Li-Fi uses light as
a carrier to transmit and receive text Data and Audio information.
• Li-fi communication system consists of a receiver and a transmitter.
• To design a transmitter consisting of white bright LED acts as transmitting
element which is connected to a battery source and also and an audio source.
• Designing a receiver with a Solar panel to intercept the light from the
transmitter and designing of audio amplifier to amplify the intercepted audio
signal and a speaker is connected to provide the output.

1.3 Scope of the project

Li-Fi is an emerging technology and hence it has vast potential. A lot of
research can be conducted in this field. Already, a lot of scientists are
involved in extensive research in this field. The future of Li-Fi is Gi-Fi. Gi-
Fi or gigabit wireless refers to wireless communication at a data rate of more
than one billion bits (gigabit) per second. [37]
By using Li-Fi we can have Energy saving Parallelism. In future we can
have LED array beside a motorway helping to light the road, displaying the
latest traffic updates and transmitting internet information to wirelessly to
passengers Laptops, Notebooks and Smart phones. This is the kind of extra
ordinary, energy saving parallelism that is believed to deliver by this

1
 pioneering technology.[37] Further research in the field can look into the
following issues:
 Driving illumination grade LEDs at high speed.
 Increasing data rate with parallelism/arrays.
 Achieving low complexity/low cost modulation.
 Overcoming the line of sight constraint.
 Achieving seamless interoperability with other networks.
 Making Li-Fi work in environments with little or no light.[37]

1.4 Introduction
Over the past few years, there has been a rapid growth in the utilization of
the RF region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is because of the huge
growth in the number of mobile phone subscriptions in recent times. This
has been causing a rapid reduction in the free spectrum for future devices.
Light-fidelity (Li-Fi) operates in the visible light spectrum (range- 430THz
to 790 THz) of the electromagnetic spectrum i.e. it uses visible light as a
medium of transmission rather than the traditional radio waves. [16]

Figure 1.4.1 the Future of the Internet

Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity. Li-Fi is the transmission of data using visible
light by sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster
than the human eye can follow. If the LED is on, the photo detector registers
a binary one, otherwise it’s a binary zero. The idea of Li-Fi introduced by a
German physicist, Harald Hass, which he also referred to as “Data through

2
Illumination”. The term Li-Fi was first used by Hass in the TED Global talk
on Visible Light Communication. According to Hass, the light, which he
referred to as D-Light, can be used to produce data rates higher than 1
Gigabit per second which is much faster than our average broadband
connection.
Dr. Harald Haas of the University of Edinburgh has been placed on the
limelight after he coined the term “Li-Fi” during his appearance at TED Talk
Global 2011. It was at this stage that he was able to highlight one of the
newest pieces of technology that is able to transmit high volumes of data at
high-speed capacity with only the use of overhead lighting. As a pioneer in
the technology, Harald Haas was able to facilitate the technology’s rise to
prominence, which saw him earn the moniker “The Father of Li-Fi.”
According to the International Solid State Lighting Alliance (ISA), “Dr.
Haas not only pioneered the novel concept of communication by lighting
devices but also publicized the technology, earning him the recognition as
the “Father of Li-Fi”. The high speed achievement of Li-Fi can be explained
using the frequency spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiations. From the
electromagnetic spectrum we can see that the frequency band of the visible
light is between 430THz to770THz and that of Radio Frequency Band is
between 1Hz to3THz. Hence the Frequency Bandwidth of the visible light
is about 400 times greater than the Radio Frequency Bandwidth. So a
number of bits can be transferred through this Bandwidth than in the radio
frequency bandwidth. Hence Data rate will be higher in the Li-Fi and higher
speed can be achieved.

Figure1.4.2 Dr. Harald Hass at TED Talk Global 2011[16]

3
Using Li-Fi we can transmit any data that can be transferred using a
conventional Wi-Fi networks. That can be Images, Audio, Video, Internet
connectivity, etc… but the advantages over the Wi-Fi network are high
speed, increased security, more number of connected devices, and less cost.
In the coming years, a number of devices that supports Li-Fi will hit the
Market.
As we presumably mindful, nowadays, web has become a huge interest and
people are in steady need of remote fidelity (Wi-Fi). Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)
advancement uses light beams as opposed to radio waves to send
information. The other name given to it is optical variation of Wi-Fi [1It is
one of the latest advancement that uses Light Emitting Diodes (LED). It is
a 5g innovation of obvious light correspondence framework. It gives us
better productivity, transmission capacity, security and accessibility than
Wi-Fi. It predicts the future where the information for smart phones, PC and
tablet is transmitted and gotten through the light in a rooms. It might be used
in high security military domains. Li-Fi is a transmission of data using
evident light by sending data through a LED light that vacillates in power
snappier than the regular eye can follow. The overall term perceptible light
correspondence joins any usage of the undeniable light piece of the
electromagnetic range to communicate information. Both Li-Fi and Wi-Fi
utilize electromagnetic range for information transmission. Wi-Fi utilizes
radio waves whereas Li-Fi utilizes visible light communication in the range
of 500 Mbps. This project talks about the working, executions and
improvement/innovation in Li-Fi technology. Li-Fi has the potential to
alleviate the current wireless system's excessive loads. Furthermore,
because Li-Fi employs the colour spectrum, it will assist to allay fears that
Wi-Fi electromagnetic radiation may harm our health. Visible light
communication can discover the service area simply. Because light is
obscured by any object in Li-Fi, higher levels of security are frequently
attained, whereas in Wi-Fi, new technologies must be employed for
increased security. As a result, Li-Fi is frequently used in high-security
military sites where RF communication can be intercepted.

