Persistence and Perseverance

MERRYLAND HIGH SCHOOLS ENTEBBE, BIOLOGY SEMINAR

ANSWERS
ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCT 1

Item 1
Effects of human activities on the natural resources.
✓ deforestation as a result of clearing of large areas of land leading to global
warming hence increased temperatures. This leads to infertility of the area as its
always dry.
✓ loss of biodiversity due illegal poaching leading to reduced number of animal
species.
✓ illegal poaching leads to decline in wildlife population leading to extinction of animal
species.
✓ Poaching leads to loss of ecosystem balance as a result of disruption of the food
chains and food webs.
✓ Poaching leads to loss of tourism revenue as poached animals reduce the parks
appeal to visitors hence loss of jobs to the local people.
✓ Poaching leads to cultural heritage such as Uganda kobs when poached which
erodes traditional values and norms.
What can be done to reduce the effects
• deforestation solved by afforestation/agroforestry/re-afforestation
• setting up anti-poaching units by training more anti-poaching teams to protect
wildlife.
• Sensitization campaign on the community on importance to conserve the animals.
• Offering the community members employment in the ecotourism sector hence
becoming active partners in conservation.
Benefits of persevering heritage sites like UNESCO
• beautiful scenery to attract tourists leading to income and also provide
educational value to foreigners.
• Avoids extinction of animal and plants.
• Improved crop yield hence better harvest
• Preservation of the heritage provides cultural and historical value to the nation
• Job creation of those working there

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“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated.” —R. Collier
Happiness
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Item 2
Challenges of the factory on the river
✓ Water pollution by producing chemical wastes into the water that change the
water PH killing the living organisms such as fish hence reducing fish numbers.
✓ The factory releases hot water into the river after cooling the machines, this
changes the temperature of the water killing aquatic organisms.
✓ The river is enriched with chemicals such as nitrates and phosphates that favour
algal blooms which when decompose use up the oxygen leading to death of fish
species leading to reduced biodiversity.
✓ Air pollution as the factory releases toxic fumes into the atmosphere such as
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide that dissolve in water causing acid rain that
burn plant leaves reducing on the photosynthetic rate of leaves of a plant. This
brings about reduced crop yield.
✓ Heaping of soil at the river bank leads to erosion of soil into the river leading to
chocking of the river with soil hence loss of habitat for fish.
✓ Noise pollution by the factory due to running machines that disturbs the
community’s peace and causes migration of people to new areas.

Ways to minimize the effects of the challenges

• Treating of wastes before release into the water body to overcome pollution.
• Afforestation/reforestation/agroforestry to absorb gases such as Carbondioxide
that bring about global warming and soil erosion.
• Construction of the factory away from the community to reduce on noise pollution.
• Fitting air filters in the chimneys of the vent pipes that take out the chemical
wastes into the air to reduce on air pollution.
• Cooling the water before release into the waterbody.

Value of conserving rivers

• River banks have soils that are used for growing vegetables as they give ready
water for irrigation.
• They are a source of clean water for animals to drink
• They contain sand that is a natural resource used for building bringing income.

Item 3
Environmental problems likely addressed by the town clerk and mayor
✓ Dumping of raw sewage leads to disease such as typhoid, cholera that affect
humans that use that water leading to poor health of the people.

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Happiness
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✓ Sewage contains nitrates and phosphates that enrich the water body favoring
nitrates and phosphates that favour algal blooms which when decompose use up
the oxygen leading to death of fish species leading to reduced biodiversity.
✓ Burning plastics and polythene releases toxic fumes into the air that cause
breathing difficulties to humans and their animals eventually leading to death.
✓ Clearing swamps for agriculture leads to habitat loss for organisms.
✓ When swamps are cleared, flooding of people’s homes occurs causing migrations
to occur.
✓ Depletion of sand which is a natural resource for building
✓ Many in cattle eat up vegetation and leave the land bear for agents of erosion to
carry away top soil hence reduce yields.

How to solve the above effects?

• Recycle and reuse plastics to clean up the environment
• Treatment of sewage before release into the water body to reduce on water
borne diseases
• Plant more trees/ agroforestry/Re-afforestation
• Sustainable use of swamps through reduced encroachment by sensitization.
• Paddock system of grazing to reduce on overcrowding of cattle.

c) why conserve swamps

➢ source of raw materials such as papyrus reeds for the local factory there by
supporting lively hoods.
➢ increases water purification before release into the main water body.
➢ swamps contain sand in them that is used for building
➢ mitigates floods as they absorb excess water and slowly release it into the
surrounding water bodies.
➢ Erosion control by shrubs, grasses tress
➢ Reduction in greenhouse gases as they absorb carbondioxide hence a happy planet
➢ They offer scientists research and education on biodiversity and economic
introduction.

