S.

4 CHEMISTRY SCENARIO COLLECTIONS 2024

1. Cement was first produced by Joseph Asp din in England in 1924. He was a brick layer
and inventor of modern Portland cement. However, research has confirmed that Lime and
Cement production has undergone tremendous development since its beginning, some 2000
years ago and now so many different types of cement are being produced to market. Thus
this has enabled progressive urbanization from the local soil built houses to cemented
brick houses. And so cement is an important chemical in most societies.

(a) Construct a flow chart to indicate the process involved in the manufacture of cement.
(b) Identify the social benefits of manufacturing lime and cement.
(C) Explain some of the dangers to the community, arising from the manufacture of lime
and cement.
(d) Ngambo, a villager from magogo village has been identified as one of the victims of the
above dangers in (C) , as a Chemistry learner, advise Ngambo on the steps he may take to
minimize the dangers arising from the manufacture of cement.
2. Sugar and sodium chloride are common compound used by MR. Bakaki to serve different
functions at home. Bakaki‟s son accidentally poured a solution of sodium chloride into a
laptop which immediately blew up.
The boy also became surprised when he heated sugar and it ended up melting so fast with
gentle heating. The boy got puzzled about the properties that determine the uses of each
compound.

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 (a) As a chemist, explain what happened causing the laptop to blow.
(b) Suggest any two other properties of the type of compounds to which the compound
that melted easily belongs?
(c) Using the outermost shell electrons only, show how the compound
that caused the laptop to blow up is formed.

3. In the school laboratory, students were investigating the nature of solutions obtained
from different fertilizers used by Muwangi residents by identifying their pH values.
The residents had complained about poor yields of their crops yet they had used some
fertilizers constantly. The results obtained were recorded in the table below.
Solution V W X Y Z
pH Values 8.2 7.0 2.0 11.2 5.6
a) Classify the fertilizer solutions above depending on their nature.
b) Name the ions that determine the pH values of fertilizer solutions
V and X.
V: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
X: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) During the investigation, sodium carbonate was added to solution X and Z. The students
observed that solution X liberated more effervescence than solution Z. As a chemistry
student explain the Observation. (Include the equation for the reaction)

4. Mudhiba,a senior one student who had just been admitted to school landed on a piece of
paper that had a drawing as shown below.
II. VII

Mudhiba was puzzled on what the drawing represented and what the letters A, B, C, D, E,
and F were representing.
a) As a student who has studied senior two chemistry,
i) Assist the Mudhiba to know the nature of elements A, E and C. Give a reason for your
answer.
ii) Advise the Mudhiba on how to call elements D and F and give him the trend in their
reactivity.

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 b) Assist the Mudhiba to know the conditions required for elements E and C to react with
water.
i) Element E: …………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii) Element C: …………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) Suggest one use of an element in the same category like elements D and F so that the he
can appreciate the importance of chemistry in society.

5. In one of the towns in Uganda, residents are facing an unexpected challenge of water
wasting soap. The locals are frustrated; do not understand the cause and what to do.
However, they have heard of other detergents on market that work better but they need
more advice on this.

A resident has sought your assistance and confidence that you can use your Knowledge of
chemistry to provide help
TASK: Write down the advice you would give the resident.

6. Many people in villages make a living by manufacturing local waragi (ethanol). However, the
government is against the business due to associated challenges. The district's LC5
chairperson wants to sensitize the community about the large-scale production process and
its impact to enable them understands the government position.

The district's LC5 chairperson has contacted you as a student with the knowledge of
chemistry in your village to provide the
relevant information.

TASK. Make a write up to use upon meeting the community.

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 7. At Katosi landing site, residents use Lake Vitoria as their main source of water which
provides water that is not clean enough for use. The leaders urged the government to set up
a treatment plant in order to provide safe water. However, leaders were requested to
employ a skilled resident who is acquainted with how water is made safe for use, stages
involved in purification and the challenges the project may face in the town.

TASK:
As a chemist, provide the residents with the information they need to be employed.

8. The president of Uganda wants to donate fire extinguishers to schools to reduce on the
dangers associated with the fire out break but the carbon dioxide produced locally is not
enough to support the program. He is looking for an investor to set up carbon dioxide
processing industry in Kakira in Jinja district. Advise the investor.