4
In audio transmission on transmitter side, we have white Bright LED and a
battery which are connected to jack and jack will be connected to audio
source. Here we are using battery to power up the LEDs because there is less
power coming from the audio source which is not enough
to power the LEDs. On receiver side, we are using Solar panel and a speaker
which is connected by an Aux cable. To measure the signal strength, so as
to be audible, an extra amplifier can be added in the receiver circuit. In data
transmission, transmitting data through photo diodes has been happening for
a long time through our IR Remotes. Every time we pressed a button on our
Television remote the IR LED in the Remote pulses very fast this will be
received by the Television and then decoded for the information. But, this
old method is very slow and cannot be used to transmit any worthy data.
Hence with Li-Fi this method is made sophisticated by using more than one
LED and passing more than one data stream at a given time. This way more
information can be passed and hence a faster data
communication is possible.
The working of Li-Fi is simple but powerful. When an LED light bulb is
supplied with constant current stream of photons are emitted from the bulb
which is seen as illumination. LED bulbs are semiconductor devices, which
means the current, and therefore the illumination can be modulated at
extremely high speeds which can be detected by the photo detector. Using
this technique, transmission of high-speed information can be done through
a LED bulb. Li-Fi uses direct modulation methods that are similar to the
low-cost infrared devices like remote controls. Also, LED light bulbs can
have very large data rates as the LED bulbs have very high intensities.
A good data density reduces the need to share the bandwidth with other users
hence, improving the user experience. The achievable data density by the
Li-Fi is 1000 times greater than the Wi-Fi. Hence, this provides more data
per square meter. The Li-Fi communication system can work even under the
sunlight as the modulated light rays can still be detected. Since the system
works on the detection of rapid changing light intensity and not the slow
varying levels which can be caused by disruptions due to the sunlight. As

5
 light waves in Li-Fi are heavily modulated, the sun just adds a constant light
which can be easily filtered out by the receiver.

1.5 Organization of Thesis:

This Project report with tile “Audio and data Transmission using Li-Fi
technology” consists of 5 chapter and each chapter description is given
below-
Chapter 1 Introduction gives a brief idea about what exactly the project is
about and what are the technology used and Brief introduction and glance
idea about Li-Fi technology. It also includes the invention of Li-Fi
technology and about the person who invented.
Chapter 2 discusses about the past papers published in different sites which
related to Li-Fi technology it also shows the existing algorithm and proposed
algorithm and about the innovation and improvement done in the technology
and experiment.
Chapter 3 was is about the hardware and software description of the
experiment. It gives the information related to each and every component
used in the circuit. And it also deals with the architecture and block diagram
of the circuit.
Chapter 4 discusses about the design and implementation of the experiment
which consists of working principle behind the transmission of signal using
LED light and the experimental analysis at different conditions and
environments.
Chapter 5 was about results and conclusion of the project in which the results
are displayed and the analysis of different condition i.e. in the presence of
natural light , in the absence of the light and in the presence of Bright LED
with more intensity along with its implementation are highlighted in this
chapter.

6
 Chapter 2
Literature Survey
2.1 Literature Survey Review
Ezhilazhagan et al. (2017), Sudha et al. (2016), Pravin and Sundararajan
(2018) and Palanivel and Chen (2018) proposed models for uses of Li-Fi
technology in various frameworks. The crisis of congested RF band which
ranges from interference, limited transfer speed to fear for human wellbeing,
has prompted investigation of Li-Fi as an efficient wireless communication
alternative in these applications. Li-Fi is preferred because of its various
focal points over Wi-Fi innovation. The models use PIC microcontrollers as
the intelligent processor and have a data transmitter (LED Light) and a data
receiver (Photo detector) empowering a working Li-Fi system. Parameters
such as ON-OFF speed and the number of LEDs influence the
communication speed. On the off chance of quick ON-OFF LED frequency,
information can be conveyed as 1's and 0's at high rates. Higher amounts of
LED's in a network contribute to more information being transmitted at a
time.
Yingjie He, Liwei Ding, Yuxian Gong, Yongjin Wang(2013) proposed a real
time video and audio broadcast prototype using commercial LED lamps.
System Design Illustrated in detail and experimental results are presented in
figure 2.0.1. It shows that the transmission of high quality Video/audio
images with distance of 3m can be achieved and improvements can be made
by adding focus lens between the transmitter and receiver. Although
distortions still exist comparing images before and after transmission, it
demonstrates that high quality wireless optical transmission using LED. [3]

Figure 2.1.1 Comparison between original image and received image. [3]

7
Sudha et al. (2016) introduced a prototype of a model that helps in patient
monitoring in hospitals using Li-Fi rather than Wi-Fi innovation to stop
radio frequency contact with the human body and the medical equipment. In
this model, sensors for temperature, heartbeat, glucose and respiration are
used to gather information from the human body. In the PIC16F877A
microcontroller, the collected data is converted to electronic format using
analog to digital converter. The microcontroller’s output is then loaded in to
the Li-Fi module which sends the data in light form. The photo detector
senses the light at the receiver end. The information obtained is then shown
as a chart on a screen connected to the receiver end using Universal
Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) to analyse the patients’ health.
The report on the health of the patient is then automatically sent to the person
concerned through the internet. [2]
In the paper of Syed Hassan Ali et al. (2018) design of a Li-Fi dongle and
speaker for audio and music applications is proposed. Also a study and
evaluation was carried out to enhance the visible light communication range
of the prototype designed. The illustration of proposed prototype is shown
in Figure below. The proposed concept uses a Li-Fi dongle to transmit audio
signals from source, and a Li-Fi speaker at the receiver end to receive the
signals without wires, without any request to pair and without waiting for
any connection. The proposed Li-Fi dongle is connected to audio jack output
available on all mobile phones. The dongle has an LED through which audio
and music are transmitted as light signals. These light signals are captured
by the Li-Fi speaker that consists of a solar cell array. The proposed system
design possesses following advantages over its Bluetooth equivalent. One
can receive Li-Fi data as long as he/she is in the range of the light being
emitted from LED light source. Hence, the range depends on the strength of
the light which is being emitted and the strength of the light can be enhanced
by increasing the CE amplifier stages of the dongle. [6]

8
 Figure 2.1.2 Illustration of Li-Fi Dongle [6]
Yasseein soubhi et al. (2019) discussed the usage of VLC applied as Li-Fi
as a secure method to transmit data wirelessly in a more secure method
compared to the traditional Wi-Fi architecture. In additionally they
investigated about the bit-error rate (BER) performance in the VLC network
based on the modulation format of Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) for high data transmission. By conducting
experiment they concluded that by carrying out data transmission via VLC
as Li-Fi technology, it also is known based off the research carried out that
it is far more secure and reliable compared to traditional Wi-Fi architecture
.Thus, we evaluated the security level of Li-Fi compared to Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi is
subject to security risks such as data leakage and session hijacking while Li-
Fi is highly secure due to the light propagation property that does not allow
the light waves to penetrate opaque objects. Within the simulation, Li-Fi has
a high data rate with less BER. In addition, Li-Fi uses an unlicensed
spectrum of light waves and nearly unlimited bandwidth. These make the
Li-Fi technology to accommodate huge number of devices with very high
data rate. Finally, we can summarize these Li-Fi security features as simply
“shutting the door”. [5]