Item 4
effects of environmental challenges
✓ clearing swamps for settlement leads to loss of habitat for living organism
such as fish leading to decreased yield for the fishing factory.
✓ clearing swamps reduces water purification hence causing water borne
diseases.

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✓ loss of raw materials for building industry such as papyrus

✓ extinction of endangered species of plants leading to their reduced numbers
as swamps are cleared.
✓ no space to settle during water flow as it runs off leading to flooding on
people’s houses hence their displacement due to clearing of swamps.
✓ deforestation as a results of clearing of large areas of land leading to global
warming hence increased temperatures. This leads to infertility of the area
as its always dry.
✓ loss of biodiversity due illegal poaching leading to reduced number of animal
species.
✓ increased soil erosion that leads to loss of top soil for crop growth hence
reduced crop yield as a result of deforestation.
✓ Water pollution by producing chemical wastes from the factory water that
changes the water PH killing the living organisms such as fish hence reducing
fish numbers.
✓ The various factories release hot water into the wetland after cooling the
machines, this changes the temperature of the water killing aquatic organisms.
✓ The wetland is enriched with chemicals such as nitrates and phosphates from
the factories that favour algal blooms which when decompose use up the
oxygen leading to death of fish species leading to reduced biodiversity.
✓ Air pollution as the factories releases toxic fumes into the atmosphere such
as Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide that dissolve in water causing acid rain
that burn plant leaves reducing on the photosynthetic rate of leaves of a plant.
This brings about reduced crop yield.
How to overcome the above environmental challenges
✓ strengthening legal laws by limiting encroachment of wetlands
✓ promote sustainable agricultural practices such as agroforestry in the wetland to
benefit from food security.
✓ rehabilitation of the damaged wetland by planting native vegetation, restoring
water channels
✓ promote public awareness education by involving community in decision making
regarding wetlands.
✓ Alternative livelihoods for the local communities such as ecotourism to learn more
about conservation in other areas.
Importance of NEMA restoring the wetland to original state
➢ source of raw materials such as papyrus reeds from swamps for the local factory
there by supporting lively hoods.
➢ increases water purification before release into the main water body.

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➢ Support biodiversity and ecosystems

➢ mitigates floods as they absorb excess water and slowly release it into the
surrounding water bodies.
➢ Erosion control by shrubs, grasses tress
➢ Reduction in greenhouse gases as they absorb Carbondioxide hence a happy
planet.

ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCT 2

Item 5
a.
• There was closed spacing, growing of the plants very close to each other which
caused stiff competition for growth factors like nutrients, light, air required by
the plant to grow and carryout photosynthesis.
• There was also a wrong pattern of planting; when the maize plants were planted
earlier which led to rapid exhaustion of nutrients in the soil such as Nitrogen,
ammonium ions required for proper growth of the plants.
• The garden being close to a dusty road caused the dust to accumulate on the
leaves of the plants which reduced on the rate of absorption of light energy by
the chlorophyl of the leaves which reduced on the rate of formation of starch by
the plants.
• Late planting of the beans caused the beans to be shaded and covered by the
already tall long maize plants which reduced the photosynthetic rate of beans of
the beans thus stunted growth
b.
• Beans should be planted earlier in the garden or together with the maize since
they are leguminous plants with root nodules with nitrogen fixing bacteria that
fix nitrogen to form nitrate ions need by the plant for proper growth.
• Thinning out of some plants especially maize to create more space and light
penetration to all plants for efficient photosynthesis to improve yields.
• Trees can be planted alongside the roads to trap some dust from the dusty road
in the future and reduce on soil erosion.
• Irrigation to remove dust on leaves and moisture needed for proper germination
of seeds.

Item 6
a). i)
Nancy's garden was next to a dusty road leading to accumulation of dust onto the leaves,
covering the surface and stomata reducing the surface area for trapping sunlight and
absorption of Carbondioxide respectively, hence reducing the rate of photosynthesis.

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Happiness
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ii).
Bees, acted as pollinators and carried pollen grains from the anther heads to the stigma
of bean flowers. When the pollen grains landed on mature stigma, they germinated and
produced pollen tubes which grew via the micropyle to the embryo sac. Its generative
nucleus divided by mitosis to form two male nuclei. One male nucleus fused with the egg
cell to form the seed embryo comprising the plumule and radicle. The second male nucleus
fused with the polar nucleus to form the seed primary endosperm. The ovary wall formed
the fruit wall and the integuments formed the seed coat.

b).
They developed root nodules where the nitrogen-fixing bacteria converted nitrogen to
form nitrates, Nitrites used by the plants to grow.
Possessed broad leaves which trapped sunlight for photosynthesis .
They formed deeper roots to increase surface area for water absorption and anchorage.
Production of more root hairs to increase surface area for water absorption.

