Pemberton

Mathematics
for Cambridge IGCSE
Second edition For the
updated

Extended syllabus

Sue Pemberton

Oxford excellence for Cambridge IGCSE

Contents

Syllabus matching grid vii

About this book 1

Unit 1 Unit 2
Number Order of operations 2 Percentages 1 50
Directed numbers 3 Ratio 52
Multiples, factors, primes,
squares and cubes 5
Four rules for fractions 10
Significant figures and
decimal places 14

Algebra Simplifying algebraic Indices 1 58

expressions 17 Solving linear Inequalities 62
Solving linear equations 20 Manipulating algebraic
Constructing formulae 24 fractions 64
Substitution into formulae 25 The general equation of
Gradients and a straight line 68
straight line graphs 28 Representing linear
inequalities on graphs 72

Shape and Space Angle properties 33 Perimeter and area 76

Symmetry 36 Pythagoras 78
Polygons 39 Geometrical constructions 84
Loci 86
Area and circumference
of a circle 90

Probability Averages and range 41 Displaying data 96

and Statistics Frequency tables 44

Examination-style questions 46 Examination-style questions 100

Contents III
 Unit 3 Unit 4
Number Standard form 104 Percentages 2 168

Algebra Simultaneous Matrix algebra 170

equations 1 108 Expanding double
Factorising 1 114 brackets 180
Rearranging formulae 1 118 Quadratic graphs 184

Shape and Space Similar triangles 120 Bearings 190

Reflections, rotations Trigonometry 194
and translations 128 Angles of elevation and
Enlargements 144 depression 208
Surface area and
volume 1 150

Probability Probability 1 156 Scatter diagrams 210

and Statistics

Examination-style questions 164 Examination-style questions 214

Iv Contents
Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7
Direct and inverse Percentages 3 264 Distancetime graphs 330
proportion 218 Speed, distance and time 268 Speedtime graphs 334
Increase and decrease in
a given ratio 222

Functions 224 Sets and venn diagrams 272 Rearranging formulae 2 338
Factorising 2 230 Indices 2 284 Sequences 340
Cubic graphs 234 Solving quadratic equations Exponential graphs 350
by factorisation 288
Reciprocal graphs 292
The gradients of
perpendicular lines 294

Surface area Circle theorems 298 Matrices and

and volume 2 238 transformations 354
Areas of similar shapes 246
volumes of similar
objects 250

Grouped frequency tables 254 Probability 2 312 Cumulative frequency 364

Examination-style questions 258 Examination-style questions 320 Examination-style questions 372

Contents v
 Unit 8 Unit 9
Number Rational and irrational Upper and lower bounds 422
numbers 378
Compound interest and
exponential growth and
decay 380

Algebra Solving quadratic equations Simultaneous equations 2 426

using the formula 384 Linear programming 428
Further algebraic fractions 388 Solving quadratic equations by
variation 390 completing the square 432
Using graphs to solve
equations 436

Shape and Space Sine and cosine ratios up vectors and vector
to 180 398 geometry 440
Area of a triangle 400
The sine and cosine
rules 404

Probability Histograms 412 Probability 3 452

and Statistics

Examination-style questions 416 Examination-style questions 456

Answers 462
Index 520

Access your support website for extra exam revision material

and presentations www.oxfordsecondary.com/9780198378402

vI Contents
Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580: Extended

Syllabus topic Page numbers in

student book
E1: Number
E1.1 Identify and use natural numbers, integers (positive, negative 39, 378379
and zero), prime numbers, square numbers, common factors
and common multiples, rational and irrational numbers, real
numbers.
E1.2 Use language, notation and Venn diagrams to describe sets and 272283
represent relationships between sets. Definition of sets e.g.
A = {x: x is a natural number}, B = {(x,y): y = mx + c},
C = {x: a x b}, D = {a, b, c, }
E1.3 Calculate squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots of Embedded
numbers. throughout book
E1.4 Use directed numbers in practical situations. 3
E1.5 Use the language and notation of simple vulgar and decimal 1013
fractions and percentages in appropriate contexts. Recognise
equivalence and convert between these forms.
E1.6 Order quantities by magnitude and demonstrate familiarity 6263
with the symbols =, , >, <, ,
E1.7 Understand the meaning and rules of indices. Use the standard 5861, 284287
form A 10n where n is a positive or negative integer, and
1 A < 10.
E1.8 Use the four rules for calculations with whole numbers, 2, 1013
decimals and vulgar (and mixed) fractions, including correct
ordering of operations and use of brackets.
E1.9 Make estimates of numbers, quantities and lengths, give 13, 1416, 1718
approximations to specified numbers of significant figures and
decimal places and round off answers to reasonable accuracy in
the context of a given problem.
E1.10 Give appropriate upper and lower bounds for data given to a 4224257
specified accuracy. Obtain appropriate upper and lower bounds
to solutions of simple problems given data to a specified
accuracy.
E1.11 Demonstrate an understanding of ratio and proportion. 2023, 2526,
Use common measures of rate. Calculate average speed. 3538, 268271

