Module – III – ENGINEERING GRAPHICS &
CAD
Lecture – 1
Engineering Drawing - Introduction
Course Faculty:
Dr. T. Venugopal, SMEC
Vellore Institute of Technology,
Chennai
Course Objectives
To introduce fundamental principles of major engineering disciplines.
To create awareness of interdisciplinary engineering systems and their
applications
Course Outcomes
At the end of the course students will be able to
1. Analyze the electrical circuits, Electrical Motors and the role of power
electronic converters in industrial applications
2. Acquire foundational knowledge of electronic devices and communication
systems.
3. Apply BIS standards to create basic 2D and 3D
representations of engineering components.
4. Explain the fundamental principles and applications of manufacturing
processes, energy conversion systems, and mechanical automation
technologies.
5. Analyze real-world examples where bio-inspired solutions have led to
breakthroughs in engineering.
Module - III Engineering Graphics and CAD [10 hours]
Lectures Contents to be Delivered in each Lecture
Engineering Drawing - Introduction - Applications of CAD in Mechanical
Lecture - 1
and Civil Engineering
Engineering Drawing - Drawing Sheet Layout, Types of Lines, Lettering
Lecture - 2
Standard, Importance of Dimensioning in Engineering Drawing
Elements of Dimensioning, Dimensioning Systems and Types of
Lecture - 3 Dimensioning, Dimensioning Rules, Dimensioning Practice of Simple
Sketches
Orthographic Projection Principles - First Angle and Third Angle
Lecture - 4
Projections and their symbols
Orthographic projection of Regular Solids (Cube, Cylinder, Cone) in
Lecture - 5
simple position
Orthographic projection of Regular Solids (Prisms and Pyramids) in
Lecture - 6
simple position
Orthographic of Projection of Simple Components - Free hand sketching
Lecture - 7
practice - 2 Exercises Class room Demo
Lecture - 8 Free Hand Sketching - 2 Exercises Hands-on Practice
Lecture - 9 Isometric Projection of Regular Solids (Cone, Cylinder and Prism)
Lecture - 10 Perspective Projection of Cube - Visual Ray method only
Is this a Technical Drawing?
Realistic 3D view
This picture doesn't preserve true measurements and shapes.
This type of projections are often used where visual appeal is
important.
What is Engineering Drawing?
Engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that engineers
use to communicate design ideas and technical information
about a product or structure.
Engineering Drawing - Why?
(Language of Engineers)
All Engineered components worldwide rely on
Engineering drawings to translate design concepts into
manufacturable products.
An Engineering drawing is essential for the fabrication
of any component, as it provides comprehensive visual
information, including geometry, dimensions,
tolerances, and other critical specifications.
The process of representing a three-dimensional object
through multiple two-dimensional views—typically the
front, top, and side—is known as orthographic
projection.
Applications of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawings are essential across all
manufacturing processes to ensure components are
produced within specified dimensions and tolerances.
From small scale to larger scale products
https://www.coxmanufacturing.com/micromachining https://www.unigensteel.us/large-diameter-turning.php
Engineering Drawing - Example
Drawing Sheet - Layout
Standard sizes of Drawing sheets as per BIS
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Title Block Details
Key Functions of a Title Block:
•Identifies the drawing (title, number, revision)
•Shows ownership (company name, designer, approver)
•Provides scale and projection method
•Tracks revisions and dates
•Lists material and technical details
•Ensures standardization and compliance
•Helps with drawing organization (sheet numbers, references)
Manual Draft to CAD Migration
Before the invention of CAD,
1950-1980
General Motors Technical Center in Warren Michigan.
Source: https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/life-before-autocad-1950-1980/
Manual Draft to CAD Migration
Today’s world of Design
https://www.solidworks.com/product/3dexperience-solidworks
Applications of CAD
1. Computer Aided Drafting
2. Geometric modelling
3. Computer Aided Assembly
4. Computer Aided Simulation & Analysis
5. Optimization
6. Collaborative design
7. CAD/CAM integration
Applications of CAD
Drafting Modelling & Assembly Simulation
Optimization CAM 3D Printing
Module – III – ENGINEERING GRAPHICS &
CAD
Lecture – 2
Types of Lines, Lettering & Dimensioning
Course Faculty:
Dr. T. Venugopal, SMEC
Vellore Institute of Technology,
Chennai
Types of Lines
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Types of Lines
Thick Lines – HB
Thin Lines – 2H
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Types of
Lines
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Types of
Lines
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Lettering Standard
Lettering is generally done in capital letters. Different sizes of letters are used
for different purposes.
The main titles are generally written in 6 mm to 8 mm size, sub-titles in 3 mm
to 6 mm size, while notes, dimension figures etc. in 3 mm to 5 mm size.