Item 7
a.
• Photosynthesis
• Gaseous exchange
• Transpiration
• Respiration

b. i.
There was accumulation of dust onto the leaves, covering the surface and stomata
reducing the surface area for trapping sunlight and absorption of Carbondioxide
respectively, hence reducing the rate of photosynthesis leading to poor yields.

b. (ii)
• Regularly spray cassava plants with water to remove dust.
• Use irrigation systems that minimize dust accumulation.
• Plant windbreaks or use row covers to reduce dust settling on crops.
• Mulch around plants to reduce dust stirring up from the soil.
• Consider planting dust-tolerant crop varieties.

Item 8
a). i).
• Photosynthesis
• Growth

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ii).
• Spraying with fertilizers containing Nitrogen, phosphorus
• Soil testing to determine the pH and nutrients lacking and apply them accordingly
• Plant disease resistant crop varieties
• Practicing integrated Pest Management, by using an combination of techniques
substrate Biological control, crop rotation
• Mulching the garden
• Application of fertilizers
b).
During germination, a seed takes in water from the soil by imbibition through the
micropyle. This makes the cotyledons swell and the Testa to split. The absorbed water
activates enzymes, thus leads to breaking of food materials e.g. starch and protein which
are stored in the cotyledons or endosperm. The soluble food materials are trapped to
the growing points of the embryo where they are used to provide energy and making of
new cells. The radical is the first to emerge, it grows down wards between soil particles,
and root hairs develop a short distance from the root cap and start absorbing water and
mineral salts. Absorption of water from the soil results into increase in the size of the
seed and growth of the radicles and plumule which had the apical meristems, producing
the first foliage leaves.

Item 9
a)
• Calcium
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
b.(i)
Calcium is used by plants for activation of enzymes and formation of new cells leading to
rapid growth of roots and overall plant growth
Nitrogen is used to make Chlorophyll which traps sun light energy leading to increase in
the rate of photosynthesis. Manufactured food from the leaves is translocated to other
parts for growth and some of stored in seeds and fruits. Nitrogen is also used for
formation of proteins (enzymes) leading to rapid growth.
Phosphorus promotes development of roots which absorb water and mineral salts from
the soil which are transported to the leaves for use in Photosynthesis. It is also used in
the formation of energy and Proteins used for growth by the plant.

b.(ii)
• Ground nuts have root nodules which harbor Nitrogen fixing bacteria which fix
Nitrogen into nitrates used by the plants.

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“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated.” —R. Collier
Happiness
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• Presence of meristematic tissues that divided by mitosis enabled Plants to grow

taller to obtain sufficient light for photosynthesis.
• Closing of stomata during the day to avoid excessive water loss
• Producing chemicals which discourage herbivores and pests.
• Possession of buds that developed into new leaves

ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCT 3

Item 10

• Town X had minimal air pollutants like Less dust, smoke, and toxic fumes than town
Y. This allowed him to jog without respiratory issues, allowing his lungs to easily
take in oxygen that was supplied to respiring tissues to release energy used for
the contraction and relaxation of his muscles to bring about effective locomotion.
His lungs were adapted to the cleaner environment, and he could exercise without
complications.
• In town Y, the increased air pollution from industrial emissions (toxic fumes,
smoke, and dust) is likely causing Mr. Zinart's respiratory issues. This is because,
these gases contain carbon monoxide that combines permanently and irreversibly
with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin depriving his of enough oxygen to
be supplied to respiring tissues causing weakness due to production of less energy
reducing performance and activity.
• The toxic gases also caused constriction of bronchioles narrowing them reducing
the amount of air going to the lungs causing difficult in breathing.
• These gases caused over secretion of mucus from the goblet cells lining the
respiratory tract these block the respiratory tract making breathing harder,
chest pain due to irritation and inflammation in lungs and air ways Coughing this is
a body’s’ response to clear irritants from respiratory tract

Advice for Managing Challenges in Town Y

• Adjust jogging schedule. i.e. Avoid peak pollution hours (usually morning and
evening rush).
• Choose cleaner routes
• Choose for areas with less industrial activity for jogging
• Wear protective gear such as masks rated for fine particulate matter
• Consult a doctor for medical check ups.
• Explore alternative exercises Consider indoor activities like gym workouts or yoga.
• Stay hydrated by Drinking plenty of water to help lungs function better.
• Relocate back to town X or any other town that has minimal pollution.