9
 Figure 2.1.3 General Indoor architecture [5]

Parameter Values
Transmitted optical Power by 20mW
individual LED(pt.)
Room size (5×5×5)m3
Location of 4 LED’s (1.25,1.25,3),(1.25
,3.75,3),(3.75,1.25,
3),(3.75,3.75,3)
Semi-angle at half power(ø1/2) 30.70 degrees
Filter gain (ø) 1
No. Of LED’s per array 60×60
Active Area (A) 1cm2
Concentrator gain e(ø) 2.5
Table 2.1.1 Example of table of simulation [5]

Winy Mongwewarona et al. (2020) studied 10 papers from the 2016 to 2018
, where he said that Li-Fi can be used in many applications such as Hospital
management Patient monitoring, Vehicle Toll Collection System,
Automatic product identification and intelligent shopping billing, Smart
Transportation Framework, Low-cost video and audio streaming device.
And said that Li-Fi has potential in areas where secure networks are required
and where there is a need to track signal availability and transmission radius
as in banks and intelligence gathering like in military and Government
special operations. [4]

10
2.2 Existing Algorithm:
The existing Wi-Fi technology uses Radio waves to transmit the data which
generates radiation and sometimes the signal is too weak at some places
where communication is difficult and Wi-Fi is not much safer as there is a
chance of data corruption and there is a chance of theft of data. And there
are many problems as mentioned below.
• Capacity: Wireless data is transmitted through radio waves which are
limited and expensive. It has a limited bandwidth. With the rapidly growing
world and development of technologies like 3G, 4G and so on we are
running out of spectrum.
• Efficiency: There are 1.4 million cellular radio base stations that consume
massive amount of energy. Most of the energy is used for cooling down the
base station instead of transmission. Therefore efficiency of such base
stations is only 5%.
• Availability: Availability of radio waves is a big concern. It is not advisable
to use mobile phones in aero planes and at places like petrochemical plants
and petrol pumps.
• Security: Radio waves can penetrate through walls. They can be intercepted.
If someone has knowledge and bad intentions, they may misuse it. This
causes a major security concern for Wi-Fi.[8]
These above mentioned problems can be rectified using Li-Fi as follows
• Capacity: Light has 10000 times wider bandwidth than radio waves. Also,
light sources are already installed. So, Li-Fi has got better capacity and also
the equipment’s are already available.
• Efficiency: Data transmission using Li-Fi is very cheap. LED lights
consume less energy and are highly efficient.
• Availability: Availability is not an issue as light sources are present
everywhere. There are billions of light bulbs worldwide; they just need to
be replaced with LEDs for proper transmission of data.
• Security: Light waves do not penetrate through walls. So, they can‘t be
intercepted and misused.[8]

11
2.3 Proposed Algorithm:
The problem: spectrum crunch[16]
Unbeknownst to us, the air around us is filled with large blocks of data.
Phone masts, radio towers, remote controls, taxi radios, airport beacons, and
many more pour forth data on a daily basis. Through all of these data, we
have become so interconnected that we can’t imagine life without it. But as
the demand for big data continues to increase, everything could one day
grind to a halt. This is known as the spectrum crunch.
There have been talks of a looming spectrum crunch since the early 2000s.
The main reason for this is the overwhelming demand for radio frequencies
over which data can be transmitted. However, the radio spectrum is a finite
resource. As such, it can only allow so few broadcasts before it runs out of
available frequencies. And as the demand gets heavier, the day it arrives also
comes sooner.
To solve this problem, newer technologies are necessary to provide spectrum
relief. This is where Li-Fi comes in.
In this project we propose a model that transmits the data and audio from
transmitter to receiver. And the proposed model has two parts that is Li-Fi
receiver and Li-Fi transmitter.

Figure 2.3.1 Li-Fi Technology

12
 Chapter 3
Hardware Specifications of Audio Transmitter and
receiver
Li-Fi makes use of visible light through overhead lighting for the
transmission of data. This is possible through the use of a Visible Light
Communications (VLC) system for data transmission. A VLC system has
two qualifying components:
• At least one device containing a photodiode in order to receive light signals;
and
• A light source equipped with a signal processing unit for the transmission of
signals.
For designing a Li-Fi transmitter we need following devices
3.1. Hardware components For Transmitter circuit
1. An LED light source-

Figure 3.1.1 LED light

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits

light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor
recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The
colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined
by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. [17] White light is obtained by using multiple
semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor
device. [18]

13
Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs
emitted low-intensity infrared (IR) light. [19] Infrared LEDs are used
in remote-control circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of
consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and
limited to red. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing
small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Later
developments produced LEDs available in visible, ultraviolet (UV), and
infrared wavelengths, with high, low, or intermediate light output, for
instance white LEDs suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have
also given rise to new types of displays and sensors, while their high
switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology with
applications as diverse as aviation lighting, fairy lights, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera
flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical devices.
[20] In a light emitting diode, the recombination of electrons and electron
holes in a semiconductor produces
Light (be it infrared, visible or UV), a process called "electroluminescence".
The wavelength of the light depends on the energy band gap of the
semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high index of refraction,
design features of the devices such as special optical coatings and die shape
are required to efficiently emit light. [21]
Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither
spectrally coherent nor even highly monochromatic. Its spectrum is
sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human eye as a pure (saturated)
colour. [22] [23]. Also unlike most lasers, its radiation is not spatially
coherent, so it cannot approach the very high intensity characteristic
of lasers. By selection of different semiconductor materials, single-color
LEDs can be made that emit light in a narrow band of wavelengths from
near-infrared through the visible spectrum and into the ultraviolet range. As
the wavelengths become shorter, because of the larger band gap of these
semiconductors, the operating voltage of the LED increases.

