CHAPTER II

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS

2.1 SLABS

Slabs are structure build horizontally which holds moving loads and permanent loads place
on it, such as partitions, tables, moving people, etc. It is supported by beams and reinforced
according to type, analyzed like a beam since width is considered as 1-meter strip only. Slab
on fill is not considered in this design in this design since it is a compression slab. Slab
weight and loadings is transmitted to beams as its support.

Two (2) types of slab

1.) One-way Slab
2.) Two-way Slab.

2.2 ONE-WAY SLAB

One-way Slab is supported by two parallel beams where loads and weight is transmitted.
The reinforcement runs in one direction parallel to the beam with perpendicular temperature
bars take care of shrinkage and temperature stresses. The design of one-way slab considers
only one-meter strip. To determine whether it is one-way slab, divide the shorter span by the
longer and the quotient should be less than 0.5; S/L < 0.5.

2.21 Limits Used in Designing the Allowable Stress Design or Alternate Strength Design
from NSCP

1. Maximum spacing of main bars should not exceed 3 times slab thickness or 450 mm.
2. Maximum spacing of temperature bars is neither 5 times slab thickness nor 500 mm.
3. Minimum main reinforcing bars should not be less than 12 mm diameter.
4. Minimum temperature bars should not be less than 10 mm diameter.
5. Concrete cover should be 25 mm measured from the center of main bars to extreme
fibers.
6. Considered area (As) for temperature bars.

As = 0.0020 bh for grade of 300 MPa, fy = 300 MPa

As = 0.0018 bh for grade of 400 MPa, fy = 400 MPa

Where: As = Area of Reinforcing Steel

b = Width equal to 1000 mm
h = Thickness of Slab

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 FIGURE 2.10 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF SLAB

2.22 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF ONE-WAY SLAB

L
1. h = ; for simply supported
20

L
2. h = ; for one-end continuous
24

L
3. h = ; for both-end continuous
28

L
4. h = ; for cantilevered slab
10

2.23 STEPS IN DESIGNING ONE-WAY SLAB BY ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

1. Compute thickness of slab using ACI Code or NSCP.

L
h= ; mt = minimum thickness form 2.4
mt

2. Compute for depth.

d = h – 25
3. Compute for weight.
W = DL + LL
4. Compute for design moment.
2
WL
a. M = , for simple span
8
2
WL
b. M = , for continuous beam
12
c. Use shear and moment diagram for other moments.
5. Compute for resisting force.
R = ½ fckj

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 n
k
Where: k = fs ; fc = 0.45f’c ; j = 1 -
n+ 3
fc
6. Compute for actual effective depth.

d=
M
√
Rb
Where: b = 1000mm
7. Compute for steel area reinforcement.

M
As =
fsjd
8. Compute for spacing of main bars.

S = πb ¿ ¿ ; db = diameter of main bars

9. Compute for numbers of rebars.

b 1000
N= =
s s

10. Check for shearing stress (υ).

V WL
υ= ;V= - Wd , d is the result of no. 6
bd 2
11. Check for bond stress (u).

WL
b
u = 2 ; Ʃ˳ = πd , Ʃ˳ - concrete steel ratio
s
Ʃ ˳ jd
12. Compute for temperature bars.
As = 0.0020 bh
As = 0.0018 bh
13. Compute for spacing of temperature bars.

b Ab
S= ; Ab = area of temperature bars
As
14. Draw the slab.

2.24 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 1

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 Design a one-way slab having a continuous slab of 5.0 m to carry a liveload of 6 kPa, f’c
20 MPa, fs = 137 Mpa, n = 10, υ = 0.40 MPa, u = 1.4 MPa, use weight of concrete of 2,400
kg/m3.

Given:

L = 5.0 m fs = 137 MPa u = 1.4 MPa

LL = 6 kPa n = 10 Wc = 2,400 kg/m3
fc = 20 MPa υ = 0.40 MPa

Solution:

 Computation for thickness of slab.

Note: sine slab is continuous, meaning both-end continuous
L 5000 mm
h= =
28 28
h = 178.57 mm, say 178 mm
d = h – 25 = 178mm – 25mm
d = 153 mm

 Computation for weight of slab.

W = DL + LL
DL = hbWc
= (0.178m)(1m)(2,400kg/m3)(9.81N/kg)
= 4,190.832 N/m or 4.19 kN/m
W = 4.191 kN/m + 6 kN/m
W = 10.191 kN·m or 10,191,000 N/mm
 Computation for design moment.