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“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated.” —R. Collier
Happiness
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Item 11

a. (i)
• Mouth
• Brain
• Pancreas

a. (ii)

• Johns cousin can donate blood to John. This is because; he has antigens A and
John lacks antibodies to recognise these antigens thus there will be no
agglutination. In a addition, John’s cousin is of legible age with ana appropriate
legible weight to donate blood.
• John’s Mother can donate blood to John. This is because; she is of blood group
B with B antigens and John lacks antibodies to recognise these antigens thus
there will be no agglutination. In addition, John’s mother is of legible age and
with an appropriate weight to donate blood.
• John’s sister cannot donate blood to John; this is because she has an
unappropriated weight which is not recommended to donate blood.
• John’s brother cannot blood to John because his age and weight are also not
recommended by medical people to donate blood.

b.

• Pancreas damage Affects insulin production, leading to blood sugar regulation

issues and potentially impacting digestion.
• Teeth loss Affects chewing and digestion.
• Loss of consciousness: Indicates potential head trauma or brain injury.

Item 12

a.
• Kidney
• Liver

b)

• The Kidney filters waste materials from blood

• It regulates water levels in blood
• It regulates salt levels in blood

• The liver detoxifies harmful substances like alcohol to harmless substances

• Its stores blood
• Performs deamination

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C)
• Much blood at a high pressure direct from the heart enters the glomerulus
through the afferent vessel than that which leaves through efferent because the
afferent vessel is wider than the efferent vessel. Blood leaves the glomerulus at
even a higher pressure through the efferent vessel leading to ultrafiltration.
• Small molecules like glucose, amino acids, urea, water pass through the minute
pores into the Bowmans capsule forming glomerular filtrate. Since her Kidneys are
damaged, some of the proteins and red blood cells were able to pass through these
minute pores into the glomerular filtrate and were present in her urine.
• The glomerular filtrate flew into the proximal convoluted tubule where useful
substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and water are reabsorbed back into
blood. The filtrate then flows into the Loop of Henle.
• In the descending loop of Henle, water was reabsorbed back into blood capillaries
by osmosis.
• In the ascending loop of Henle, salts like sodium ions were reabsorbed back into
blood by active transport. The filtrate then flew into the Distal convoluted tubule
where salts and water were reabsorbed further. The filtrate continued to the
collecting duct.
• In the collecting duct, water was further reabsorbed leading to a concentrated
urine that was passed to the excretory organ through the urethra.

d.

• Seek professional help for kidney and potential liver issues, including medications
and lifestyle modifications.
• Kidney transplant
• Kidney dialysis
• Follow a kidney-friendly diet, limiting protein, salt, sugar, and phosphorus.
• Keep hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
• Reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption to protect liver and kidney health.

Item 13

a) i. It gives an idea about the correct weight for height if an individual (Underweight,
Normal Weight, Overweight or Obese)
To know the Weight and height of an individual.

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a (ii)

b.(i)
• Poor growth in Children
• Frequent sickness due to poor immune system
• Hormonal imbalances such as low reproductive hormones leading to irregular
menstrual cycles.
• Increased risks of miscarriages among pregnant women
• Weak bones
• Heart diseases such as heart failure, irregular heart beats
b. (ii).
• High blood pressure due to narrow blood capillaries.
• Increased risk of diabetes
• Female infertility
• Osteoarthritis (pain in the bones due to worn out cartilage)
• Swollen painful joints
• Heart diseases
c.(i)
• Take a high calorie beverage along with a meal or snack
• Add extras e.g. scrambled eggs and fat free dried milk in soup and stews
• Eat more frequently e.g. have 5 to 6 smaller meals a day rather than 2 or 3
larger meals

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• Eat meals with fibrous carbohydrates e.g. brown rice and beans and healthy
foods e.g. mono-saturated or poly saturated fats in foods e.g. nuts, avocados,
oils and fish
• Choose nutrient rich food e.g. whole grains, bread, cereals, fruits, vegetables,
diary products, lean protein sources, nutsy and seeds
c.(ii)
• Engage in weight management programs
• Carry out regular physical activity
• Carry out intermittent fasting
• Follow a healthy eating plan with fewer calories
• Feed on calories restricted diets such as 120 to 150 calories per day for women
and 1500 to 1800 calories for men
• Take weight loss medicines as prescribed by your doctor.
• Undergo bariatric surgery for extreme obese individuals by making changes to
individual’s digestive systems