The drawing number in the title block is written in numerals of 10 mm to 12
mm size.
Dimensioning
A DIMENSION is a numerical value expressed in appropriate units
of measurement and used to define the size, location, orientation,
form or other geometric characteristics of a part.
Communications is the fundamental purpose of dimensions.
Parts are dimensioned based on two criteria:
1. Basic sizes and locations of the features
2. Details of construction for manufacturing
Standards: ISO 129:1985
ISO 129-1:2004
ISO 129-1:2018
IS11669: 1986
Dimensioning
A dimension is for size, location and position (assembly) (of the
designed / modeled shape).
Sizes Location
Used to describe various features of a component
relative to each other, such as hole center line to
a reference surface
Position
Used to describe
widths, heights,
depths, diameters Used for parts that fit together requiring a certain
etc.. degree of accuracy
Elements of Dimensioning
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Two systems of dimensioning
Aligned system
Generally, Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Unidirectional system
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Module – III – ENGINEERING GRAPHICS &
CAD
Lecture – 3
Dimensioning Rules
Course Faculty:
Dr. T. Venugopal, SMEC
Vellore Institute of Technology,
Chennai
General Rules for Dimensioning
Dimensioning should be done so completely that further
calculation or assumption of any dimension, or direct
measurement from the drawing is not necessary.
None of the dimension should be mentioned more than once.
Dimension should be placed on the view where its use is
shown more clearly.
Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between
hidden lines should be avoided.
An object line or a centre line should never be used as a
dimension line.
Hints on Dimensioning
Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the
outlines and from each other.
Continuous or Chain
Dimensioning
Progressive or Parallel
Dimensioning
Cumulative error is
avoided by this
method.
Hints on Dimensioning
Smaller dimensions should be placed nearer the view and the larger further
away so that extension lines do not cross dimension lines.
Arrowheads should ordinarily be drawn within the limits of the dimensioned
feature. They may be placed outside when the space is too narrow.
Dimensions of cylindrical parts should as far as possible be placed in the
views in which they are seen as rectangles. Diameter should always be
preceded by a symbol Ø.
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Hints on Dimensioning
Dimensioning of Circle
Dimensioning of Holes
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Hints on Dimensioning
Dimensioning of Arcs
Dimensioning of Angles
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Hints on Dimensioning
Dimensioning a chamfer
Dimensioning of external and internal threads
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Sketching & Dimensioning Practice
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Sketching & Dimensioning Practice
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Sketching & Dimensioning Practice
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm
Module – III – ENGINEERING GRAPHICS &
CAD
Lecture – 4
Orthographic Projection
Course Faculty:
Dr. T. Venugopal, SMEC
Vellore Institute of Technology,
Chennai
Projection of an Object
Projection of an Object
Orthographic Projection
“Object is in between
observer and the plane
of projection”
When the projectors are parallel to each other and also perpendicular to the
plane, the projection is called “orthographic projection”.
FOUR QUADRANTS
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Planes of Projection
V.P. VERTICAL PLANE FIRST ANGLE
H.P HORIZONTAL PLANE PROJECTION
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Orthographic
Projection of a
Product
GRAPHICAL SYMBOL OF
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Third Angle Projection
The object is in
the third
quadrant.
Rays of sight
intersect the
V.P
Planes of projection are
assumed to be transparent Top view comes above
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt the front view.
GRAPHICAL SYMBOL OF
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
1st Angle & 3rd Angle Projection – Comparison
First Angle Projection Third Angle Projection
The object is kept in the first The object is assumed to be kept in
quadrant. the third quadrant.
The object lies between the observer The plane of projection lies between
and the plane of projection. the observer and the object.
The plane of projection is assumed The plane of projection is assumed
to be non-transparent. to be transparent.
The top view (plan) comes below the The top view (plan) comes above the
Front view (elevation). Front view (elevation).
The view of the object as observed Left hand side view is drawn to the
from the left-side is drawn to the left hand side of the elevation.
right of elevation.
This method of projection is now This method of projection is used in
recommended by the "Bureau of U.S.A. and also in other countries.
Indian Standards‘ from 1991.
Source: Engineering Drawing, N.D. Bhatt
Orthographic Projection - Exercise
Hidden Edge Representation
Representation of Holes
Representation of Edges and Fillets
Q. Identify the appropriate orthographic views for the given objects.
PROJECTION OF POINTS – Ist QUADRANT
PROJECTION OF POINTS – IInd QUADRANT
PROJECTION OF POINTS – IIIrd QUADRANT
PROJECTION OF POINTS – IVth QUADRANT
PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINE – Ist QUADRANT
PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINE – Ist QUADRANT