14
Light can be used to transmit data and analog signals. For example, lighting
white LEDs can be used in systems assisting people to navigate in closed
spaces while searching necessary rooms or objects.
Assistive listening devices in many theatres and similar spaces use arrays of
infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes
(as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types
of fibre optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very
high bandwidth fibre links that form the Internet backbone. For some time,
computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces, which allowed
them to send and receive data to nearby machines via infrared.
Because LEDs can cycle on and off millions of times per second, very high
data bandwidth can be achieved.[24] for that reason, Visible Light
Communication (VLC) has been proposed as an alternative to the
increasingly competitive radio bandwidth.[25] By operating in the visible
part of the electromagnetic spectrum, data can be transmitted without
occupying the frequencies of radio communications.
The main characteristic of VLC, lies on the incapacity of light to surpass
physical opaque barriers. This characteristic can be considered a weak point
of VLC, due to the susceptibility of interference from physical objects, but
is also one of its many strengths: unlike radio waves, light waves are
confined in the enclosed spaces they are transmitted, which enforces a
physical safety barrier that requires a receptor of that signal to have physical
access to the place where the transmission is occurring. [26]
A promising application of VLC lies on the Indoor Positioning
System (IPS), an analogous to the GPS built to operate in enclosed spaces
where the satellite transmissions that allow the GPS operation are hard to
reach. For instance, commercial buildings, shopping malls, parking garages,
as well as subways
And tunnel systems are all possible applications for VLC-based indoor
positioning systems. Additionally, once the VLC lamps are able to perform
lighting at the same time as data transmission, it can simply occupy the
installation of traditional single-function lamps.

15
 Other applications for VLC involve communication between appliances of
a smart home or office. With increasing IoT-capable devices, connectivity
through traditional radio waves might be subjected to interference.
[27] Light bulbs with VLC capabilities can transmit data and commands for
such devices.
2. Input device
In computing, an input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data
and control signals to an information processing system, such as a computer
or information appliance. Input device for this case the input device is our
mobile phone or any source that generates the audio signal.

For designing a Li-Fi receiver we need following

3.2. Hardware components For Receiver circuit
1. Photo detector
Photo detectors, also called photo sensors, are sensors of light or
other electromagnetic radiation.[1] There is a wide variety of photo detectors
which may be classified by mechanism of detection, such as photoelectric or
photochemical effects, or by various performance metrics, such as spectral
response. Semiconductor-based photo detectors typically photo detector
have a p–n junction that converts light photons into current. The absorbed
photons make electron–hole pairs in the depletion region. Photodiodes and
photo transistors are a few examples of photo detectors. Solar cells convert
some of the light energy absorbed into electrical energy. Photo detectors
may be classified by their mechanism for detection
• Photoemission or photoelectric effect: Photons cause electrons to transition
from the conduction band of a material to free electrons in a vacuum or gas.
• Thermal: Photons cause electrons to transition to mid-gap states then decay
back to lower bands, inducing phonon generation and thus heat.
• Polarization: Photons induce changes in polarization states of suitable
materials, which may lead to change in index of refraction or other
polarization effects.
• Photochemical: Photons induce a chemical change in a material.

16
• Weak interaction effects: photons induce secondary effects such as in
photon drag detectors or gas pressure changes in Golay cells.
Photo-detectors may be used in different configurations. Single sensors may
detect overall light levels. A 1-D array of photo-detectors, as in
a spectrophotometer or a Line scanner, may be used to measure the
distribution of light along a line. A 2-D array of photo-detectors may be used
as an image sensor to form images from the pattern of light before it.
Photovoltaic cells or solar cells which produce a voltage and supply
an electric current when sunlight or certain kinds of light shines on them.

Figure 3.2.1 5-6v Solar cell

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electronic device that converts the
energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is
a physical and chemical phenomenon.[1] It is a form of photoelectric cell,
defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage,
or resistance, vary when exposed to light. Individual solar cell devices are
often the electrical building blocks of photovoltaic modules, known
colloquially as solar panels. The common single junction silicon solar cell
can produce a maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately 0.5 volts to
0.6volts. [32]
Solar cells are described as being photovoltaic, irrespective of whether the
source is sunlight or an artificial light. In addition to producing energy, they
can be used as a photo detector (for example infrared detectors), detecting
light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, or measuring
light intensity. [32]
The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic attributes:
• The absorption of light, generating excitons (bound electron-hole pairs),
unbound electron-hole pairs (via excitons), or Plasmon’s.

17
• The separation of charge carriers of opposite types.
• The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit.
In contrast, a solar thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for
the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power
generation from heat. A "photo electrolytic cell" (photo-electrochemical
cell), on the other hand, refers either to a type of photovoltaic cell (like that
developed by Edmond Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells), or
to a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and oxygen using only
solar illumination.
Photovoltaic cells and solar collectors are the two means of producing solar
power.
A solar cell is made of semiconducting materials, such as silicon, that have
been fabricated into a p–n junction. Such junctions are made by doping one
side of the device p-type and the other n-type, for example in the case of
silicon by introducing small concentrations
of boron or phosphorus respectively.
In operation, photons in sunlight hit the solar cell and are absorbed by the
semiconductor. When the photons are absorbed, electrons are excited from
the valence band to the conduction band (or from occupied to unoccupied
molecular orbitals in the case of an organic solar cell), producing electron-
hole pairs. If the electron-hole pairs are created near the junction between p-
type and n-type materials the local electric field sweeps them apart to
opposite electrodes, producing an excess of electrons on one side and an
excess of holes on the other. When the solar cell is unconnected (or the
external electrical load is very high) the electrons and holes will ultimately
restore equilibrium by diffusing back across the junction against the field
and recombine with each other giving off heat, but if the load is small
enough then it is easier for equilibrium to be restored by the excess electrons
going around the external circuit, doing useful work along the way.[32]
An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct
current (DC) electricity. An inverter can convert the power to alternating
current (AC).

18
 The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p–n
junction made from silicon. Other possible solar cell types are organic solar
cells, dye sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar
cells etc. The illuminated side of a solar cell generally has a transparent
conducting film for allowing light to enter into the active material and to
collect the generated charge carriers. Typically, films with high
transmittance and high electrical conductance such as indium tin oxide,
conducting polymers or conducting nanowire networks are used for the
purpose. [31]
2. Audio Amplifier
TEUTC TEA2025 is a monolithic integrated audio amplifier IC in a 16-pin
plastic dual in line package. It is originally designed for portable cassette
players and radios, but it can be used to make a pretty decent stereo audio
amplifier for an iPod or mp3 player. It requires very few external
components and can run on as low as 3 V power supply.
An interesting characteristic of TEA2025 is it has built-in thermal protection
circuit. If you want to run it at its full capacity (5 W), you should provide a
heat sink in the circuit. In case you don’t, the internal thermal protection
won’t let the device damage; all that happens is that the output power is
reduced when an excessive junction temperature is sensed.