Item 14

Category Nutrient Use

More proteins Proper growth, Cell repair, Energy
More vitamins production during starvation, Healing of
Pregnant More minerals, damaged cell
women moderate Healthy body/Strong immunity, Blood
carbohydrates and clotting,
Moderate healthy fats Strong bones, Energy production,
and oils
Energy production
Fetal brain development
More proteins, Proper growth, Cell repair, Energy
production during starvation, Healing of
Crawling More vitamins damaged cells
babies Healthy body/Strong immunity, Blood
More minerals, clotting,
moderate Strong bones, Energy production,
carbohydrates and
healthy fats and oils Energy production
Carbohydrates, Energy production
vitamins Healthy body/Strong immunity, Blood
Footballers clotting,
and Athletes minerals Strong bones, Energy production,
Proteins

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Proper growth, Cell repair, Energy

production during starvation, Healing of
damaged cells
Moderate proteins Proper growth, Cell repair, Healing of
damaged cells
Office Moderate minerals Strong bones
workers
vitamins Healthy body
Less carbohydrates Energy production
Moderate proteins, Cell repair, Healing of damaged cells
Old people more vitamins and Strong immunity, Blood clotting
minerals, Strong bones
little carbohydrates Energy production
no fats

ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCT 4

Item 15

a. (i)

• Addiction to alcohol

• Death

• Damage of body organs like the liver

• Imprisonment due to crime or violence

a (ii.)

• Alcohol is a Central Nervous System Depressant that reduces the transmission

of pain signals. This is because of the chemicals in alcohol that block the release

of neurotransmitters that facilitate movement of an impulse across a synapse to

the spinal cord..

• Alcohol activates and stimulates the release of painkillers like endorphins that

bind to pain receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce pain.

b.

• Seek guidance and counselling in the dangers of alcohol consumption

• Avoid friends/peers that influence him into alcohol consumption

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• Engage in productive work like Focusing more on academics to keep him busy.

• Quit Alcohol consumption and go for rehabilitation to recover from addiction.

Item 16

a. (i)

• He appears weak due to low aerobic respiration, less energy is produced

due to reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood caused by increased

carboxyhaemoglobin levels in blood.

• He is older than his age because more cells die compared to those that are

replaced due to reduced energy production needed for cell division

• Liver damage due to alcohol consumption that may increase insulin

resistance by the liver cells leading to diabetes,. Lung cancer due to

smoking that can lead to death.

• Deposition of fats into the blood vessels after metabolism of the alcohol

and constriction of the blood vessels due to presence of nicotine leads to

hypertension.

• Imprisonment due to violence and chaos caused by taking marijuana and

cocaine

a. (ii)

• School drop out by his children due to failure for their school fees to be

paid.

• Divorce and broken family due to the beatings the wife experiences.

• Family Neglect he is so much attached to his friends than his family

• Domestic violence since he beats his wife.

• Malnourishment due to poverty.

b.

• Seek guidance and counselling in the dangers of alcohol consumption

• Avoid friends/peers that influence him into alcohol consumption

• Engage in productive work like Focusing on money making to keep him busy.

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• Quit Alcohol consumption and go for rehabilitation to recover from

addiction.

Item 17

a. sound waves are trapped by the pinna conducted by the auditory canal to the ear

drum which vibrates and transmits vibrations to the ear ossicles which amplify

the vibrations. The oval windows vibrates, pressure waves were created in the

fluid within the inner ear, sensory cells of the organ of Corti are stimulated,

impulses are generated and transmitted via the auditory nerve to brain for

interpretation. Impulses from the brain are transmitted along the motor neurone

to the adrenal glands stimulating it to secrete adrenaline hormone which increases

the metabolic rate providing energy needed for running. Increased heart beat

rate and breathing rate for faster supply of oxygen to respiring muscles to enable

energy production.

b. (i). Diabetes mellitus; due to inability to secrete insulin as a result of a

malfunctioning pancreas. Reduced responsiveness of the target cells to insulin

hormone due to presence of fats around the liver cells

b (ii).

• Taking regular insulin shots or injections to provide insulin which regulates the

sugar levels.

• Guidance and counselling from health practitioners on how to handle the situation

• Regular exercises in order to reduce the fay around liver cells.

Item 18

a. (i).

Pain receptors or thermos receptors detected the heat, generated impulses which are

transmitted along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord via the dorsal root. The spinal

cord integrates sensory information.

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a (ii).

• Alcohol contains toxins or substances that impair/affect/slow down the

nerves/impulse transmission preventing per from sensing heat.

• Alcohol affects the cerebellum hence interfering with body balance and

coordination.

• Alcohol is converted into fat which blocks blood vessels leading to hypertension.

• Damages the liver cells leading to liver cirrhosis

b. (i).

