Exponential form of a complex no &

Euler’s formula.
Exponential form of a complex no is
z=rei
We Know that,
ex=1+x+x2/2!+x3/3!+. . . .
Replacing x by ix
e = 1+ix+
ix i x
2 2
+ i x
3 3
+ i x
4 4
+ i x
5 5
+ ...
2! 3! 4! 5!
Now, i2=-1, i3=-i, i4=1, i5=i,...
x 2
ix 3
e = 1+ix- - + + + ...
ix x 4 ix 5

2! 3! 4! 5!
 x 2
ix 3
e = 1+ix- - + + + ...
ix x 4 ix 5

2! 3! 4! 5!
eix = (1-x2/2!+x4/4!-……)+
i(x-x3/3!+x5/5!-……….)
We Know that,
sinx=x-x3/3!+x5/5! –x7/7!+. . .
cosx=1-x2/2!+x4/4! –x6/6!+. . .
eix=cosx+isinx{ Euler’s
e-ix=cosx-isinx formula
And
z=rei=r(cos+isin)
Circular functions of a complex no:-
From Euler’s formula
eix=cosx+isinx …..(1)
e-ix=cosx-isinx …..(2)
Now (1) +(2)
cosx= e ix
+e -ix
…..(3)
2
And (1) - (2)
sinx= e ix
-e -ix
…..(4)
2i
Equation (3) & (4) are called Circular
functions.
If z is a Complex Number,
we define Circular fns of Complex
variable z=x+iy by

cosz= e iz
+e -iz

sinz= e iz
-e -iz

2i
 Hyperbolic function:-
If x is real or complex,
Hyperbolic sine of x denoted by sinhx
and is defined as,
sinhx= e -e
x -x
sinh0= e 0
-e -0
=0
2 2
coshx= e +e
x -x
cosh0= e 0
+e -0
=1
2 2
ex-e-x
tanhx= ex+e-x
Relation between Circular &
Hyperbolic function:-
(1) sin(ix)=i sinhx
We know that
sinx= e ix
-e -ix

2i
Replace x by ix
sinix= e i(ix)
-e -i(ix)

2i
i x -i x
2 2
sinix= e - e
2i
 x 2
-i x
2
sinix= e - e
i

2i
= e -x
-e x

2i
ex-e-x
=-( 2i )
e x
-e -x
=i2 ( 2i )
e x
=i ( 2 ) -e -x

sin(ix)= i sinhx -----------(1)

(2) cos(ix)=coshx

cosx = e ix
+e -ix

2
Replacing x by ix,

cosix = e +e
-x +x
= e x
+e -x

2 2
cos(ix) = coshx -----------(2)
 sinix = i sinhx -----------(1)

cosix = coshx -----------(2)

(3) tanix=i tanhx
(1)/(2)
tanix = sinix = isinhx =itanhx
cosix coshx
Similarly we can prove
cosecix = -i cosechx
secix =sechx
cotix=-i cothx
From, sin(ix)= i sinhx -----------(1)
Replacing x by ix, we get
sin [i(ix)] = i sinh(ix)
sin(-x )= i sinh(ix)
-sin x = i sinh(ix)
i2 sinx = i sinh(ix)
So, sinh(ix) =i sinx -----(4)
Similarly from
cosix = coshx -----------(2)
cos(ix)= coshx -----------(2)
Replacing x by ix, we get
cos [i(ix)] = cosh(ix)
cos(-x )= cosh(ix)
cos x = cosh(ix)
So, cosh(ix) = cos x ------(5)
If we divide (4) by (5) we get
tanh(ix) = i tan x ---------(6)
 Identities for Hyperbolic Functions:-
(1) cosh2x–sinh2x=1
We Know that,
sin2x+cos2x=1
Replacing x by ix
sin2(ix)+cos2(ix)=1 ( sinix=isinhx)
( cosix=coshx)
(i sinhx)2+(coshx)2=1
i2 sinh2x+cosh2x=1
-sinh2x+cosh2x=1
cosh2x–sinh2x=1…….(1)
(2) sech2x = 1- tanh2x
sec2x=1+tan2x
sec2(ix)=1+tan2(ix)
(secix)2=1+(tanix)2
sech2x=1+i2tanh2x
sech2x=1-tanh2x ……..(2)
(3) cosech2x=coth2x-1
Hint cosec2x=1+cot2x
(4) sinh2x=2sinhx coshx
Hint sin2x=2sinx cosx
(5) sinhx= 2tanh(x/2)
1-tanh2(x/2)
2tan(x/2)
sinx= 1+tan2(x/2)

2tan(ix/2)
sin(ix)= 1+tan2(ix/2)

i sinhx= 2itanh(x/2)
1+i2tanh2(x/2)
2 tanh(x/2)
sinhx = ……(5)
1 - tanh2(x/2)
 1+tanh 2
(x/2)
(6) coshx= 1-tanh2(x/2)

(7) tanhx = 2tanh(x/2)

1+tanh2(x/2)
Q:- Find tanhx if 5sinhx – coshx = 5
Dividing & Squaring the given relation
by coshx
(5tanhx-1)2= (5sechx)2
25tanh2x–10tanhx+1=25sech2x
25tanh2x–10tanhx+1= 25(1-tanh2x)
50tanh2x–10tanhx–24=0

