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Practical BPSK Communication Python and Theory Part 2

The document discusses the Nyquist ISI Criterion, emphasizing the importance of pulse shaping to avoid intersymbol interference (ISI) using Raised-Cosine and Root-Raised-Cosine pulses. It also covers the construction and interpretation of eye diagrams to measure ISI effects and noise margins, along with the characteristics of an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. Finally, it addresses matched filtering for optimal signal detection and compares theoretical versus simulated Bit Error Rate (BER) performance.

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30 views3 pages

Practical BPSK Communication Python and Theory Part 2

The document discusses the Nyquist ISI Criterion, emphasizing the importance of pulse shaping to avoid intersymbol interference (ISI) using Raised-Cosine and Root-Raised-Cosine pulses. It also covers the construction and interpretation of eye diagrams to measure ISI effects and noise margins, along with the characteristics of an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. Finally, it addresses matched filtering for optimal signal detection and compares theoretical versus simulated Bit Error Rate (BER) performance.

Uploaded by

wshafi221
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

3 Nyquist ISI Criterion and Pulse Shaping

1.3.1 Nyquist Criterion for Zero ISI

To avoid ISI, the pulse’s spectrum must satisfy:

∑m=−∞∞P(f−mRs)=constant,\sum_{m=-\infty}^{\infty} P(f - mR_s) =


\text{constant},m=−∞∑∞P(f−mRs)=constant,

ensuring zero overlap at sampling instants.

1.3.2 Raised-Cosine (RC) vs. Root-Raised-Cosine (RRC)

 Raised-Cosine: Nyquist pulse with roll-off factor α\alphaα, zero ISI.


 Root-Raised-Cosine: Square-root of RC in frequency; convolving tx and rx RRC yields
RC.
 Bandwidth: B=Rs (1+α)/2B = R_s\,(1+\alpha)/2B=Rs(1+α)/2.

1.3.3 RRC Impulse Response

h(t)=sin (πt(1−α))+4αtcos (πt(1+α))πt(1−(4αt)2),h(t)= \frac{\sin\bigl(\pi t(1 - \alpha)\bigr) +


4\alpha t\cos\bigl(\pi t(1 + \alpha)\bigr)} {\pi t\bigl(1 - (4\alpha
t)^2\bigr)},h(t)=πt(1−(4αt)2)sin(πt(1−α))+4αtcos(πt(1+α)),

with special-case limits at t=0t=0t=0 and t=±1/(4α)t=\pm1/(4\alpha)t=±1/(4α).

Figure 1.2: RRC Impulse Response

This plot shows normalized RRC taps for α=0.35\alpha=0.35α=0.35 and span=10.

1.4 Eye Diagram Interpretation

1.4.1 Construction of Eye Diagram

Overlay consecutive 2-symbol windows of the transmit waveform:

1. Skip initial filter transient (span×sps\mathrm{span}\times\mathrm{sps}span×sps


samples).
2. For each trace kkk, plot samples [n0+k sps:n0+k sps+2 sps][n_0 + k\,sps : n_0 + k\,sps +
2\,sps][n0+ksps:n0+ksps+2sps].

1.4.2 Eye Opening and ISI Measurement


 Eye Opening: Vertical distance at sampling instant → noise margin.
 ISI Effects: Distortion or closure of eye indicates residual ISI.
 Jitter: Horizontal slope at the crossing defines timing sensitivity.

Figure 1.3: Eye Diagram

This figure overlays 20 traces, revealing ISI and noise margin.

1.5 AWGN Channel and Eb/N₀ Scaling

1.5.1 AWGN Model

AWGN n(t)n(t)n(t) has:

 Mean: E[n(t)]=0E[n(t)] = 0E[n(t)]=0.


 Autocorrelation: Rn(τ)=(N0/2) δ(τ)R_n(\tau) = (N_0/2)\,\delta(\tau)Rn(τ)=(N0/2)δ(τ).

1.5.2 Discrete-Time Noise Variance

σ2=N02=12 10Eb/N0(dB)/10.\sigma^2 = \frac{N_0}{2} =


\frac{1}{2\,10^{\mathrm{Eb}/N_0(\mathrm{dB})/10}}.σ2=2N0=210Eb/N0(dB)/101.

Used to scale AWGN added to the transmit waveform.

1.6 Matched Filtering & Decision

1.6.1 Matched Filter Design

The matched filter for pulse p(t)p(t)p(t) is hmf(t)=p(T−t)h_\mathrm{mf}(t)=p(T-t)hmf(t)=p(T−t),


maximizing output SNR.

1.6.2 Group Delay and Sampling

Filter length L=2 span×sps+1L=2\,\mathrm{span}\times\mathrm{sps}+1L=2span×sps+1


→ group delay (L−1)/2(L-1)/2(L−1)/2 samples.
Sampling instants: n=delay+k spsn = \text{delay} + k\,\mathrm{sps}n=delay+ksps for
k=0…nbits−1.k=0\ldots n_\mathrm{bits}-1.k=0…nbits−1.

Figure 1.4: Sampling Instants on MF Output


This plot marks symbol decision instants within the waveform.

1.7 Bit Error Rate (BER) Performance

1.7.1 Theoretical vs. Simulated BER

 Theoretical: Pb=Q(2 Eb/N0)P_b = Q(\sqrt{2\,E_b/N_0})Pb=Q(2Eb/N0).


 Simulated: Empirical BER computed over multiple Eb/N₀ values.

Figure 1.5: BER vs. Eb/N₀

This figure compares simulation results against theoretical prediction.

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