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The document discusses circular and hyperbolic functions of complex numbers, defining key functions such as sine, cosine, and their hyperbolic counterparts. It includes relationships, addition and product formulas, and periodicity of these functions. Additionally, it provides a table of values for sinh, cosh, and tanh functions.
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Save Hyperbolic basics For Later 2. Circular Functions Of Complex Numbers
< psa nd subtraction of (4) and (5) given on page 1.4
Se forms are known as Euler's Exporfential Forms Of ci
Further, it zis a Complex number we define. rbolas, which the circular functions have with circles. (Se,
§ 4 (b) page 3.4.), 7
Kee,
Definition : If x is real or complex oe is called hyper,
pape
cosine of x and is denoted by cosh x and © a is called hyper,
sine of x and is denoted by sinh x.
Thus,
Other hyperbolic functions are defined as tanh x =
scosech x= —1—, coth x=—1—
cosh x sinh x ‘lanhar
y (a) Relationship between hyperbolic and circular functions
3
() [Sinixzisinnx] and [sinh x=~isin ix
‘sech x=
ixee-i
We have sin x=@-"=2—"*
2i
. Px_ 9 4?x
en = 2 — 9 ‘i
2
e =) ‘
=i[*>S—]sisinnx Andsinnx =1 si 4
sinh x 7 Sin ix=—isin Lie Cat a:
Similarly we can prove that
[cos ix = cosh x; tan ix=/tanh x | And
three more results for remaining three functions, i 2 sinh (-x) = — sinh x
(ii) Similarly
e*+e* ex-9~x
2 & Seana aie
w)
Square Relations
cosh x +sinhx =
1. cosh 2 x- sinh? x=1
2. sech 2 x+ tanh? x=1
3. coth 2 x—cosech? x=1
(b) Addition Formulae
1. sinh (x+y) = sinh xcosh y + cosh xsinh y
2. cosh (x+y) = cosh x cosh y+ sinh xsinh y
_ _tanh x + tanh y
3. annie ~ 4+ tanh x-tanhy Formulae for 2x and 3x
1. sinh 2x =2 sinh x cosh x
2. cosh 2x = cosh? x+ sinh ? x
=2cosh?x-1
E =142sinh?x
Stanhox = 2th
1+ tanh? x
4.sinh 3x =3sinh x+4 sinh Sx
ie §. cosh 3x = 4 cosh $ x-3 cosh x
_ Gtanh x + tanh Sx
6. tanh 3x =
1+3 tanh? x
7 sinh x = 2tanh x/2
4— tanh? x/2
8. coshx = Lttanh2x/2
1- tanh? x/2
9. tanh x = —2-tanh_x/2_
1+ tanh2x/2 (d) Product Formulae
1. sinh (x + y) + sinh (x- y) = 2 sinh x cosh y
2. sinh (x + y) - sinh (x— y) = 2 cosh x sinh y
3. cosh (x + y) + cosh (x— y) = 2 cosh xcosh y
‘ Sh (x + y) — cosh (x— y) = 2 sinh xsinh y
sinh y=2 sinh es vy = et emt
yoosh® ¥ 2 ,
dy _¢ (etre
ode oe ( 2 2 = sinh x.
qj
Pe ify=cosh x, GP =sinh x
_ ex=e*
ityz tanh x Y= eae
Y
/ dy do (ete
Ox ~ ax (ere owe!
_ (0% + 0% )leA emi eNG irom Ne eared
(e%+e*)2
_ (02% # Bite nek) = (eeeaiuea es)
= (ex+e*)2
2
- (Praga =sech ? x.
_ sinh x
[Ory = coshx
_ dy _ cosh x- cosh x= sinh x- sinh x
” dK cosh? x
1
cosh? x
=sech2x ]
d
=t LY ~ sech?
If y=tanhx, dx sech? x = cosh (x= 2nni)
“Hence, cosh x is a periodic function of period
“Inthe same way we can prove that tanh x periodi
epost to prove the perioty of nyperbolc functions we
of
sinh x cosh 2% j+cosh xsinh ani
0 sinh (x+2ni) =
h xsin 27
inh x cos 2x + cos!
FE ‘ = sinh X
Hence, sinh x is periodic with period 2 7!
(i cosh (x + 2) cosh xeash 2x /+ sinh xsinn 2x 7
; sh xcos 2m + ‘sinh x sin 2n
= cosh x
Hence, cosh xis periodic with period to 2m /
Note thatthe period of hyperbolic functions is imaginary.
Ee Table Of Values Of so Fundtiony
From the definitions of sinh
eee sof sinh x, cosh x, tanh x we can obtain
| x 0 he a
sinh x 0 re
cosh x 1 2 3
tanh x 6 5 ;
Further, we note that, since
ees me. 0, tanh (=)=1
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