• Thermoreceptors/ pain receptors detect the stimulus, generate impulses which

are transmitted along the sensory neurone to the spinal cod via the dorsal root.

• Impulses are transmitted from the sensory neurone to the relay neurone via a

synapse, from the relay neurone to the motor neurone via a second synapse.

• Impulses are then transmitted along the motor neurone to the effectors via the

ventral root to the effectors.

• The effectors i.e. biceps contract and triceps relax pulling the radius up towards

the shoulder bending the arms causing it to withdraw from the hot object.

b (ii).
• Seek guidance and counselling in the dangers of alcohol consumption

• Avoid friends/peers that influence him into alcohol consumption

Item 19

a. Light rays from the dog are converged and an image is formed onto the retina.

Photoreceptors are stimulated to generate impulses which are transmitted along the

optic nerve to the brain for interpretation.

Impulses from the brain are transmitted along the motor neurone to the adrenal glands

stimulating them to secrete adrenaline hormone

Adrenaline hormone increases the heart beat rate and breathing rate, metabolic rate

increases providing energy for the Flexion and Extension so as to beat the dog. During

the flexion, the biceps contracted and the triceps relaxed, pulling the radius and forearm

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upwards towards the shoulder thus bending the arm, and during the extension, the

Triceps contracted and the triceps relaxed pushing the ulna away from the shoulders

hence straightening the arm causing the beating of the dog.

b. (i)

• Family neglect due to bad behaviours

• Early/teenage pregnancy since she is most likely/exposed to rape from wrong

doers

• Dropping out of school due to suspension or expulsions as a result of such

behaviours

b (ii)

• Guidance and counselling on dangers of moving late at night

• Avoid bad influence from friends who are luring her into watching films at night/

withdraw from bad peer groups.

• Quit watching movies at night to avoid the dangers.

ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCT 5

Item 20

a.

Let IA be the allele for blood group A

Let IB be the allele for blood group B

Let IO be the allele for blood group O

Parents Male X Female

Parental phenotype Blood group A X Blood group B

Parental genotype IAIo X IBIO

Meiosis

IA IO IB IO
Gametes IA

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Random fertilisation

F1 Generation IAIB IAIO IBIo IoIo

F1 phenotype 1 blood group AB: 1 blood group A: 1 blood group B: 1 blood group O

Its possible for Mr Kasozi to be the biological father to the child.

b.
• Excessive bleeding leading to anaemia.
• Death due to excessive loss of blood if injured
• Joint pains and joint damage
• Inflammation and swelling in the ankles.

c. A successful blood transfusion can be done using safe blood. Neither parents has
safe blood to transfuse with the child. This is because both parents have antigens
with in their blood that are going to be recognised by the antibodies present in
their child’s blood. Safe blood can be obtained from an individual who has the same
blood group like that of the child to avoid agglutination and haemolysis.
Item 21

a. (i)

The son suffered from sickle cell disease that affects haemoglobin production causing
red blood cells to become sickle shaped at low oxygen concentrations and break down
prematurely. It is a genetic disease caused by a recessive allele thus their son was
homozygous recessive for the sickle cell trait.

a (ii)

Let the allele for normal haemoglobin be HbA

Let the allele for abnormal haemoglobin be HbS

Parents Male X Female

Parental phenotype normal X normal

Parental genotype HbA HbS X HbA HbS

Meiosis

HbA HbS HbA HbS

Gametes

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“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated.” —R. Collier
Happiness
Persistence and Perseverance

Random fertilisation

F1 Generation HbAHbA HbAHbS HbAHbS HbSHbS

F1 Genotype 1HbA HbA: 2 HbA HbS: 1 HbS HbS

F1 phenotype 3 normal: 1 Sickler

b. (i)

This is only because the woman must have been rhesus negative and the man rhesus
positive, the foetus formed was rhesus positive sensitizing the mother’s body to produce
antibodies against the rhesus positive antigens. the first baby survived because the
antibodies of the rhesus positive antigen were few but with subsequent pregnancies, the
antibodies were many and had accumulated, were passed onto the baby via the placenta
destroying the babies red blood cells causing the baby’s death

b (ii)

• Encourage Musa and his wife to prioritize regular prenatal visits to healthcare

providers for monitoring her health and the baby's development, obtaining

necessary screenings, and addressing any potential issues early on to ensure a

healthy pregnancy and delivery.

• Seek genetic counselling to understand the risk of passing genetic conditions, like

sickle cell anaemia, to their children.

• Emphasize the importance of a balanced and nutritious diet for Musa wife during

pregnancy to support the baby's growth and development and reduce the risk of

complications.