9. A farmer in a rural area cleared his land to grow maize for sale. The rainfall was very
favorable but the yields were very poor because the soil was not fertile and he made losses.
He was advised to buy and apply one of the ammonium fertilizers. Make a presentation of
about 400 words to guide him. (C=12, O=16, S=32, P=31, N=14, H=1)

10. The quality of air, water, and soil has always changed over time in your district. The
chairperson LC V of your district is so much concerned with the changes observed. Make a
write up to make people in your district to be aware of what is happening.

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11. Most of the youths in Muwangi village in eastern Uganda are involved in cutting
trees, burning the wood and the final products for cooking. Residents are
frustrated with toxic fumes from the activities. They are curious and beseech to
know the nature and composition of the product and why the activities.
The chairperson has contacted you as a chemistry learner for guidance on what she
is about to communicate in the community meeting.

Tasks;
(a) Guide the chairperson on
(i) Nature of the product.
(ii) Composition of the product.
(b) Her concern is „‟ can these activities have any impact to their community?‟‟ if so
can this impact be reduced? Advise her
(c) „‟Can the product benefit the residents?‟‟ Take her through

12. A new knitting firm in Entebbe Uganda makes sweaters from cotton. However,
clients are complaining that these are easily decomposed by moths and carpet
beetles. The operations manager has heard of nylon as an alternative material. She
is uncertain of its nature, composition and effect on the natural well- being of the
community. She has contacted you as someone with knowledge of chemistry to
guide her in making a better choice.

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Tasks;
(a) Guide the manager on
(i) The category of the selected alternative material
(ii) The characteristics of the material
(b) He is inquisitive about its use. Advise her
(c) „‟Will the selected alternative have an effect on natural well-being of the
community?‟‟ If YES, What can be done?

13. Uganda electrical engineers‟ forum has raised a concern of reduced copper
wires in the country. In response, the government has contracted an investor to
set up a new copper extraction plant in Kasese, a copper ore rich district.
Unfortunately the investor has some doubts on his scientific knowledge on the
production process and the likely impact on the environment.

Task;
As a chemistry student, write a message to the investor to settle his doubts
before his final interaction with residents.

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14. The ladies in Kigulu women‟s group in Iganga district have given up on using
soap in their homesteads due to its price fluctuation in the region. The chairperson
of the group has a suggestion of processing liquid soap as an alternative since it‟s
cheaper. However she has some doubts whether it‟s a better choice and its impact
to their ecosystem.

Task;
She has approached you as a chemistry student settles her doubts. Write a
message to guide her in her presentation in the forthcoming group meeting.

15. A resident of Bufunjo zone fetches water daily from two sources of water:
borehole and nearby spring. When she uses this water from these two sources, she
realized that she uses a lot of soap while washing her clothes. One day she boiled
the water from the borehole for bathing but remembered that she had not washed
one of her shirts and washed it with the boiled water instead and used little soap
than it used to be. This has forced her to try boiling the spring water as well and
used it for washing her clothes but still used a lot of soap as it used to be. This has
confused her more.
Task. Prepare an article to clear away her dilemma.

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16. James, living in an area where they use bore hole water, slid, fell and his white
shirt became dirty. He decided to use a detergent to clean his shirt. The shirt
remained with some brown spots yet he had rinsed it several times.
Task: As a chemistry learner;
(a) Point out the problem James made when choosing a product.
(b) Help James understand how the product works.
(c) Advice James on the challenges associated with the long term use of the
product.

17. Ngambo is in the process of constructing his house without affecting the
environment. He wants to build a good strong house; there are various building
materials of different quality and properties on the market. However, he does not
know the quality of materials to use. Ngambo knows that choosing quality materials
depends on the nature of the material and has come to you for advice.

Task: Use your chemistry knowledge to;

(a) Explain (i) Categories of materials.
(ii) The suitability of the materials.
(b) Advise Ngambo on the choice of materials.

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18. One of the large scale uses of chlorine is treating water, to ensure that
chlorine is readily available and at a cheaper cost. Government has cleared a local
investor to set up a chlorine production plant near Lake Katwe in Kasese district.
However, the community is concerned about its environmental effects and how the
environmental process will occur. The class teacher has appointed you to sensitize
the other learners.

Task: Prepare a presentation you will make during the meeting.

19. Air which is a mixture of different components contains 21% oxygen. Due to a
wide spread of respiratory illnesses caused by COVID-19, there was an increased
demand for oxygen by patients in hospitals. The government supply of oxygen is not
enough and is planning to set up an oxygen production plant with minimal
environmental impact. However, the science club members in your school would like
to know how the process of production will be carried out.