Syllabus matching grid vII

E1.12 Calculate a given percentage of a quantity. Express one quantity 5057, 168169,
as a percentage of another. Calculate percentage increase or 264267
decrease. Carry out calculations involving reverse percentages.
E1.13 Use a calculator efficiently. Apply appropriate checks of Embedded
accuracy. throughout the book
E1.14 Calculate times in terms of the 24-hour and 12-hour clock. Embedded
Read clocks, dials and timetables. throughout the book
E1.15 Calculate using money and convert from one currency to 220221
another.
E1.16 Use given data to solve problems on personal and household 266267
finance involving earnings, simple interest and compound
interest. Extract data from tables and charts.
E1.17 Use exponential growth and decay in relation to population 380383
and finance.
E2: Algebra and graphs
E2.1 Use letters to express generalised numbers and express basic 1727, 118119,
arithmetic processes algebraically. Substitute numbers for words 388389
and letters in formulae. Construct and transform complicated
formulae and equations.
E2.2 Manipulate directed numbers. Use brackets and extract 34, 1821, 114117,
common factors. Expand products of algebraic expressions. 230233
Factorise where possible expressions of the form:
ax + bx + kay + kby, a2x2 b2y2, a2 + 2ab + b2, ax2 + bx + c.
E2.3 Manipulate algebraic fractions. Factorise and simplify rational 6467, 388389
expressions.
E2.4 Use and interpret positive, negative and zero indices. Use and 5861, 284287
interpret fractional indices. Use the rules of indices.
E2.5 Solve simple linear equations in one unknown. Solve 2023, 6263,
simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns. Solve 108113, 288291,
quadratic equations by factorisation, completing the square or 384387, 426427,
by use of the formula. Solve simple linear inequalities. 432435
E2.6 Represent inequalities graphically and use this representation in 7275, 428431
the solution of simple linear programming problems.
E2.7 Continue a given number sequence. Recognise patterns in 340349
sequences and relationships between different sequences.
Findthe nth term of sequences (including quadratic and cubic
sequences, exponential sequences and simple combinations
ofthese).

vIII Syllabus matching grid

E2.8 Express direct and inverse variation in algebraic terms and use 390397
this form of expression to find unknown quantities.
E2.9 Interpret and use graphs in practical situations including travel 220221, 330337
graphs and conversion graphs. Draw graphs from given data. Apply
the idea of rate of change to easy kinematics involving distance
time and speedtime graphs, acceleration and deceleration.
Calculate distance travelled as area under a linear speedtime graph.
E2.10 Construct tables of values and draw graphs for functions of 184189, 234237,
the form axn, where a is a rational constant, and n = 2, 1, 0, 292293, 350353,
1, 2, 3, and simple sums of not more than three of these and 436439
for functions of the form ax, where a is a positive integer. Solve
associated equations approximately by graphical methods. Draw
and interpret graphs representing exponential growth and decay
problems.
E2.11 Estimate gradients of curves by drawing tangents. 186187
E2.12 Use function notation, e.g. f(x) = 3x 5, f: x 3x 5, to 224229
describe simple functions. Find inverse functions f1(x). Form
composite functions as defined by gf(x) = g(f(x)).
E3: Geometry
E3.1 Use and interpret the geometrical terms: point, line, 3336, 3940,
parallel, bearing, right angle, acute, obtuse and reflex angles, 9095, 120127,
perpendicular, similarity and congruence. Use and interpret 238243
vocabulary of triangles, quadrilaterals, circles, polygons and
simple solid figures including nets.
E3.2 Measure lines and angles. Construct a triangle given the three sides 8485
using ruler and pair of compasses only. Construct other simple
geometrical figures from given data using ruler and protractor as
necessary. Construct angle bisectors and perpendicular bisectors
using straight edge and pair of compasses only.
E3.3 Read and make scale drawings. 5657
E3.4 Calculate lengths of similar figures. Use the relationships 246253
between areas of similar triangles, with corresponding results
for similar figures and extension to volumes.

