Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Introduction to Engineering Drawing
Drawing is the graphical means of expression of ideas, thoughts and feelings
without the barrier of a language. Engineering Drawing is the Universal Language
for Engineers. Communication in engineering is necessary for effectively
transferring one’s ideas to others. While communicating, we use our memory to
remember objects, sense organs to perceive objects and mind to imagine objects.
Our perception are coloured or modified by our past experiences.
DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES
The following set of instruments is required for ensuring good quality manual
drawing.
1) Drawing board
2) Drawing Sheet
3) T- Suqare
4) Mini-drafter
5) Set –squares
6) Compasses
7) Divider
8) Pencils / lead sticks/ pencil sharpener / eraser/etc.
9) French curve/Flexible curve
10) Protractor
Engineering scale
Usually the word scale is used for an instrument used for drawing straight lines,
But actually in engineer’s language scale means the proportion or ratio between the
dimensions adopted for the drawing and corresponding dimensions of the object.
There are of three types of scale:-
1) Reducing scale
2) Full scale
3) Enlarging scale
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Dimensions in Engineering Drawing
10 Millimeters (MM) = 1 centimeter (CM)
10 centimeters (CM) = 1 Decimeter (DM)
10 Decimeters (DM) = 1Meter (M)
10Meters (M) = 1 Decameter (DAM)
10Decameters (DAM) = 1 Hectometer (HM)
10 Hectometers (HM) = 1 Kilometer (KM)
1 Yard = 3 Feet
1Feet = 12 Inches
1 Inches = 2.54 Centimeter = 25.4 Millimeters
Lines
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
The various Types of Scales used in practice are -
1) Plain Scales
2) Diagonal Scales
3) Vernier Scales
4) Comparative scales
5) Angle of Chords / scale of Chords
Engineering curves –
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Projection in Engineering Drawing-
The figure or view formed by joining, in correct sequence, the points at which
these lines meet the plane is called the Projection of the object. The lines or rays
drawn from the object to the plane are called Projectors. The transparent plane on
which the projections are drawn is known as Plane of Projection.
1) Projection of point ( ‘0’ Dimension object)
2) Projection of Line ( ‘1’ Dimension object)
3) Projection of Plane ( ‘2’ Dimension object)
4) Projection of Solid ( ‘3’ Dimension object)
Projection of point:- Point is a Circle of Zero dimension object.
Projection of lines:- A Straight line is the shortest distance between two point.
Projection of planes:- Plane figures or surface have only two dimension length&
width. They do not thickness and height.
Projection of Solid:- A solid has three Dimensions length, breadth and thickness.
To represent a solid on a flat surface having only length and breadth.
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Types of solid :- (1) Polyhedra
(a) Prism
(b) Pyramid
(2) solids of revolution
(a) Cylinder
(b) cone
(c) sphere
(1) Polyhedra - A polyhedron is a three-dimensional solid made up of polygons. It
has flat faces, straight edges, and vertices. For example, a cube, prism, or pyramid
are polyhedrons. Cones, spheres, and cylinders are non-polyhedrons because their
sides are not polygons and they have curved surfaces.
Prism – a polyhedron formed by two equal parallel regular polygon, end faces
connected by side faces which are either rectangles or parallelograms.
Pyramids – a polyhedron formed by a plane surface as its base and a number of
triangles as its side faces, all meeting at a point, called vertex or apex.
A solid of revolution- It is a three-dimensional shape that is made by rotating a
two-dimensional shape around an axis of rotation.
Cylinder – When a rectangle is revolved about one of its sides the other parallel
side generates a cylinder.
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Cone – When a right triangle is revolved about one of its sides, the hypotenuse of
the right triangle generates a cone.
Sphere – when a semi-circle is revolved about one of its diameter, a sphere is
generated.
Section of solids:-
The surface created by cutting the object by a section plane is called as section.
The section is indicated by drawing the hatching lines (section lines) within the
sectioned area. The spacing between hatching lines should be uniform and in
proportion to the size of the section.
Frustum - When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a cutting plane parallel to its
base, the remaining portion thus obtained after removing the top portion is
called the Frustum.
Truncated - When a solid (prism/cylinder/pyramid/cone) is cut by a cutting plane
inclined to its base (not parallel), the remaining portion thus obtained after
removing the top portion is called the Truncated Solid.
Development - A development is the unfold / unrolled flat / plane figure of a 3-D
object. It is also called a pattern where the plane may show the true size of each
area of the object. When the pattern is cut, it can be rolled or folded back into the
original object.
Isometric - An isometric drawing is best described as a three-dimensional drawing
projected onto a two-dimensional surface. A vertical line is used as a place to start
with two identified points, one at the top and one at the bottom. Horizontal lines
are created from the predetermined vertical line at 30-degree angles.
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Auto CAD
CAD - CAD (computer-aided design) is the use of computer-based software to
aid in design processes. CAD software is frequently used by different types of
engineers and designers. CAD software can be used to create two-dimensional (2-
D) drawings or three-dimensional (3-D) models.
CAD is often used in tandem with digitized manufacturing processes.
CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) is software
used to design products such as electronic circuit boards in computers and other
devices.
CAD Software –
MicroStation (offered by Bentley Systems)
AutoCAD (offered by Autodesk)
CorelCAD
IronCAD
CADTalk
SolidWorks
Onshape
Catia
LibreCAD
OpenSCAD
Vectorworks
Solid Edge
Altium Designer
Engineering Graphics Vinay Malviya
7987380341
Editing command in AutoCAD -
Move (M+Enter)
Rotate (RO+Enter)
Copy (CO+Enter)
Mirror (M+Enter)
Stretch.
Scale (SC+Enter)
Trim (TR+Enter)
Extend (EX+Enter)
Difference between isometric projection and isometric view :-