Fig: 3.2.2 Schematic diagram of audio amplifier connected to TEA 2025

19
At the input stage, a logarithmic dual taper potentiometer (10 or 20 K) can
be used to provide the volume control feature. The 0.22 µF capacitors at the
input side help to minimize any noise due to variable resistor contact. The
0.15 µF capacitors at the output end are for frequency stability. Use of other
value capacitors could result in unwanted oscillations at the output. Long
wire connections and ground loops in the circuit could also cause
oscillations, so a good layout of the circuit PCB is very important. I built
this circuit on a 5 cm x 9 cm general purpose prototyping circuit board as
shown below. The circuit is put inside a 6 cm x 11 cm size plastic enclosure
and necessary connections (power supply, speaker, and stereo input
terminals) are drawn out of the box. The circuit can be powered from 3-12
V power supply. I am powering this with my spare 9.6V rechargeable battery
from my broken RC toy. I am happy with the performance of TEA2025 as
a stereo audio amplifier.

Components used in Audio amplifier:

Figure 3.2.3 Audio amplifier

TEA2025 IC:-

While LM386 is the most popular audio amplifier IC among hobbyists, it

provides the limited output power of only 1 Watt, and for stereo application,

20
 two LM386 ICs are required. This project is about making a 5 Watt stereo audio
amplifier using the UTC TEA2025 IC chip. [37]

The UTC TEA2025 is a monolithic integrated audio amplifier IC in a 16-pin

plastic dual in line package. It is originally designed for portable cassette players
and radios, but it can be used to make a pretty decent stereo audio amplifier for
an iPod or mp3 player. It requires very few external components and can run on
as low as 3 V power supply. The pin diagram of TEA2025 and the application
circuit for stereo application are shown below.

Figure 3.2.4 IC Diagram

Fig 3.2.5 Pin connection [37]

Capacitor:-
Capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different
ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read How
Batteries Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery,
chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the
other terminal. A capacitor is much simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new

21
 electrons -- it only stores them. Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two
metal plates separated by a non-conducting substance, or dielectric. You can easily
make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminium foil and a piece of paper. It won't
be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will work.

Figure 3.2.6 Capacitor

Speaker:-

A speaker is a term used to describe the user who is giving vocal commands to
a software program. Speakers are made up of a cone, an iron coil, a magnet, and
housing (case). When the speaker receives electrical input from a device, it sends
the current through the causing it to move back and forth. This motion then vibrates
the outer cone, generating sound waves picked up by our ears.

Figure 3.2.7 speaker

Resistance:-
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits,
resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may
be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with

22
 temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust
circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing
devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as
discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders
of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within
the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.
Resistor is used to resistance the flow of current. When resistor is placed in
a circuit, the current flow decreases when current passes through the resistor.
The part of current energy dissipate in the form of heat in resistor, thus
decrease the total current.
The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of
electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can
be found. The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs
when a current of one ampere passes through a resistor with a one volt drop across
its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends.

Figure 3.2.8 Resistor

3. Output device
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which
converts information into a human-perceptible form or, historically, into a
physical machine-readable form for use with other non-computerized
equipment.

23
 Here, in our project we are using a Pre-Amplifies speaker as an output
device.
As the name suggests, the pre-amplifier is the first stop for audio signal
before it travels through the amplifier and into your speakers. The pre-
amplifier performs two main functions: it handles switching between
different line level sources and boosts the signal before sending it to the
amplifier. A weak electrical signal becomes strong enough for additional
processing, preventing noise and offering cleaner output. If you have an AV
receiver with an integrated preamp, you don't need a dedicated pre-
amplifier. However, many home theatre enthusiasts prefer a separates setup
with both a pre-amplifier and amplifier because this arrangement can deliver
richer, fuller sound with minimal distortion. The higher gain and
independent power supply per component provide the clean sound
audiophiles crave.
 Power supply
Here, in our project we are using a 9-volt battery which acts as the power
supply for transmitter side.
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is an electric battery that supplies a
nominal voltage of 9 volts. Actual voltage measures 7.2 to 9.6 volts,
depending on battery chemistry. Batteries of various sizes and capacities are
manufactured; a very common size is known as PP3, introduced for
early transistor radios. The PP3 has a rectangular prism shape with rounded
edges and two polarized snap connectors on the top. This type is commonly
used for many applications including household uses such as smoke and gas
detectors, clocks, and toys. [22]

Figure 3.2.9 Types of batteries

The PP3 battery has both terminals in a snap connector on one end. The
smaller circular (male) terminal is positive, and the larger hexagonal or
octagonal (female) terminal is the negative contact. The connectors on the

24
 battery are the same as on the load device; the smaller one connects to the
larger one and vice versa.[5] The same snap-style connector is used on other
battery types in the Power Pack (PP) series. Battery polarization is normally
obvious, since mechanical connection is usually only possible in one
configuration.
A problem with this type of connector is that two loose batteries with
terminals exposed can touch and short circuit, discharging them, and
generating heat and possibly a fire. Keeping nine-volt batteries in their
packaging until use helps to avoid accidental discharge.

Figure 3.2.10 Battery connectors figure 3.2.11 battery

 Audio jacks :
A phone connector, also known as phone jack, audio jack, headphone
jack or jack plug, is a family of electrical connectors typically used
for analog audio signals. A plug, the male connector, is inserted into the
jack, the female connector. In more technical terms, the headphone jack and
plug are types of electrical connectors. Together, they transmit analog audio
signals between your headphones and an audio source. The metal pin of the
headphone plug has conductors that help transmit audio signals. These
conductors come in a gold, nickel, or brass finish, offering levels. In
contrast, the jack is basically a hollow barrel lined with conductors. The
number of wires inside your headphones’ cable matches the number of
conductors on their plug. So, two wires have two conductors, three wires
have three conductors, and so on.
This, in turn, corresponds to the conductors in the jack. When you insert a
plug into a compatible jack, all conductors should line up perfectly, allowing
the audio signal to pass through. The “headphone jack” is the port into which