• Proper ventilation, cleanliness for their future children so as to minimise

complications that arise because of low oxygen levels to the children.

Item 22

a. (i)

Let the allele for normal Blood clotting be H

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Let the allele for Haemophilia be h

Parents Male X Female

Parental phenotype normal X normal

Parental genotype XhY X XHXh

Meiosis

Xh Y XH Xh
Gametes

Random fertilisation

F1 Generation XH Xh XhXh XHY XhY

F1 phenotype: 1 normal female: 1 haemophilic female: 1 normal male: 1 haemophilic male

The baby’s biological father can be determined by testing and see who is haemophilic
among the alleged fathers, because he must have contributed an X chromosome having
the defective allele to the child.

a (ii)

When one of the boys inserted an erect penis inside Isabellas Vagina, at orgasm, the
penis released large number of sperms near the cervix. The cervix relaxed and opened
up as sperms swum through its opening to the uterus then to the oviduct where
fertilization takes place. When a sperm got into contact with the egg membrane, it
released enzymes from acrosome which broke the egg membrane and enabled the sperm
cell penetrate into the cytoplasm of the ovum. When the sperm cell enters, the egg
membrane becomes thickened to form the fertilization membrane which serves as a
barrier preventing the entry of other sperm cells. The nuclear membrane of the two
gametes breaks down and male nucleus fuse with a female nucleus to form a fertilized
egg that later divided by mitosis into a blastocyte that implanted in the endometrium
causing pregnancy.

Item 23. Refer to blood groups and Haemophilia

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Item 24

a. (i)

Millys child is suffering from a genetic disorder called Downs syndrome that comes as a

result of non disjunction of the chromosomes of the 21st pair.

Parents Male X Female

Parental phenotype normal X normal

Parental genotype 46 X 46
Meiosis

23 23 22 24
Gametes

Random fertilisation

F1 Generation 45 47 45 47

a (ii)

• Defilement since she was 15 years of age

• Teenage Pregnancy since she was a teenager
• School dropout because she had to give birth and also look after her child
• STI contraction like Hepatitis B
• Rejection by Peter.
• Poverty since she has no job to earn from.
b. (i)
• Breast feed the baby for at least 6 full months
• Take the baby for immunisation
• Feed the child on a balanced diet
• Have regular Medical Checkups.
• Have personal therapies for the child to improve speech of the child.

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b (ii)

• Abstain from sex until marriage

• Use protection like condoms to prevent early pregnancies and STIs
• Report Such men who approach them to parents or appropriate offices.

SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICAL ITEMS

Solutions to practical items

Item 1

Aim: A scientific investigation to find out the nutrient composition of solution P, Q, R, S

so as to know which ones to be added to the baby’s diet for good health.
Hypothesis: Solutions P, Q, R and S contain proteins and vitamin C
Variables;
independent variable: Solutions P, Q,R, S and Reagents used
dependent variable: colour changes
controlled variable: volume of solutions P, Q, R, S. volume of reagents used, clean test
tubes.
Procedure
Materials
Test tubes, dropper, testtube rack, dilute sodium hydroxide solution, copper (ii) sulphate
solution, DCPIP solution.
Protein test
To 1cm3 of solution P,Q,R and S in separate test tubes was added 1cm3 of dilute sodium
hydroxide solution followed by 3 drops of Copper (ii)solution and the solution shaken
Vitamin C test
To 1cm3 of DCPIP solution in a test tube, was added food solution P, Q, R and S separately
drop by drop till in excess.

Results/ observation
Test Solution Observation Conclusion
Protein test P Turbid solution turned to blue Proteins absent
solution

Q Turbid solution turned to blue Proteins present

solution

R Turbid solution turned to Proteins present

purple solution.
Acc: violet solution

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S Colourless solution turned to Proteins absent

blue solution

Vitamin test P Blue solution turned remained Vitamin C absent

as a blue solution.

Blue solution turned to Vitamin C present

Q colourless solution
Vitamin C absent
Blue solution remained as a
blue solution

Blue solution remained as a

S blue solution
Vitamin C absent

Analysis and recommendation

Solution R contains proteins while solution Q contains vitamin C.
The proteins build the body tissues reducing the effect of pot belly in children. The
vitamin C boosts immunity of the baby reducing frequent sickness and bleeding gums in
the baby.