Syllabus matching grid Ix

E3.5 Recognise rotational and line symmetry (including order of 3638, 298303
rotational symmetry) in two dimensions. Recognise symmetry
properties of the prism (including cylinder) and the pyramid
(including cone). Use the following symmetry properties of circles:
equal chords are equidistant from the centre
the perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre
tangents from an external point are equal in length.
E3.6 Calculate unknown angles using the following geometrical 3335, 3940,
properties: 298311
angles at a point
angles at a point on a straight line and intersecting straight lines
angles formed within parallel lines
angle properties of triangles and quadrilaterals
angle properties of regular polygons
angle in a semi-circle
angle between tangent and radius of a circle
angle properties of irregular polygons
angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the
circumference
angles in the same segment are equal
angles in opposite segments are supplementary; cyclic
quadrilaterals.
E3.7 Use the following loci and the method of intersecting loci for 8689
sets of points in two dimensions which are:
at a given distance from a given point
at a given distance from a given straight line
equidistant from two given points
equidistant from two given intersecting straight lines.
E4: Mensuration
E4.1 Use current units of mass, length, area, volume and capacity in 7677, 150
practical situations and express quantities in terms of larger or
smaller units.
E4.2 Carry out calculations involving the perimeter and area of a 7677
rectangle, triangle, parallelogram and trapezium and compound
shapes derived from these.
E4.3 Carry out calculations involving the circumference and area of 9095
a circle. Solve problems involving the arc length and sector area
as fractions of the circumference and area of a circle.
E4.4 Carry out calculations involving the volume of a cuboid, prism 150155, 238245
and cylinder and the surface area of a cuboid and a cylinder.
Carry out calculations involving the surface area and volume of
a sphere, pyramid and cone.

x Syllabus matching grid

E4.5 Carry out calculations involving the areas and volumes of 150155, 238245
compound shapes.
E5: Coordinate geometry
E5.1 Demonstrate familiarity with Cartesian co-ordinates in two 2832
dimensions.
E5.2 Find the gradient of a straight line. Calculate the gradient of a 2832, 6871
straight line from the co-ordinates of two points on it.
E5.3 Calculate the length and the co-ordinates of the midpoint of a 6871, 82
straight line from the co-ordinates of its end points.
E5.4 Interpret and obtain the equation of a straight line graph in the 2832, 6871
form y = mx + c.
E5.5 Determine the equation of a straight line parallel to a given line. 6871
E5.6 Find the gradient of parallel and perpendicular lines. 294297
E6: Trigonometry
E6.1 Interpret and use three-figure bearings. 190193
E6.2 Apply Pythagoras theorem and the sine, cosine and tangent 7883, 194209,
ratios for acute angles to the calculation of a side or of an angle 398399
of a right-angled triangle. Solve trigonometrical problems in
two dimensions involving angles of elevation and depression.
Extend sine and cosine values to angles between 90 and 180.
E6.3 Solve problems using the sine and cosine rules for any triangle 400411
and the formula area of triangle = ab sin C.
E6.4 Solve simple trigonometrical problems in three dimensions 206207
including angle between a line and a plane.
E7: Matrices and transformations
E7.1 x  136143, 440445
Describe a translation by using a vector represented by e.g. y , AB

or a. Add and subtract vectors. Multiply a vector by a scalar.
E7.2 Reflect simple plane figures in horizontal or vertical lines. 128149
Rotate simple plane figures about the origin, vertices or
midpoints of edges of the figures, through multiples of 90.
Construct given translations and enlargements of simple
plane figures. Recognise and describe reflections, rotations,
translations and enlargements.
E7.3 x 2 2 440451
Calculate the magnitude of a vector y as x + y . Represent

vectors by directed line segments. Use the sum and difference of
two vectors to express given vectors in terms of two coplanar
vectors. Use position vectors.