Task: As chemistry student, make a write up you will use during the presentation.

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20. Natural resources have been destroyed as a result of increasing population and
human activities. This has attracted the attention of the officials from the
National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The officials are planning to
create awareness to the people of the country through sensitization workshops
organized in different district communities.

Task: As a chemistry student, prepare a short presentation you will deliver during
the workshop upon invitation.

21. Osukuru village in Tororo district is at the foot of Tororo rock. People of this
village for a long time have practiced charcoal burning , animal husbandry , crop
husbandry and stone quarrying, recently the animals have started dying and wells
are drying up yet the little water available is not fresh. The locals are now
wondering why all these are happening. A sensitization workshop is to be organized
to explain the existing situation in the village. The theme of the work shop is
“MY ENVIRONMENT MY RESPONSIBILITY.”

Task: As chemistry student, write a massage you will deliver upon invitation

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22. Bakaita Godfrey always washes his clothes at any time and they can get dried
at any time whether on a hot day, inside the house or even on a windy day.
(a)Explain why clothes dry,
(i) On a dry day
(ii) Inside the house.
(iii) On a windy day.
(b) i) From the knowledge of different states of matter, explain the process of
rain formation.
(ii) State any three importance of water to man.

23. Chemistry has contributed to the society both positively and negatively.
(i) Explain any five ways in each case in which chemistry has contributed positively
and negatively to the society.
(ii) Identify any five sectors where chemistry plays an important role in the
economy of Uganda.
(iii) Name any five products used in our day to day life obtained from the
knowledge of chemistry.

24. In your village you have challenge of water, where the wells have muddy water
and the boreholes provide salt water that hardly quench their thirst but rather
increase it. Describe any scientific procedures that you as chemistry student can
perform to make the village water clean and safe for human consumption

25. Polythene bags, car tyres, buckets, iron sheets and petrol are some of the
materials used in our day to day life.
(i) Describe any five ways how polythene bags are dangerous to our environment.
(ii) Explain any five ways of how to prevent the effects of polythene bags on the
environment.
26. State how the following chemical processes have contributed to our country.
a) Manufacture of cement
b) Manufacture of Sugar
c) Sewage treatment d) Manufacture of fertilizers

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27. Explain the following observations by using the idea of moving particles
a) Wet clothes hanging on a line become dry even in cold weather
b) If you put some sugar in tea, the tea will become sweet even when you don‟t stir.
c) If you place a balloon over the top of a test tube that contains water then you
heat the water, the balloon blows up.
28. A group of S.1 students at Riverside college Tirinyi carried out an investigation
to find out what happens to materials when hammered and heated. Study the table
below fill answers to the questions.
Material Observation when hit with a Observation when
hammer heated
a. Wood
b. Glass
c. Concrete
d. Metal

29. Argon, oxygen and nitrogen are obtained from air by fractional distillation of
liquid air at - 2500C where liquid air is warmed up and the gases are collected one
by one.
a) State whether liquid air is a mixture or a pure substance?
b) Explain why fractional distillation is used instead of simple distillation. (11 2 c)
During the distillation, nitrogen gas is obtained first then argon and oxygen.
Explain this phenomenon.
d) Name the gases which are not collected through the fractionating column during
the above process.

30. i) Define the term air pollution.

ii) Name any 4 sources of air pollution you know.
iii) State any two gases that are produced by car engines that act as pollutants

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31. Cook Musa left knife outside the compound for a winter night, it was found
that the knife turned dark brown on the surface the following day.
a) What is the chemical name for the dark brown coating?
b) What conditions led to the formation of the dark brown coating?
c) State any two advantages of the above process to the economy

32. i) State the difference between a radical and an element.

ii) Name any two examples of radicals you know.

33. a) What do you understand by the term „‟rocks‟‟?

b) Mention any three importances of rocks to the economic development of a
country like Uganda.

34. Classify the following statements as TRUE or FALSE.

a) Digesting sugar with the amylase in saliva is a chemical change
b) Electro planting a metal is a physical change.
c) All physical changes are reversible
d) All the chemical changes are irreversible.