25
 you plug your headphones. Sometimes, this is also called a phone jack, audio
jack, or AUX input. The “plug,” on the other hand, is the part at the end of
your headphones’ cable that you stick into the jack. Jacks and plugs are
assigned genders, as per the Association of Electrical & Mechanical Trades.
The “jack” is the “female connector”, while the “plug” is the “male
connector”.
The different headphone plug conductors have specific names, which are:
• Tip: Signal wire or left channel audio signal
• Ring: Right or left channel audio signal, common return and ground wire,
mic audio
• Sleeve: Common return and ground wire, mic audio
All headphone plugs have a tip and sleeve. What differentiates each plug is
the number of rings. For instance, plugs with one ring are 3-conductor plugs,
while those with no rings are 2-conductor plugs.
The terminology for these different combinations is as follows:
• TS (Tip-Sleeve): 2 conductors or poles
• TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve): 3 conductors or poles
• TRRS (Tip-Ring-Ring-Sleeve): 4 conductors or poles
• TRRRS (Tip-Ring-Ring-Ring-Sleeve): 5 conductors or poles

Figure 3.2.12 3.5mm Audio Jack

With the addition of a ring conductor (R), we open up different possibilities,
such as supporting balanced mono signals and unbalanced stereo signals. As
seen in the “Unbalanced Mono” column above, the engineer can opt to make
the additional conductor carry a microphone signal instead. In this case,

26
where the audio is unbalanced, we may also sometimes refer to this as
a single-ended plug.
Common Usage: These are the most common jack connectors, and you’ll
often see them on the end of most stock headphone cables. [28]

Figure 3.2.13 Parts of Audio Jack

Table 3.1.2 Specifications of Audio Jack

Unbalanced Balanced Unbalanced
Pin
Mono Mono Stereo

1 Ground Ground Ground

Optional Signal - Right audio
2
(mic, etc.) (Cold) channel
Signal Signal + Left audio
3
(Hot) channel

27
3.3. Block Diagram/ Architecture

Fig 3.2.1 Block diagram of proposed method

For the proposed method a LED light is used as an intermediate element that
is used to transmit the data between transmitter and receiver.
As shown in the figure 3.2.1 the block diagram showing the transmission of
signal in the form of light rays from transmitter to receiver. In this process
an Audio signal is sent from the input device to the LED where the audio
signal gets converted to light signal by varying its light intensity. Then the
Light signal is converted to Electric signal with the help of a Solar cell. Then
this electrical signal is sent to an Audio amplifier (here TEA 2025) where
the weak signal is amplified and gets converted to audio signal at speaker.
And the audio signal is audible with the help of an output device here it is a
speaker.

28
 Chapter 4
Design and Implementation
4.1 Working Principle
Li-Fi is an upcoming and on growing technology acting as competent for
various other developing and already invented technologies. The Li-Fi is
now attracting a great deal of attention, because it may offer a real and
efficient communication over radio-based wireless communication for the
increasing usage by many devices. The increasing number of people and
their devices access wireless Internet, the air waves are becoming gradually
more crammed, making it more difficult to get a consistent, high-speed
signal.
Li-Fi and Wi-Fi are quite similar as both transmit data electromagnetically.
However, Wi-Fi uses radio waves, while Li-Fi runs on visible light waves.
As we now know, Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communications (VLC) system.
This means that it accommodates a photo-detector to receive light signals
and a signal processing element to convert the data into 'stream able' content.
An LED light bulb is a semiconductor light source meaning that the constant
current of electricity supplied to an LED light bulb can be dipped and
dimmed, up and down at extremely high speeds, without being visible to the
human eye.
For example, data is fed into an LED light bulb (with signal processing
technology), it then sends data (embedded in its beam) at rapid speeds to the
photo-detector (photodiode).The tiny change in the rapid dimming of LED
bulbs is then converted by the 'receiver' into electrical signal. The signal is
then converted back into a binary data stream that we would recognize as
web, video and audio applications that run on internet-enabled devices. [33]

Fig 4.1.1 Working principle of li-fi technology [33]

29
The VLC light source can be in the form of a fluorescent bulb or a light
emitting diode (LED). LED light bulbs are the most optimum VLC light
source, however, since a robust Li-Fi system requires extremely high rates
of light output. Fluorescent bulbs emit light in a much wider band of
wavelengths, which makes it a relatively less efficient light source than
LED. LED, on the other hand, is a light source that emits light in a very
narrow band of wavelengths, making it a more efficient light source. [16]
LED is also a semiconductor, which implies that it can amplify light
intensity and switch rapidly. This is an important quality to look for in a
VLC light source because Li-Fi relies on the constant stream of photons
emitted as visible light for the transfer of data. When the current applied to
the light source is varied slowly, the light source dims up and down, which
makes it unsuitable as a source of light, not for the Li-Fi system, but as a
device for household illumination. To strike a balance between VLC light
source and household illumination, this current as well as the optical output
is modulated at extremely high speeds, making it detectable by the
photodiode device and converted back into electrical current, but
unperceivable by the human eye. Once these signals are received and
demodulated, they can now be converted into a continuous stream of binary
data that contain videos, images, audio, text, or applications that are readily-
consumable on any internet-enabled device. [16]
Because Li-Fi technology is still in its relative infancy, there is still much
room for growing innovation. One proposed innovation to the existing
technology includes creating a bidirectional communication system similar
to conventional broadband and Wi-Fi. This can be done by interchanging
visible light and infrared light from a photo detector, allowing connected
mobile devices to send back data to the light source for an uplink. Another
proposed innovation is the re-engineering of the multi- coloured RGB LEDs
to send and receive data on a wider range of signals than the single-coloured
phosphor-coated white LEDs. [16]

30
 Fig 4.1.2 Data flow through Li-Fi
4.2 Designing the Circuit
Transmitter which will emit the Li-Fi Signals Steps for building the
Transmitter are stated below. Connect the Negative (-ve) Terminal of your
LED with the GROUND terminal of the Headphone jack. Now, Connect the
Resistor to the Positive (+ve) Terminal of the LED. Connect the Positive
(+ve) Terminal of your 9 Volt Battery with the Resistor. Now at last connect
the Negative (-ve) Terminal of the Battery with the common wire of LEFT
and RIGHT Terminals from the 3.5 mm Jack to Complete the Circuit.