Syllabus matching grid xi

E7.4 Display information in the form of a matrix of any order. 170179
Calculate the sum and product (where appropriate) of two
matrices. Calculate the product of a matrix and a scalar
quantity. Use the algebra of 2 2 matrices including the zero
and identity 2 2 matrices. Calculate the determinant |A| and
inverse A1 of a non-singular matrix A.
E7.5 Use the following transformations of the plane: reflection 354363
(M), rotation (R), translation (T), enlargement (E), and
their combinations. Identify and give precise descriptions
of transformations connecting given figures. Describe
transformations using co-ordinates and matrices (singular
matrices are excluded).
E8: Probability
E8.1 Calculate the probability of a single event as either a fraction, 156159
decimal or percentage.
E8.2 Understand and use the probability scale from 0 to 1. 156
E8.3 Understand that the probability of an event occurring = 1 the 157
probability of the event not occurring.
E8.4 Understand relative frequency as an estimate of probability. 162163
E8.5 Calculate the probability of simple combined events, using 160161, 312319,
possibility diagrams and tree diagrams where appropriate. 452455
E9: Statistics
E9.1 Collect, classify and tabulate statistical data. Read, interpret and 9699
draw simple inferences from tables and statistical diagrams.
E9.2 Construct and read bar charts, pie charts, pictograms, simple 9699, 210213,
frequency distributions, histograms with equal and unequal 412415
intervals and scatter diagrams.
E9.3 Calculate the mean, median, mode and range for individual and 4145
discrete data and distinguish between the purposes for which
they are used.
E9.4 Calculate an estimate of the mean for grouped and continuous 254257
data. Identify the modal class from a grouped frequency
distribution.
E9.5 Construct and use cumulative frequency diagrams. Estimate and 364371
interpret the median, percentiles, quartiles and inter-quartile
range.
E9.6 Understand what is meant by positive, negative and zero 210211
correlation with reference to a scatter diagram.
E9.7 Draw a straight line of best fit by eye. 212213

xII Syllabus matching grid

Order of operations
THIS SECTION WILL SHOW YOU HOW TO
Perform operations in the correct order

When a calculation involves more than one operation it is important

to do the operations in the correct order. Memory aid
1 Work out the Brackets first. B I D M A S
2 Work out the Indices next. Brackets
3 Work out the Divisions and Multiplications next. Indices
4 Work out the Additions and Subtractions last. Division
Multiplication
Addition
Subtraction
Calculate 150 32 (8 + 4) + 6 2
EXAMPLE

150 32 (8 + 4) + 6 2 brackets first

= 150 32 12 + 6 2 indices next, 32 means 3 3 = 9
= 150 9 12 + 6 2 division and multiplication next
= 150 108 + 3 = 45 addition and subtraction last

EX ER C I SE 1.1
Work out:
1 2+35 2 82+4 3 3452 4 5682

5 723+5 6 10 2 3 7 6 + (3 5) 2 8 10 + 32 4

9 (5 + 4) 3 2 10 (5 4) (3 2) 11 (4 3) 22 12 5 (4 3) 2

13 5 (16 3 2) 14 38 2 4 3 15 56 (23 + 4) 16 4 + (3 2)2

17 (4 3 + 2)2 18 (2 32) + 4 19 43 5 6 20 5 (23 + 32)

EX ER C I SE 1.2
Copy these and use brackets (where necessary) to make the statements true.
1 2 + 3 4 + 5 = 25 2 2 3 + 4 5 = 26

3 2 + 3 4 + 5 = 29 4 2 + 3 42 = 80

5 2 3 + 4 5 = 46 6 5 + 4 3 2 = 15

7 2 3 + 4 5 = 50 8 2 3 + 4 5 = 70

9 2 + 3 4 + 5 = 45 10 2 + 3 42 = 50

2 UNIT 1
Directed numbers
THIS SECTION WILL SHOW YOU HOW TO
Perform the four rules on directed numbers

The positive and negative whole numbers are NEGATIVE NUMBERS POSITIVE NUMBERS
called integers. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
They can be shown on a number line.
The number line can be used in practical situations.
To find the difference between a temperature of 5 C and a temperature of
3 C, you find the gap between these two numbers on the number line.
The difference is 8 C.

Adding and subtracting directed numbers

The rules for adding and subtracting directed numbers are:

Change 2 + +5 to 2 + 5 = 3
Change 2 + 5 to 2 5 = 7
Change 2 +5 to 2 5 = 7
Change 2 5 to 2 + 5 = 3

Work out a (9) (3) b (+8) (+15) c (29) + (12)

EXAMPLE

a 9 3 = 9 + 3 = 6 change to +
b +8 +15 = +8 15 = 7 change + to
c 29 + 12 = 29 12 = 17 change + to

EX ER C IS E 1.3
Work out:
1 (3) + (5) 2 6 (4) 3 8 + (10)

4 2 + (5) 5 (4) (+2) 6 (15) + (3)

7 36 + (8) 8 29 (+1) 9 (52) (38)