35. i) Describe what an acid is?

ii) Name the acid found in the following substances.
i) Tea ……………………………………………… iii) Urine ……………………………… ii) Lemon
Juice …………………………………
iv) Digestive juice in stomach……………………..
36. a) Use the particles theory of matter and explain the following observations
i. An inflated balloon expands and eventually bursts on leaving it exposed to
sunshine
ii. An inflated balloon eventually sinks when left on a cemented flow for 3 days
iii. You can easily squeeze a plastic gas syringe that is completely filled with air,
than squeezing the one which is filled with water
iv. When tea bag is put in a cup of hot water, colorless water changes to dark
brown b) Explain why the rain water is always slightly acidic

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37. a) Name five sources of natural water.
b) Describe the process of purification of the tap water that we normally receive
in our communities
c) Explain how natural water is recycled

38. Look at the chemicals listed below and answer the questions about them. You
can use the table below showing the periodic table to help you.
Iron, Water, Sand Oxygen Gold Carbon dioxide Helium Carbon Rust Sea water
a) Name the two metals
b) Name two compounds
c) Name a mixture
d) Name a non-metallic element that is a solid
e) You have a solution of sugar in water. You want to obtain the sugar from it
i. Explain why filtering will not work
ii. Which method will you use instead?
f) How would you separate salt and sugar?
g) Mention any special safety precautions you would take
h) Differentiate between mixtures and compounds
39. a) What is a rock?
b) i) Name three types of rocks
ii) Describe the formation of the named rocks above.

40. The human stomach contains hydrochloric acid with a pH of about 2. The acid
helps to kill any germs in our stomach. However, when the stomach walls produce
too much of the acid, we suffer from stomach pains and heartburn. One way to
deal with this problem is to take an antacid. The main component of antacid is
sodium hydrogen carbonate.
a). Explain how the antacid helps to cure heart burn..

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41. In Nakasongola, people make charcoal from burning wood. Jimmy has just
migrated to Nakasongola and wants to make charcoal from wood like the rest of his
neighbours. He piled pieces of wood, introduced fire underneath and left them to
burn overnight. In the morning, he found a hip of ash with very little pieces of
charcoal, not strong enough like what his neighbours make.
As a friend to Jimmy who understands the process of charcoal making, write a
letter to advise him on how to make charcoal.

42. Read carefully below about how members of Sarah‟s family started their day.
Sarah woke up one day late than usual. She was hearing her mum‟s loud voice telling
her to make tea. When she moved out of the bed, she met her younger brother
who was so dirty after playing in mud earlier morning. She removed his dirty
clothes and washed them using detergents. She also bathed her young brother
using a bathing soap. As she was moving to the kitchen, her father called her and
asked her to clean her shoes. She polished her father‟s shoes using a new shoe
polish they bought from the market. She then went to the kitchen in order to make
tea in the kettle. She observed bubbles of boiling water which produced steam in
the kettle. She then added tea leaves which change the entire color of hot water.
She tested the tea but it was so bitter. She then added sugar which made the tea
sweet. She poured the tea in the flask and took it in the leaving room where she
saw her mother putting fruits and soda in the refrigerator. She started feeling
headache. When her mother knew about the headache, she gave her pain killer
tablets which made her feel better after a few minutes. She moved out of the
house and saw their neighbor painting his old metallic door which had developed a
brown coat.
a) Outline activities at Sarah‟s home showing chemistry. Give all
i) Identify the occupation
ii) How is the knowledge of chemistry used in that occupation?
iii) How is the activity above useful to the society?

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43. Students were asked to identify examples of the changes that can take place
in the atmosphere but use the same components of air. One student mentioned the
burning of magnesium in air and the rusting of iron.
(a) What component(s) of air are used during burning of magnesium and rusting of
iron?
(b)What is the similarity between the two chemical changes?
(c) What makes rusting of iron different from burning of magnesium in air in term
conditions for the reaction?
(d) Write the formulae of the products of each of the changes

44. A student dropped a few pieces of marble in dilute hydrochloric acid contained
in a test tube. The gas produced was passed through calcium hydroxide solution
(lime water) for a long time.
(a) What changes would be observed in limewater?
(b)Write balanced chemical equations for the changes observed.

45. Food cooked without common salt is tasteless. Only those suffering from
hypertension (high blood pressure) and associated illnesses are advised to eat food
without salt. This is because the ions of the chemical elements in salt can worsen
their health conditions.
(a) Identify the chemical elements present in common salt and write the formula of
their ions.
(b)Explain what the presence of ions in sodium chloride indicates about its bonding
and formation.

46. A group of students went for field study in one of the largest limestone
quarries in Tororo, Eastern Uganda. Limestone issued in the production of cement.
(a) Write the formula of the main compound in limestone used for cement
manufacture.
(b) Describe the major steps involved in making cement from limestone.