Fig 4.2.1 Schematic diagram for Li-Fi transmitter

31
The device provides the maximum gain of 45 db. However, it can be lowered
by placing an external RC series circuit between the feedback pin (6 and 11,
see pin diagram) and ground. The datasheet recommends not to reduce the
gain under 36 db. In order to get the maximum gain, use R=0 and C=100 µF
(as shown in the application circuit above) between the feedback and
ground.
The low cut-off frequency (FL) of the output signal depends upon the load
resistance (speaker, RL) and the output capacitor 470 µF. If the speaker
resistance is 4, the low cut-off frequency will be, FL = 1/ (2? CRL) = 80 Hz
An interesting characteristic of TEA2025 is it has built-in thermal protection
circuit. If you want to run it at its full capacity (5 W), you should provide a
heat sink in the circuit. In case you don’t, the internal thermal protection
won’t let the device damage; all that happens is that the output power is
reduced when an excessive junction temperature is sensed.
At the input stage, a logarithmic dual taper potentiometer (10 or 20 K) can
be used to provide the volume control feature. The 0.22 µF capacitors at the
input side help to minimize any noise due to variable resistor contact. The
0.15 µF capacitors at the output end are for frequency stability. Use of other
value capacitors could result in unwanted oscillations at the output. Long
wire connections and ground loops in the circuit could also cause
oscillations, so a good layout of the circuit PCB is very important.
For this project we built this circuit on a 5 cm x 9 cm general purpose
prototyping circuit board as shown below. The circuit is put inside a 6 cm x
11 cm size plastic enclosure and necessary connections (power supply,
speaker, and stereo input terminals) are drawn out of the box. The circuit
can be powered from 3-12 V power supply.

32
Figure 4.2.2 Prototype Circuit board connected with 2025 and other
miscellaneous elements

Fig 4.2.3 Schematic diagram for Li-Fi receive

33
4.3 Flow Chart

START

CONNECT THE INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

SWITCH ON THE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

SOLAR
PANEL
SEARCHING
FOR SIGNAL

DETECT THE AUDIO SIGNAL AND CONVERT IT INTO

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL

AMPLIFY THE SIGNAL USING AUDIO AMPLIFIER

AUDIO SIGNAL IS SENT TO SPEAKER

STOP

34
4.4 Implementation
The light fidelity technology refers to visible light communication that uses
light as a medium to deliver high speed data which is much greater than that
of Wi-Fi. Li-Fi data is transmitted in several bit streams and the receiver side
consisting an IR detector decodes the message. The transmission happens in
the form of binary data where 0 means LED in 'OFF' state and 1 means that
the LED is in the 'ON' state. Transmitter and receiver sections contain
Arduino which is programmed using Arduino IDE. High power intensity
LED’s are used in the Li-Fi transmitter. In receiver section photodiode
module is used to detect the light signal generated by the Li-Fi transmitter.
In this we are transmitting the 2 different data using light they are Audio
signal and Text signal. Hence the study of various topologies to understand
the characteristics a Li-Fi system. [39]
We conducted an experiment without an audio amplifier where we observed
that the output signal is very weak and sound is low. To overcome this we
proposed an audio amplifier.
We used TEA 2025 Audio amplifier to amplify the weak signal that we got
as an output.
For measuring the light intensity we use a device “Light meter”
IL luminance is the metric that is used to measure the light intensity
within a space. It is measured in foot-candles or lux – it is the amount
of light (lumens) falling on a surface (over any given square foot or
square meter). Therefore, light intensity is measured in terms of
lumens per square foot (footcandles) or lumens per square meter
(lux). Measuring the amount of light that falls on a surface allows us
to evaluate if we have sufficient light to perform various visual tasks.
Lumens (lm) are the unit of measurement we use to quantify the
amount of visible light the human eye can see. The luminous flux of
a particular light source is measured in lumens. You many have
noticed when you buy light bulbs for your house that they indicate
lumen output. The higher the lumen output, the ‘brighter’ or higher

35
 intensity the light source; the lower the lumen output, the less bright
or lower intensity the light source.
Lux is simply the unit of measure used to describe the number of
lumens falling on a square foot (footcandles) or square meter (lux) of
a surface. So let’s say you have a light source with 1,000 lumens. If
all of those 1,000 lumens are spread over a surface area of 1 square
meter, you’d have an IL luminance of 1,000 lux – i.e. the brightness
of an overcast day. But what if we spread this over 10x the area i.e.
10 square meters? Well, the IL luminance or lux would decrease to a
less intense and dimmer 100 lux. We use the same approach for
footcandles, only our units are lumens per square foot.
4.5 Advantages-
Security:
In contrast to radio frequency waves used by Wi-Fi, lights cannot penetrate
through walls and doors. This makes it more secure and makes it easier to
control access to a network As long as transparent materials like windows
are covered, access to a Li-Fi channel is limited to devices inside the room.
Underwater application:
Most remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) are controlled by
wired connections. The length of their cabling places a hard limit on their
operational range, and other potential factors such as the cable's weight and
fragility may be restrictive. Since light can travel through water, Li-Fi based
communications could offer much greater mobility. Li-Fi's utility is limited
by the distance light can penetrate water. Significant amounts of light do not
penetrate further than 200 meters. Past 1000 meters, no light penetrates.
Hospital:
Many treatments now involve multiple individuals, Li-Fi systems could be
a better system to transmit communication about the information of
patients. Besides providing a higher speed, light waves also have little effect
on medical instruments and human bodies.

36
 Vehicles:
Vehicles could communicate with one another via front and back lights to
increase road safety. Street lights and traffic signals could also provide
information about current road situations.
Industrial automation:
Anywhere in industrial areas data has to be transmitted, Li-Fi is capable of
replacing slip rings, sliding contacts and short cables, such as Industrial
Ethernet. Due to the real time capability of Li-Fi (which is often required for
automation processes) it is also an alternative to common industrial Wireless
LAN standards.
Speed:
Li-Fi can possibly deliver data transfer speeds of 224 gigabits per second which
clearly leaves Wi-Fi far behind. As per the tests conducted by pure LiFi, the
technology produced over 100 Gbps in a controlled environment. Moreover, the
visible light spectrum is 1,000 times larger than the 300 GHz of RF spectrum
which helps in gaining high speed.
Energy Efficiency:
Usually, Wi-Fi needs two radios to communicate back and forth which takes a lot
of energy to discern the signal from the noise as there may be several devices using
the same frequency. Each device has an RF transmitter and baseband chip for
enabling communication. However, as Li-Fi uses LED lights, the transmission
requires minimal additional power for enabling communication.
Data Density:
Owing to the interference issues, Wi-Fi works in a less dense environment while
Li-Fi works in a highly dense environment. The area covered by one Wi-Fi access
point has 10s or 100s of lights and each LiFi light can deliver the same speed or
greater than a Wi-Fi access point.
Therefore, in the same area, LiFi can provide 10, or 100, or 1000 times’ greater
wireless capacity.
• It provides high amount of security as data communication in line of sight
(LOS). Moreover Li-Fi signal covers low region does not pass through the
walls. This will avoid unwanted access of Li-Fi signal by unauthorized
persons.