M=
WL
12
2
= (10.191
kN
m) (5.0 m)2

12
M = 21.231 kN·m or 21,231,000 N·m
 Computation for resisting force.
R = ½ fckj
fc = 0.45f’c = 0.45(20 MPa) fc = 9 MPa
n 10
k= fs = 137 k = 0.3965
n+ 10+
fc 9
0.3965
j=1– j = 0.868
3
R = ½ (9MPa)(0.3965)(0.868)
R = 1.55 MPa
 Computation for actual effective depth.

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 √(
21,231,000 N . mm
d=
1.55
)
N
mm
2
(1000 mm)

d = 117 mm < 125 mm, min. Effective depth from ACI Code.
Therefore, use: d = 125mm
 Computation for steel reinforcement.
21,230,000 N ∙ mm
M
As =
fsjd (=
137
)
mm
N
2
( 0.868 ) (125 mm)
= 1,428.24 mm2

Try: 12 mm Ø steel bars

2
π ( 1000 mm )(12mm)
S= = 79.19 mm < 100 “FAILED”
4(1,428.24 mm2)
Note: minimum spacing is 100mm.
Try: 16 mm Ø steel bars
2
π ( 1000 mm )(16 mm)
S= = 140.78 mm, say 140 mm
4( 1,428.24 mm2 )
Therefore, use: 16 mm Ø steel bars
 Computation for numbers of bars.
b 1000
N= = = 7 + 1 = 8pcs.
s 140 mm
 Checking of shearing stress (υ).
V
υ=
bd
WL
V= - Wd
2

V=( 10.919) N
m
(5 m) N
- (10,191 )(0.125m)
m
2
V = 24,203.625 N
24,203.625 N
υ= = 0.194 MPa < 0.40 “SAFE”
( 1000 mm ) (125 mm)

 Checking of bond stress (u).

WL
u= 2
Ʃ ˳ jd
b
Ʃ˳= πd
s
1000 mm
= π (16 mm)
140 mm
Ʃ˳= 359.04 mm

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 u=
( 10.191
kN
m )
(5 m)

2
( 359.04 m ) ( 0.868 ) (0.125 m)
u = 653.27 kN/m2
u = 653.27 kN/m2 (1000 N
1 kN )( 1m
1000 mm ) 2

u = 0.6533 MPa < 1.4 MPa “SAFE”

 Computation for temperature bars.

Since no bar strength is given, consider fy = 300 MPa
As = 0.0020 bh = 0.0020(1000 mm)(178 mm) =356 mm2
 Computation for spacing of temperature bars.
Use 10 mm Ø temperature bars
b Ab
S=
As
Ab = π ¿ ¿ = 78.74 mm2
( 1000 mm ) (78.74 mm 2)
S= = 220.60 mm or 220 mm
356 mm2
Therefore, use: 10 mm Ø temperature bars @ 220mm.o.c
 Figure:

PROBLEM 2

In a concrete slab, a corrugated G.I. sheets over a support which acts as forms for the
concrete, and after the concrete has a set, constitute its reinforcing. Using the properties of the
cross-section of the corrugated sheet, calculate the maximum allowable moment which may be
applied to a meter width of slab according to ACI Code. Use f’c = 211 kg/cm2.

Properties of corrugated sheets:

A = 13.628 cm2 per meter width

n = 12
fs = 1,970 kg/cm2
cd = 17.5 mm

Express answer in kN.m

Solution:

Considering 1-m strip, compute for effective depth

d = h – cd = 15 cm – 1.75 cm = 13.25 cm
 Computation for steel strength ratio (ρ).
A
ρ = s ; where As = 13.628 cm
bd

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 2
13.628 cm
ρ= = 0.01033
( 100 cm ) (13.25 cm)
For steel strength ratio (ρ) and ratio of modulus elasticity of steel
Product: ρn = (0.0103)(12) = 0.1236
Twice its product: 2 ρn = 2(0.1236) = 0.2472
Square of product: (ρn)2 = (0.1236)2 = 0.0153
 Computation for length factor for compression (Ƙ).
Ƙ = √ ρn2+ 2 ρn+ ρn
Ƙ = √ 0.0153+0.2472+0.1236
Ƙ = 0.373
 Computation for length factor for tension (j).
Ƙ
j=1-
3
0.373
j=1-
3
j = 0.876
 Computation for resisting moment carried by concrete (Mc).
Mc = ½ fckjbd2
For compressive unit stress of concrete
fc = 0.45 f’c = 0.45(211 kg/cm2) = 94.95 kg/cm2
Mc = ½ (94.95 kg/cm2)(0.373)(0.876)(100cm)(13.25cm)2
Mc =272,338.9 kg·cm (9.81 N/kg) ( 1m
)( 1kN
100 cm 1000 N )
Mc = 26.72 kN·m
 Computation for resisting moment carried by steel (Ms).
Ms = Tjd ; where T = Asfs
Ms = Asfsjd = (13.628 cm2)(1,970 kg/cm2)(0.876)(13.25 cm)
Ms = 311,614.97 kg·cm(9.81 N/kg) ( 1m
)( 1kN
100 cm 1000 N )
Ms = 30.57 kN·m
The safe moment that can be applied to a meter width is:
Mc = 26.72 kN·m