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47. In Uganda, there are many industries that manufacture soaps and detergents.
Some of the common detergent brands include OMO, ARIEL, NOMI and VIM.
Explain why you would prefer to use powdered detergents such as those mentioned
above to bar soap?

48. A group of students found out that different metals react differently. They
observed this when some metals were made to react with cold water and steam.
The changes they observed are summarized in the table below.

Metal Reaction with water Reaction with steam

Sodium Reacts rapidly Reacts violently
Calcium Slow reaction Fast reaction
Copper No reaction No reaction
Magnesium Very slowly Relatively fast
Iron Too slow Slow

(a) Use the information in the table to arrange the given metals starting with the
most reactive to the least reactive
(b) Explain if calcium could be suitable for making roofing sheets
(c) Which of the metals would be most suitable for use in making water pipes?

49. A juice vendor makes juice by mixing passion fruit, water and sugar. The
vendor separates the passion fruit seeds from the mixtures and adds sugar to
make it sweet.
a) Nametheprocessbywhichpassionfruitseedsareseparatedfromthemixture
b) Explain why it is possible to separate passion fruit juice by the process named.
c) What do you expect to have happened to the sugar crystals when added to the
fruit juice?

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50. A carpenter was contracted to fix a door lock for a new house. He went to a
hardware shop but found different metal types of locks with handles made from
iron, brass, zinc and copper. However, the carpenter opted to use locks made of
brass out of the different types.
(a) What is the composition of brass?
(b) Explain why the carpenter preferred to use brass to the other metal
materials available in the hardware?

51. The table below shows the melting point, boiling points and densities of
substances A to D.
substance Melting point(oC) Boiling point(oC) Density (g/cm3)
A 1110 2606 9.1
B -266 -252 0.07
C 60 120 1.6
D -14 60 0.9
State with reasons which substances are;
a) Gas at room temperature
b) Liquid at room temperature
c) Solids at room temperature
(d) Comment on the relationship between melting point and density of the of the
substances

52. A small river called Nyagak passes through the rural farming communities of
Alur and Madi into river Nile, in north western Uganda. On analysis the water
downstream was found to have unsuitably high levels of nitrates after passing the
Alur and Madi communities.
a) (i) What practice leads to high levels of nitrates in the area.
(ii) How do the nitrates form distant communities reach the water sources?
b) What alternative material can be used by the communities to lower the nitrate
levels? Explain why.

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53. A student found a container of Hand sanitizer with a label shown below:
KLINN HANDSANITIZER
Effective on common germs
Active component: absolute ethanol
Other components: water and Glycerin
a) State one use of hand sanitizer
b) Explain why the liquid is not regarded as a pure substance
c) Explain why the liquid is thick and less viscous
d) Describe a practical method that could be used to separate the components the
hand sanitizer?
e) Describe a chemical test that can be carried out to show the presence of water
in the hand sanitizer
f) Explain why it is not advisable to keep a hand sanitizer near a source of fire.

54. Large deposits of oil have been discovered in Lake Albert and near Hoima city.
Crude Oil contains a variety of different compounds but with similar structure.
The simplest of these compounds is methane of CH4. The amount of energy
released by the complete combustion of 1mole of methane is 890.7 KJ/mole
a) Identify and write the general formula of the organic family to which the
components of oil belong.
b) Name and write structural formula of the next three members of the organic
family after methane
c) Petrol is another product of oil used as fuel but burns more slowly when samples
of some lead compounds are added to it. Draw sketch curves on same graph, of
amount petrol burnt against time to represent the burning rates of unleaded and
leaded petrol.
(d) (i) What mass of methane in grams would be needed to heat 1 (one) litre or
water from 250C to 600C(Specific heat capacity of water=4.2Joules/g/K, density
of 1g/cm3)
(ii) If ethanol was used instead of methane to heat the same amount water, what
mass of ethanol would be needed? (Enthalpy of ethanol = -1366.8 KJ/mole )

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(iii) Which one between one between ethanol or methane is a more effective fuel
and why?
55. Students were asked to develop a project that would result into repair of
cracked pathway. The practical report developed by the students had the following
set of instructions for making concrete: To make good, strong concrete, thoroughly
mix together 4 buckets of gravel, 3 buckets of sand and one bucket of cement.
When this is done then adds a half bucket of water.
a) State one property of concrete that make it suitable for its uses.
b) Copy and complete the table below showing the percentage of each ingredient in
the concrete mixture.(Give your answer to the nearest whole number)

Ingredient cement water sand Gravel

Number of buckets
Percentage
c) Describe an investigation that could be performed to determine what particular
mixture of gravel, sand and cement makes the strongest concrete.
d) What would be varied, what would be kept the same to test the strength of the
concrete and explain the effect?