37
• The Li-Fi devices consume low power for operation and hence used in Iota
applications.
• It uses optical spectrum and hence avoids already crowded RF spectrum
• As it operates on optical bands which are not harmful like RF spectrum.
Hence there is no health concerns in Li-Fi based systems.
• There is great amount of energy reduction in lighting industry which uses
Li-Fi based devices.
• It can be used to control traffic where the vehicles communicate using the
light as shown in below figure

Figure 4.5.1 data transmission in traffic control system

• Used in Military application where the data need to be secured and could
communicate easily and securely

Figure 4.5.2 communication among military vehicles using light

• Can be used in the place where the radio signals (Wi-Fi signals) are weak
but there is a need of the signal such as hospitals and any closed places where
there is a need of the signal.

• Figure 4.5.3 Li-Fi application in a closed space

38
 Chapter-5
Result and Conclusion
5.1. Results

The Project is carried under three environments. They are

 Dark Room environment
 In natural Light environment
 In Artificial Brightly LED light Environment
I. Under Dark room environment-
For creation of dark room environment the doors and windows of a room
are all closed properly to make sure there is no light source other than
the LED light transmitted from the transmission session
In such environment the response is as shown below in fig.5.1.1 .It was
observed that transmission of audio signal was successful and the signal
would be transmitted upto distance of 50cms with clear audio signal
reception (less noise).If the distance between the transmitter and the
receiver beyond 50 cm it was observed that output audio signal be
noisier.

Fig 5.1.1 output when the circuit is kept in the dark room

II. Under Natural light environment:

For this environment an open area, where there is only natural light
without any other light source other than natural light and LED. The
result of this environment is as shown below in figure 4.1.2. It was
observed that the transmission of audio signal was successful and the
39
 signal can be transmitted upto 22 cm there was a clear audio signal with
lesser noise but later on it was observed that noise is more than the audio
signal.

Fig 5.1.2 Output when the circuit is kept in the natural light

III. Under Artificial Brightly lit environment

• For this environment a room is selected where the artificial lights were
present. It was observed that the transmission of audio signal distance
that could be transmitted was limited to 3cms without noise. As the
distance increases higher level of noise was introduced which detoriated
the transmission. It is observed that when the system is kept under a
regularly used LED light it produces more noise. This is because of the
interference of the light signal that doesn’t have any information, which
is carried out by that light.

40
5.2. Conclusion

The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of interest, not least
because it may offer a genuine and efficient alternative to radio based
wireless. As a growing number of people and their devices access wireless
internet, the air waves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more
and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. So Li-Fi has a bright
future. LI FI will make are lives more technology driven in the near future.
With its magic of light it can make our world a greener, safer, cleaner and
more over a brighter place to live.

From the designing stages to the construction and implementation, it can be

seen that the work has successfully demonstrated the workability of a
wireless data transmission through LED light bulbs. This also means that
Visible Light Communication provides an environmentally friendly
alternative to radio frequency.
Light Fidelity provides a more secure means of data communication than
other technologies like Wi-Fi. From the tests conducted, an opaque obstacle
totally cuts off communication between a transmitter and receiver; hence,
communication on a Li-Fi network cannot easily be intercepted. However,
as much as this is an advantage, it also poses a limitation to its deployment
in certain places, like parks, school premises and other public places.
In this purview, in order to achieve a full coverage, Wi-Fi can be deployed
alongside Li-Fi to cover areas outside Li-Fi coverage. This work can be
improved upon by amplifying the signal using components with higher
capacity to enable the amplified signal to travel farther. It is observed that
when the system is kept under a regularly used LED light it produces more
noise. This is because of the interference of the light signal that doesn’t have
any information, which is carried out by that light.
Future designs should accommodate range upwards of 10ft between
transmitter and receiver. Another area of improvement is the development
of wearable devices like headphones that can serve as the receivers. This
will make it suitable for use in conferences, airports, cinemas and other
public places where noise level should be kept under control.

41
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45
 Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women
(Autonomous)
All UG courses Accredited by NBA and NAAC A Grade
(Affiliated to OU & Approved by AICTE)
Chapel road, Hyderabad – 500001
2022-2023

Project Title: Audio and Data Transmission Using Li-Fi Technology

Guide(s): Dr.K.Padmavathi
Associate Professor

Student Name(s):
A.Praharsha (160619735005)
D.Vaishnavi (160619735012)
M.Sriteja (160619735028)
Academic Year: 2022-2023
Conclusion of the Project:
• The concept of Li-Fi is currently attracting a great deal of interest, not least
because it may offer a genuine and efficient alternative to radio based
wireless. As a growing number of people and their devices access wireless
internet, the air waves are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more
and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. From the designing
stages to the construction and implementation, it can be seen that the work
has successfully demonstrated the workability of a wireless data transmission
through LED light bulbs. This also means that Visible Light Communication
provides an environmentally friendly alternative to radio frequency. Light
Fidelity provides a more secure means of data communication than other
technologies like Wi-Fi. From the tests conducted, an opaque obstacle totally
cuts off communication between a transmitter and receiver; hence,
communication on a Li-Fi network cannot easily be intercepted. However, as
much as this is an advantage, it also poses a limitation to its deployment in
certain places, like parks, school premises and other public places. It is
observed that when the system is kept under a regularly used LED light it
produces more noise. This is because of the interference of the light signal
that doesn’t have any information, which is carried out by that light.

46
PO Mapping:

Name Of the CO N0. Description of application page Attained Attai

course number in report PO ned
PSO

Analog PC261EC. Design of Audio amplifier and radio PO1,PO2 PS01

Electronic 5 frequency amplifier ,PO3,PO .PSO
Circuit lab 6 2
Page no-

Electronic PC251.1 Use the basic electronic components PO1,PO2 PSO

workshop lab EC and design circuits ,PO3 1
page no

Analog PC501.EC. Design Analog communication PO1,PO2 PS02

Communication 3 system to meet desired needs ,PO3
Page no.-

Electronic PC604EC. Describe the characteristics of an PO1,PO2 PS01

Measurements 1 instrument and state different
and standards of measurements.
Instrumentation
Mobile and PC721.5 Understand the development and PO1,PO6 PSO
cellular EC limitation of preliminary and ,PO7 1,PA
Communication advanced generation of mobile O2
systems and the present trends in
cellular communication and future
communication requirements

47