Item 2
Aim; A scientific investigation to determine the effect of solution Q and R on plant organ
M so as to explain the difference in the quality of chips made by Nakabito in order to
save her business.
Hypothesis: concentration of solutions Q and R have different effects on specimen M
Variables:
Independent: concentration of the solution Q and R
Dependent; texture and final length of the cylinders.
Controlled; initial length of cylinders, initial volume of solutions Q and R, time taken for
cylinders to settle in solution.
Materials
Cork borer, test tubes knife, labels, stop clock, measuring cylinder
Procedure
✓ Using a cork borer, two cylinders were obtained from specimen M

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✓ The cylinders were then trimmed to a uniform length of 3cm long.

✓ Two test tubes were the labelled as Q and R
✓ 10cm3 of each solution poured into each testtube then one cylinder was dropped into
the solutions.
✓ The set up left to stand for 20minites.
✓ After this time, the cylinders were the removed and placed on a white paper then
their final length measured and the cylinders felt between fingers. The results were
the recorded in the table below.
Results
solution Initial Final Change in Texture of
length/cm length/cm length/cm cylinder
Q 3.0 3.1 +0.1 Hard, rough
R 3.0 2.9 -0.1 Soft, smooth

Recommendation and analysis

From the results above the cylinder that was placed in solution Q increased in length,
became hard and rough because it was placed in a hypotonic solution to the cell sap hence
water moved by osmosis from the solution to the cylinder causing it to swell and become
turgid making the chips appear bigger in size for sell.
When the chips were soaked in solution R they decreased in length, became smooth and
soft because the cylinder was placed in a hypertonic solution to the cell sap hence lost
water by osmosis to solution R making the cells to shrink and become flaccid. This
explains why the chips appear small in size. Hence I recommend that Nakabito should
always use water from source Q to soak her sliced Irish potatoes.

Item 3
Aim
Scientific investigation to determine the ability of the soil samples A and B to retain
water so as to explain to the farmer which one of the plots would give the him better
yields.
Hypothesis
Soil sample B retains more water than soil sample A
Acc; soil samples A and B have different abilities to retain water
Variables
Independent; soil samples A and B, nature/ size of soil particles.
Dependent; volume of water retained and collected, time taken for the first drop to
appear.
Controlled; volume of soil used, volume of water added, time taken for the experiment,
size of funnel, amount of cotton wool.
Procedure

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✓ Two beakers were labeled as A and B

✓ A small piece of cotton wool was obtained and placed on the neck of the each measuring
cylinder.
✓ 30 cm3 of each soil sample was measured differently and poured onto each funnel.
✓ 30cm3 of water was added to each of the soil sample
✓ The experiment was then left to stand for 20minutes
✓ After this time, the volume of water collected and retained was the recorded in the
table below
Results

Soil sample A B
3
Volume of water added/cm 30.0 30.0
Volume of water 12 7
3
collected/cm

Volume of water 18 23
retained/cm3

Analysis and recommendation

From the results above, soil sample A retains less water hence many plants with short
roots absorbed less water needed for photosynthesis as most of it is washed away
to the bottom or valley with the nutrients leading to reduced yield.
Soil sample B retains more water hence plants with many short roots can easily absorb it
for photosynthesis as the many few roots increase the surface area for water
absorption hence increased yield.
I therefore recommend the farmer to use plot B to grow rice for better yield.

Item 4
a)
Kingdom: Animalia
Reasons: have limbs for locomotion
Phylum: Arthropoda
Reasons: have segmented bodies, jointed legs, exoskeleton
b)
✓ specimen P has a large abdomen to store blood
✓ has a sharp pointed mouth part/ chelicera to pierce the skin of the animal for entry.
✓ dull colour to camouflage on the body of the animals avoiding predation
✓ flattened body to fit onto the cow’s skin

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✓ have claws on the legs to firmly grip on the body of the cattle.
✓ Have hard exoskeleton to protect it from the water loss during heat periods.
✓ Many legs for locomotion
✓ Jointed legs for flexibility during locomotion.

c) Dichotomous key

d) Drawing of specimen specimen P

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Item 5
a)
✓ L is insect pollinated flower
Observable features
✓ has brightly colored petals
✓ scented
✓ has nectar guides
✓ Sticky pollen grains
K is a wind pollinated flower
Observable features
✓ No scent
✓ Produces many dusty pollen grains
✓ Has long hanging anthers on the outside
b) Specimen L has brightly colored petals to attract pollinators that carry out pollination.
L has produces scent that attracted pollinators.
L has nectar guides on the specimen to lead the pollinators on to the nectar glands.
L produces sticky pollen grains that attach on the body of the pollinator hence carrying
it from the anthers to the stigma.

c) Drawing of the pistil / female part of specimen L

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~END~

MERRYLAND HIGH SCHOOL ENTEBBE WISHES YOU

“SUCCESS IN YOUR FINAL EXAMS”

© 2025

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