56. A scientist discovered potassium metal by carrying out electrolysis of molten

potassium iodide. Small, shiny beads of molten potassium were produced when an
electric current from a battery was passed through molten potassium Iodide using
graphite electrodes. The electrolytic cell is shown in the diagram below.

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a) Name the electrodes A and B
b) Explain how the potassium metal and all other products were formed during the
electrolysis. Use equation to justify your explanation.
c) Explain what would happen at the electrodes if 1.0M potassium iodide solution at
25°C was electrolyzed instead of the molten one using graphite electrodes.
d) Many other metal elements such as aluminum are extracted from their ores by
electrolysis. Using a named ore of aluminium, describe its process of extraction
from the named ore.

57. What term can be used to describe the reaction between baking soda and
acidic liquid injected by bee sting?
a) You are given two solutions A and B. The pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution
B is 3.
(i) Which solution has more hydrogen ion concentration?
(ii)Give reason for your answer
b) Explain the following:
i) Sulphuric acid is a stronger acid than carbonic acid? Use equations to support
your answer
ii) Dry hydrochloric acid (HCl) gas does not change the color of the dry blue litmus
paper. Use equation to justify your answer
iii) When dilute Sulphuric acid is added to zinc chloride a colorless solution is
observed. However, when the dilute acid is added to calcium chloride, a white
precipitate is observed.

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58. The figure below shows a sample of a metamorphic rock obtained from Kilembe
mines.

a) Name two observable features of the rock sample.

b) The sample was analyzed and found to contain 51.6% copper, 9.7% carbon and
the rest oxygen.
i) Calculate the percentage composition of Oxygen in the rock sample.
ii) What is the empirical formula of the copper compound in the rock sample?
(Cu=64, C=12, O=16)
iii) If the molecular mass of the copper compound from the rock sample is 124,
what is its molecular formula?
c) 6.2g of the copper compound in (b) above was heated strongly to constant mass.
i) Write equation for the change that took place during heating.
ii) Calculate the volume of the gaseous product formed at stp.
( molar gas volume= 22.4dm3 at stp)
iii) Calculate the change in mass of the copper compound.)

59. Charcoal burning is one of the sources of income and the main source of fuel in
Uganda but recently charcoal burning has attracted a national concern where the
majority of people are against it. Explain the effects of this economic activity and
how it can be prevented.

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60. People have encroached wetlands in search of land for settlement and
setting up industries. This has caused major problems to the country and
promoted the government to campaign against wetland encroachment.

Task
As a learner of chemistry, write a speech explaining to your community why the
government is against wetland encroachment.

61. In the Village of Mazuba, people are involved in certain activities which
lower the quality of water unknowingly and these include; washing near water
bodies, Agriculture near Water bodies and setting industries.

TASK. As a learner of chemistry, use the knowledge of water acquired to explain

to the people of this village to overcome the problem of lowering the quality of
water.

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62. Below is an article extracted from the New Vision of 07th / May/ 2022.
The website to which it was downloaded has been provided at the end of the
article. Read the article carefully and answer the questions that follow. TOP
STORY „‟ Air pollution killing more than HIV‟‟ -New vision official. Gerald
Tenywa. Journalist @New Vision. Every home in Uganda has either been
infected or affected by HIV and AIDS. They have either lost a relative or have
suffered as a loss of a bread winner. Air pollution has gone steps ahead of HIV
in affecting Ugandans as it has claimed more lives than HIV, Daniel Okello , the
director in charge of environment at Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA), has
said. “We lost 23,000 People in 2019 due to HIV in Uganda. In the same period,
26000 People died as a result of cardiovascular diseases linked to air pollution,”
he said. Okello was speaking during the launch of the air quality awareness week
at the Uganda Media Centre in Kampala on 4 May 2022. The event, themed
“Be air aware, be prepared" ,attracted top officials from the National
Environment Management Authority( NEMA), Makerere University and Ministry
of Health, who called for increased awareness and actions to curb air pollution.
Okello mentioned of two types of air pollution -outdoor pollution and household
or indoor pollution which are all greatest environmental threat to human health
around country pointing out Kampala, Mukono and Jinja with the poorest air
quality which is five times way above the critical threshold of World Health
Organisation. Okello said indoor air pollution resulting from cooking with
biomass fuel particularly charcoal, firewood, coal, burning of organic fuels such
as kerosene, burning of grass and waste products. Partial combustion of these
fuels lead to emission of carbon monoxide gas, which is poisonous if inhaled.
Worse than indoor air pollution, he added, is outdoor air pollution include old
cars spewing fumes. As the cars burn fuels, such as diesel and petrol to power
engines, they release poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide and also lead
from motor vehicle emissions, dust from unpaved roads and construction sites,
factories release fumes filled with sulphur dioxide gas which leads to acid rains
and carbon monoxide gas which is poisonous .Burning of wastes including plastics,
produces dioxins and furans, which cause cancer.