25tanh2x–5tanhx–12=0
25tan h2x–5tanhx–12=0

(5tanhx – 4) (5tanhx + 3) = 0

5tanhx-4=0 & 5tanhx + 3 = 0

tanhx = 4/5 or -3/5

Q: Prove that,
(coshx - sinhx)n = coshnx - sinhnx

L.H.S = (coshx - sinhx)n

=( 2
-
2
=) ( )
ex + e-x ex – e-x n 2e-x n
2
n
=(e )=e-nx
-x

R.H.S = coshnx - sinhnx

= e nx
+ e -nx
e nx
- e -nx 2e -nx
- = =e-nx
2 2 2
L.H.S = R.H.S
Q.If sin=tanhx then s.t. tan=sinhx.
Here sin=tanhx  sin2=tanh2x
 1-sin 2
=1-tanh 2
x
 cos 2
=sech 2
x
 cos=sechx
Thus tan= sin = tanhx
cos sechx

= sinhx/coshx
1/coshx
=sinhx
 P.T. cosechx+cothx=coth(x/2).
Soln
LHS= cosechx+cothx
1 . coshx
= sinhx+ sinhx

= 1+coshx
sinhx
2cosh 2
(x/2)
= 2sinh(x/2)cosh(x/2).

= cosh(x/2)
sinh(x/2)
=coth(x/2)
 1
P.T. = cosh2x
1
1-
1
1-
1-cosh2x
Soln
1
LHS=
1
1-
1
1-
1-cosh2x
 1
=
1
1-
1
1-
1-cosh2x
Using cosh2x-sinh2x=1,

= 1
1
1- 1
1-
-sinh2x
 1
=
1
1-
1
1-
-sinh2x
1
=
1
1-
1+ cosech 2
x

1 1+cosech2x=coth2x
=
1
1 - coth2x
 1
=
1
1-
coth2x

= 1
1- tanh2x
1 1-tanh2x=sech2x
=
sech2x

=cosh2x = R.H.S.
Q:- If tan(x/2) = tanh(u/2) then P-T

(1) sinhu = tanx

(2) coshu = secx

(3) u = log tan((/4)+(x/2))

since tanh(u/2)=tan(x/2)
. e(u/2)-e(-u/2) =tan(x/2)
.. e(u/2)+e(-u/2)
e(u/2)-1/e(u/2) =tan(x/2)
e(u/2)+1/e(u/2)
eu-1 = tan(x/2)
eu+1 1
By componendo and dividendo
eu-1+eu+1 = tan(x/2)+1
eu+1-eu+1 1-tan(x/2)
eu-1+eu+1 = tan(x/2)+1
eu+1-eu+1 1-tan(x/2)
2eu = 1+tan(x/2)
2 1-tan(x/2)
eu = 1+tan(x/2)
1-tan(x/2)
e-u = 1-tan(x/2)
1+tan(x/2)
Now,
sinhu= e u
-e -u

2
 1 1+tan(x/2) 1-tan(x/2)
]
=
] -
2 1-tan(x/2) 1+tan(x/2)

1
]
=
]
(1+tan(x/2))2–(1-tan(x/2))2
2 12-tan2(x/2)

1 + tan2(x/2) + 2 tan(x/2)-
1 – tan2(x/2) + 2 tan(x/2)
1
=
2 1 – tan2(x/2)
 1 4tan(x/2)
]
=
] = 2tan(x/2)
2 1-tan 2
(x/2) 1-tan2(x/2)
. =tanx
. . sinhu=tanx …..(1)
As cosh2u–sinh2u=1
coshu =1 + sinh2u
= 1 + tan2x (From-1)
=secx
.
. . coshu= secx …..(2)
Also,
eu = 1+tan(x/2)
1-tan(x/2)
= tan(/4)+tan(x/2)
1- tan(/4)tan(x/2)
eu=tan((/4)+(x/2))

u=logtan((/4)+(x/2))….(3)
 Q. If tany = tantanh &
tanz = cottanh then Prove that
tan(y + z) = sinh2 cosec2
Solution:-
tan(y + z) = tany + tanz
1 - tanytanz
tan tanh + cottanh
=
1 - tan tanh cot tanh
= (tan + cot)tanh
1 – tanh2
 (tan + cot)tanh
tan(y + z) =
1 – tanh2

( + )
sin cos
cos sin
sinh
cosh
=
sech2
 (
sin+ cos
cos sin
)( )
sinh 
cosh 
=
sech2

1
sin cos
( cosh )
sinh

=
1
cosh2
 cosh
(
 sinh
)
2
=
sin cos cosh

2 cosh sinh
=
2 sin cos

sinh2
=
sin2

tan(y+z)= sinh2 cosec2

Recall
sinix = i sinhx -------- (1)
cosix = coshx -------- (2)
tanix=i tanhx -------- (3)
sinh(ix) =i sinx ------- (4)
cosh(ix) = cos x ------ (5)
tanh(ix) = i tan x ------ (6)