10 (54) + (3) 11 (16) + (2) 12 (20) (20)

13 (57) + (+5) 14 41 + (16) 15 52 (3)

16 (5) (+10) 17 (7) (14) 18 (42) + (5)

19 (8) + (2) + (5) 20 (6) (+2) (3) 21 7 (2) + (3)

22 (+9) (6) + (6) 23 7 (+9) + (3) 24 46 (12) + (5)

Directed numbers 3
 Multiplying and dividing directed numbers
The rules for multiplying and dividing directed numbers are:
UNIT 1

Multiplication Division
If the two signs are the same, the answer will be
+ + = + + + = +
positive.
+ = + =
If the two signs are different, the answer will be
+ = + =
negative.
= + = +

Work out a (6) (2) b 5 (8) c (4)3

EXAMPLE

a (6) (2) = 3 the two signs are the same so the answer is positive

b 5 (8) = 40 the two signs are different so the answer is negative

c (4)3 = 4 4 4 first multiply 4 by 4

= 16 4 then multiply by 4 again
= 64

EX ER C I SE 1.4
Work out:
1 (12) (5) 2 (8) (+4) 3 (+16) (2)

4 (52) (13) 5 (55) (+5) 6 (145) (5)

7 (+20) (2) 8 (95) (19) 9 (11) (11)

10 (3) (4) (5) 11 (2) (+8) (4) 12 (+6) (3) (7)

13 (2) (5) (+6) 14 (9)2 15 (15)2

16 (5)3 17 (60)3 18 (4)3 (1)3

19 (2)5 (10)2 20 (1)13 21 (1)15 (1)24

6 ( 10 ) ( +3 ) ( 12 ) ( 5)
22 23 24
3 15 ( 2 ) ( +10 )
25 Check your answers to questions 1 to 18 using a calculator.
KEY WORDS
Find the missing numbers: positive
2 negative
( 12 ) ( -5) 3 integer
26 = 48 27 =3 28 = 1
8 ( 2 ) 10 ( 2 ) ( 6 )

4 UNIT 1
Multiples, factors, primes, squares and cubes
THIS SECTION WILL SHOW YOU HOW TO
Identify and use factors, multiples, primes, squares and cubes

Factors
The whole numbers that divide exactly into 15 are called factors of 15.
The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5 and 15.

List all the factors of 24.

EXAMPLE

24 = 1 24 write 24 as the product of two factors

24 = 2 12 repeat until all pairs have been found
24 = 3 8
24 = 4 6
Factors of 24 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.

Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 20 and 36.

EXAMPLE

Factors of 20 = 1 , 2 , 4 , 5, 10, 20 list the factors of both 20 and 36

Factors of 36 = 1 , 2 , 3, 4 , 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
Common factors of 20 and 36 are 1, 2, and 4. find the numbers that are in both lists
Highest common factor of 20 and 36 is 4. select the highest number

Multiples
The multiples of 6 are the numbers 6, 12, 18, 24, 30

Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of 12 and 9.

EXAMPLE

Multiples of 12 = 12, 24, 36 , 48, 60, 72 , 84 list the multiples of 12 and 9

Multiples of 9 = 9, 18, 27, 36 , 45, 54, 63, 72 , 81
Common multiples of 12 and 9 are 36, 72 find the numbers that are in both lists
Lowest common multiple of 12 and 9 is 36. select the lowest number

Multiples, factors, primes, squares and cubes 5

 EX ER C I SE 1 .5
Write down all the factors of:
UNIT 1

1
a 10 b 15 c 9 d 17 e 60
f 80 g 100 h 64 i 125 j 90

2 Find the common factors of:

a 6 and 8 b 10 and 15 c 9 and 18
d 16 and 20 e 20 and 25 f 12 and 30
g 80 and 100 h 42 and 48 i 6, 12 and 42

3 Find the highest common factor (HCF) of:

a 6 and 8 b 10 and 15 c 90 and 18
d 36 and 45 e 23 and 46 f 20 and 24
g 30 and 45 h 42 and 48 i 8, 32 and 44

4 List the first six multiples of each of the following numbers.

a 10 b 6 c 9 d 18 e 25
f 40 g 100 h 12 i 27 j 121

5 Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of:

a 6 and 8 b 5 and 15 c 6 and 9
d 7 and 8 e 4 and 6 f 12 and 8
g 14 and 21 h 11 and 5 i 8, 10 and 12

6 A piece of rope can be cut into an exact number of 6 m lengths.

The rope could also be cut into an exact number of 8 m lengths.
What is the shortest possible length of the rope?