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Dr Ivan kimuli from Makerere University‟s lung institute said they have done
studies that indicate that 11% of the population suffers from asthma and that was
being aggravated by poor air quality and the same study indicated that children in
rural settings had “ better and less damaged lungs" than those in urban settings,
who were exposed to pollutants in the air. NEMA's director for environment
monitoring and compliance, Waiswa Ayazika, said: “the government is currently
making a clear plan to improve air quality involving every body's responsibility to
save the current and future generation.”
http://www.newvision.co.ug/category/health/air-pollution-killingmorepeople-than-
hiv-133316.

(a).State what is meant by the term “air pollution" ?

(b)From the article; state the different types of air pollution and outline how each
type of air pollution is caused
(c)From the article, state the main air pollutants and show their effects to man.
(d)Suggest a reason why Kampala, Mukono and Jinja have the poorest air quality
which is five times away above the critical threshold of World Health Organization?
(e)Suggest any 5 solutions that can be adopted into the government‟s strategic
plan of how air pollution in the country can be greatly reduced.

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63. A senior two Learner from Riverside College carried out an activity to
obtain juice from a fruit.

 She cleaned the fruits by washing using clean water.

 Peeled the fruits to remove the unwanted parts including seeds.
 Placed the fruits into the blender and blend them to a liquid solid mixture
Removed the mixture from the blender and filter off the solid parts of the
fruits using a kitchen sieve.
 Add some water while filtering.
 Added some sugar to improve on the taste of the juice.
 Packaged the made juice into clean dry bottles.
 Gave the juice made a name.
Tasks
a). Identify the ways how she can improve on the quality and safety measures of
the juice in terms of color, taste and stability.
b). Identify the substances that can be added to make the juice suspension stable.

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64. In the last 30 to 40 years, plastics have taken over as replacement
materials for metals, glass, paper and wood as well as for natural fibres such as
cotton and wool. However, plastics such as polyethene bags have contributed
significantly to household waste problem, up to 10% in some countries, and it is
getting worse.

a) Outline any three advantages of using polyethene packaging

b) Explain any three ways how polyethene bags are dangerous to our environment
c) Explain any three ways of how to prevent the effects of polyethene bags on the
environment
65. The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), has organized a
two days‟ students workshop to take place at Rock Classic Hotel – Tororo to
discuss key issues concerning about conservation of environment. On day 1, the
Programme drafted on paper has a key statement to be addressed which reads.
“Today’s society in view of modernization has neglected the mother nature of
water, which has ultimately cost us on health. This needs urgent solutions”.

Task. Prepare a speech you would deliver at the workshop about the key statement

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65. In our day to day life at home most of us use carbon compounds such as
petroleum products, wood, charcoal and biogas as source of fuel. Research
shows that continued use of these fuels has greatly affected our resources
from which they are obtained.

a) Explain any six (6) ways how we can sustainably use the available resources
b) The main component of biogas is methane (CH4). Methane is the simplest
compound obtained from crude oil which contains a variety of compounds but with
similar structures.
i) Identify the class and write the general molecular formula of the organic
compound to which methane belongs.
ii) Name and write the structural formula of the next member of the organic
family after methane
66. Large deposits of oil have been discovered in Lake Albert near Hoima city.
Crude oil contains a variety of different compounds but with similar structure.
The simplest of these compounds is methane of molecular formula CH4 and many
others.

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a) Identify the class and write the general molecular formula of the organic family
to which the components of oil belong
b) Name and write the structural formula of the next two members of the organic
family named after methane
c) Giving a reason for your answer, state one method by which the components of
crude oil.