2.26 PROBLEMS FOR ONE-WAY SLAB IN ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

1. A slab is simply supported at both ends with longer span of 7.0 m and shorter span of 3.0
m. Design the slab for the minimum depth allowable using 16 mm Ø main reinforcing
bars and 12 mm Ø temperature reinforcement. f’c = 20 MPa, fs = 138 MPa, n = 9,
LL = 7.0 kN/m2, υ = 0.09.
10.14 √ f ' c
√f ' c, u = db
2. A cantilever slab projects 2.50 m from face of support. Compute for allowable live load
per square meter that the slab may carry. Fc = 12 MPa, fs = 142 MPa, n = 9.

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 3. Design a one-way slab with one-end continuous span of 4.50 m to carry a live load of 6
kPa. f’c = 20 MPa, fs = 137 MPa, n = 10, υ = 0.40 MPa, u = 14 MPa. Use weight of
concrete of 2,400 kg/m3.

2.3 ONE WAY SLAB BY ULITIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN

1. Minimum thickness, requirements from NSCP

L fy
h= [0.40 + ] ; for simply supported
20 700
L fy
h= [0.40 +] ; for one end continuous
24 700
L fy
h= [0.40 + ] ; for both ends continuous
28 700
L fy
h= [0.40 + ] ; for cantilever section
10 700
2. Minimum clear concrete cover (cc) = 20 mm
3. Minimum size of main reinforcing bars = 12 mm Ø
4. Minimum size of temperature bars = 10 mm Ø
5. Temperature bars should not be space greater than 3h or 450 mm and not less than
100mm.
6. Area of temperature bars needed; As = 0.002bh for grade 275 to 300.
7. Area of temperature bars needed; As = 0.0018 for grade of 301 to 415.
1000
8. Numbers of bars needed in a one meter width of slab = , where “S” is spacing of
S
main reinforcing bar.
9. Minimum thickness of slab should not be less than 75 mm, but prefer to use or
consider 100 mm.
10. If slab is permanently exposed to the ground, used minimum clear concrete cover of
70 mm.

2.31 Steps in Designing One-Way Slab by Ultimate Strength Design

1. Identify the minimum floor loads (Pa) to be carried by the slab. This load may consist
of: a.) Live Load pressure (LL), b.) Dead Load, c.) Ceiling load and other attachment
below the slab (DL).
2. Compute thickness of slab using requirements from NSCP.
3. Considering 1-m strip, compute for factored load; Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
2
Wu L
4. Compute the maximum moment; Mu = ; for simply supported.
8
1
5. Compute for value of depth; d = h – 20 - of diameter of main bar.
2
6. Compute strength ratio “ῳ” from the relation; Mu = Øf’cbd2ῳ(1 – 0.59ῳ).

ῳf ' c
7. Compute for steel strength ratio “ρ”; ρ =
fy
8. Check whether ρmin. < ρmax. if ρ > ρmax., Increase thickness of slab, but if ρmin. > ρ

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 decrease thickness of slab.
'
1.4 0.85 f cβ 600
ρmin. = ; ρmax = 0.75 ρb = (0.75)
fy fy (600+ fy)

β = 0.85 for f’c = 30 MPa and below

= 0.85 – 0.008 (f’c – 30) for other values of f’c greater then 30 MPa.