7 A light flashes every 15 minutes.

A second light flashes every 18 minutes.
Both lights flash together at 2 a.m.
What will be the time when they next flash together?

8 A bell rings every 20 seconds. A second bell rings every 25 seconds.

A third bell rings every 30 seconds. They all ring together at 8 p.m.
How long will it be before all three bells ring together again?

6 UNIT 1
Primes
A prime number is a number that has exactly two factors.

UNIT 1
5 is a prime number because it has exactly two factors (1 and 5)
List the first ten prime numbers
EXAMPLE

The prime numbers are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29

A prime factor is a factor that is also a prime number.

List the prime factors of 30.
EXAMPLE

The factors of 30 are: 1, 2 , 3 , 5 , 6, 10, 15 and 30 select the factors that are prime
The prime factors of 30 are: 2, 3 and 5.
Numbers can be written as the product of prime factors.
For example 120 = 2 60
= 2 2 30
= 2 2 2 15
=22235
= 23 3 5
The next example shows how a factor tree can be used.
Write 84 as the product of prime factors.
EXAMPLE

84

2 42

2 21

3 7 84 = 2 2 3 7 = 22 3 7

Expressing numbers as the product of prime factors can help you to

find highest common factors (HCF) and lowest common multiples (LCM).

Find the HCF and the LCM of 270 and 420.

EXAMPLE

First write 270 and 420 as the product of prime factors.

270 = 2 3 3 3 5 and 420 = 2 2 3 5 7
Write the prime factors on a diagram.
Prime factors Prime factors
of 270 of 420
3 3 2 3 5 2 7

The HCF is the product of the numbers in the intersection = 2 3 5 = 30.

The LCM is the product of all the numbers in the diagram = 3 3 2 3 5 2 7 = 3780.

Multiples, factors, primes, squares and cubes 7

 EX ER C I SE 1 .6
Which of the following numbers are prime numbers?
UNIT 1

1
11, 17, 21, 35, 47, 69, 72, 81.

2 Which of the following numbers are prime numbers?

3, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, 73.

3 Calculate the value of the following.

a 255 b 2 3 11 c 3337 d 257
e 2 3 3 13 f 2 2 3 11 g 33 52 7 h 25 32 5 11

4 Write each of the numbers as the product of prime factors.

a 10 b 150 c 81 d 60
e 74 f 100 g 98 h 250
i 1110 j 275 k 2004 l 2210

5 3, 7, 10, 15, 19, 21, 35

a Which of these numbers are prime numbers?
b Which of these numbers are multiples of 3?
c Which of these numbers are multiples of 5?
d Which of these numbers are factors of 30?
e Which of these numbers are factors of 380?

6 List the prime numbers between 80 and 100.

7 Sanjit thinks that 713 is a prime number. Explain why he is wrong.

8 The number 12 can be written as the sum of two prime numbers.

12 = 5 + 7
Write each of the following numbers as the sum of two prime numbers.
a 10 b 14 c 25 d 49 e 30
f 20 g 38 h 82 i 36 j 48

9 Find the HCF and LCM of:

a 24 and 42 b 45 and 105 c 70 and 42 d 40 and 75

10 Find the HCF and LCM of:

a 30, 36 and 42 b 28, 35 and 56 c 60, 90 and 210

8 UNIT 1
Square and cube numbers

UNIT 1
11=1 22=4 33=9 4 4 = 16
The numbers 1, 4, 9 and 16 are called square numbers.
The number 169 is also a square number because 13 13 = 169
13 13 can be written as 132

111=1 222=8 3 3 3 = 27
The numbers 1, 8 and 27 are called cube numbers.
The number 8000 is a cube number because 20 20 20 = 8000.
20 20 20 can also be written as 203.

EX ER C IS E 1.7
1 Which is biggest 23 or 32?

2 1, 5, 9, 20, 27, 56, 48, 49, 52, 64, 275, 289, 343, 436, 512.
a Write down the numbers that are square numbers.
b Write down the numbers that are cube numbers.

3 The number 64 is a square number because 8 8 =64. KEY WORDS

It is also a cube number because 4 4 4 = 64. factor
Can you find another number (bigger than 1) that is both highest common
a square and a cube number? factor (HCF)
multiple
lowest common
multiple (LCM)
prime
prime factor
product of prime factors
square numbers
cube numbers

Multiples, factors, primes, squares and cubes 9