67. Bakaki Julius loves drinking rain water because he believes it is pure water
as he gets directly from the sky. However, Eric Jonathan has continuously
advised him to stop taking it and instead drink water from the borehole which is
hard water.

a) Why do you think Eric Jonathan advises Bakaki Julius to drink hard water?
b) Hard water is used to wash clothes more soap is required while less soap is
required if rain water is used. Briefly explain this observation.
68. In a certain school, the latrine is near senior three class. The foul smell
disturbs the students in the class and the smell becomes much more on the hot day.

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a) Explain briefly how the smell molecules are able to move from the latrine up to
the classroom.
b) Explain why the smell from the latrine become much more during the hot day.

69. Salts are very important in our everyday lives as some of them are used in
medicines, add taste to our food. Many of these salts can be prepared in the
laboratory.

a) Suggest three ways in which salts can be prepared in the laboratory school.
b) Ammonium chloride is an example of the salts prepared from the laboratory.
When it was dissolved in water and the solution tested, it was found to be acidic.
Explain why the solution was acidic.
c) State three other applications of salts in your community

70. Chemistry is one of the most prestigious science subjects studied at the
secondary level of Education. When you study chemistry, you do not only acquire
knowledge about many chemical reactions and other substances, but you can also
take up various careers after school.

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(a) Identify any three careers that you can take up through studying chemistry.
b) Briefly describe how the knowledge of chemistry has been applied in the
following field in the Ugandan economy;
(i) Agriculture.
(ii) Medicine
(iii) Cosmetics industry

71. Read carefully below about how members of Rehema‟s family started their day.
Rehema woke up one day late than usual. She was hearing her mum‟s loud voice
telling her to make tea. When she moved out of the bed, she met her younger
brother who was so dirty after playing in mud earlier morning. She removed his
dirty clothes and washed them using detergents. She also bathed her young
brother using a bathing soap. As she was moving to the kitchen, her father called
her and asked her to clean her shoes. She polished her father‟s shoes using a new
shoe polish they bought from the market. She then went to the kitchen in order to
make tea in the kettle. She observed bubbles of boiling water which produced
steam in the kettle. She then added tea leaves which changes the entire color of
hot water. She tested the tea but it was so bitter. She then added sugar which
made the tea sweet. She poured the tea in the flask and took it in the leaving room
where she saw her mother putting fruits and soda in the refrigerator. She started
feeling headache. When her mother knew about the headache, she gave her pain
killer tablets which made her feel better after a few minutes. She moved out of
the house and saw their neighbor painting his old metallic door which had developed
a brown coat.

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a) Outline activities at Rehema‟s home showing chemistry. Give all
i) Identify the occupation.
ii) How is the knowledge of chemistry used in that occupation?
iii) How is the activity above useful to the society

72. Eritukire Reagan, a S.1 learner has studied Chemistry for two months now; his
mother is a senior researcher. On visitation day, Reagan and his mother had a
lengthy talk about science subjects offered in the school; their relevance in daily
life and contributions to the economy. Chemistry being one of those subjects.

Task. Show how best Reagan would show his father that chemistry has
contributed to the economic growth of the country.

73. Kintu Chrispus lives along the channels of a water body which supplies the
entire village of Masajja with water. He has many cows which drink and move within
the water body. He has a big plantation of crops next to the water body on which
he uses a massive amount of fertilizes to ensure that he get high yields. He
normally cools his machines in water and his wife earns a living by washing clothes
daily for people in Masajja. The wife uses detergents and soap to wash the clothes.

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Task. Write a piece of advice to Kintu Chrispus letting him know about the ways
his family and activities pollute the water body, the possible effects the pollution
could do to Masajja and how he can participate in solving the problem of water
pollution in the area.

74. Nanyonjo Zahara is a student in Buwenge College in Jinja district. When in the
chemistry class, Mr. Ngambo Wilsone taught her that melting of candle wax when a
candle is burning is a physical change. The teacher told them to go and research
more from a particular book in the library about chemical and physical changes. On
reading the book, she found that a burning candle has both physical and chemical
changes. Zahara wondered which chemical change is in the burning candle since
their teacher had only said that a burning candle has only physical change. When
she went back home, she saw the uncle splitting firewood into small pieces. At the
same time, her mother was using the splitted pieces of wood to cook food.

Task. Write a message to Zahara sensitizing her in her research about the various
chemical and physical changes to present to their teacher.

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