Another available formula to compute steel strength ratio “ρ”;

0.85 f ' c 2 Ru
ρ= [1 - √1 - ] ; where Ru is taken from; Mu = ØRubd2
fy 0.85 f ' c
9. Compute for steel area required; As = ρbd

bAb
10. Compute for spacing of main bars; S =
As
11. Compute for area of temperature bars needed. Main bars should be greater than
temperature bars. As = 0.002bh or As = 0.0018bh
bAb
12. Compute the spacing of temperature bars; S =
As

2.32 Example Problems

Design a simple span one way slab to carry a uniformly distributed live load of 16kPa.
The span is 3.0 meters measured center to center of support. Use f’c = 20 MPa and fy =
276 MPa

Solution:

L fy
 Compute thickness of slab: h = [0.40 + ] ; for simply supported
20 700
3 m(1000 mm) 276 MPa
h= [0.40 + ] = 119.15 mm say 120 mm
20 700
 Considering 1 meter strip, compute for Ultimate Weight, (Total design load)
Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
DL = hbῳ = (0.12 m)(1 m)(23.544 kN/m3
= 2.83 kN/m
LL = 16 kN/m2(1m)
= 16 kN/m
Wu = 1.4(2.83 kN/m) + 1.7(16 kN/m)
= 31.162 kN/m
2
Wu L
 Compute for Ultimate Moment: Mu =
8
2
Wu L 31.162 kN
Mu = = ¿ ¿ = 35.06 kN.m
8 m
 Compute for value of depth; d = h – 20 – ½ db

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 2
π (16)
Try 16 mm Ø Reinforcing bar; A = = 201.10 mm2
4
d = 120 mm – 20 mm – 8 mm = 92 mm
 Compute strength ratio “ῳ” from the relation; Mu = Øf’cbd2ῳ(1 – 0.59ῳ)
35.06x106 = (0.90)(20)(1000)(92)2 ῳ(1 – 0.59ῳ)
5.06x106 = 12,352,000ῳ - 89,887,680ῳ2 ; ῳ2 – 1.69ῳ + 0.39 = 0
1.69−1.14
ῳ = −(−1.69 ) +¿−√ ¿ ¿ ¿ = = 0.28
2
ῳf ' c
 Compute for steel strength ratio “ρ”; ρ =
fy
ῳf ' c 0.28(20)
ρ= = = 0.0203 ; Check for minimum and maximum.
fy 276
1.4 1.4
ρmin. = = = 0.0051 < 0.0203 OK
fy 276
'
0.85 f cβ 600 0.85 ( 20 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)
ρmax = 0.75 ρb = (0.75) = (0.75)
fy (600+ fy) 276(600+276)
ρmax = 0.027 > 0.0203 OK ; Therefore, use ρ = 0.0203
 Compute for steel area required; As = ρbd
As = ρbd = (0.0203)(1000mm)(92mm) = 1,867.6 mm2
bAb
 Compute for spacing of main bars; S =
As
2
( 1000 mm ) (201.10 mm )
S= = 107.68 mm say 108 mm.o.c. OK
1,867.6 mm2
100 mm < 108 mm < 3 (120) = 360 mm
 Compute for area of temperature bars needed. As = 0.002bh for fy = 276 MPa
As = 0.002bh = 0.002(1000 mm)(120 mm) = 240 mm2
bAb
 Compute the spacing of temperature bars; S = , using 10 mm Ø RSB
As
A10 = π ¿ ¿ = 78.54 mm2
( 1000 mm ) (78.54 mm 2)
S= = 327. 25 mm say 325 mm.o.c.
240 mm2

Problem 2: Design a one way slab to carry a live load of 4,500 Pa having a simple Span of 5.0
meters, f’c = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa.

Solution:
Consider 1 meter strip:

5 m(1000 mm) 414 MPa

 Min. thickness: h = [ 0.40 + ] = 247.5 say 248 mm.
20 700
d = 248 m – 20 mm – 8 mm = 220 mm ; using 16 mm Ø RSB
DL = (0.248 m) (1m) (23.544 kN/m) = 5.48 kN/m
LL = 4,500 N/m2 (1m) (kN/1000 N) = 4.5 kN/m
Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7 LL = 1.4 (5.84 kN/m) + 1.7 (4.5 kN/m) = 15.83 kN/m
 For design moment:

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 2
WuL 15.83 kN ¿ ¿
Mu = = = 49.47 kN·m
8 m
 Compute strength ratio “ῳ” from the relation; Mu = Øf’cbd2ῳ(1 – 0.59ῳ)
49.47x106 = (0.90)(20.7)(1000)(220)2ῳ (1 – 0.59ῳ)
49.47x106 = 901,692,000ῳ - 531,998,280ῳ2 ; ῳ2 – 1.69ῳ + 0.093 = 0
1.69−1.57
ῳ = −(−1.69 ) +¿−√ ¿ ¿ ¿ = = 0.06
2
ῳf ' c
 Compute for steel strength ratio “ρ” ; ρ =
fy
( 0.06 ) (20.7)
ρ= = 0.0030
414
1.4 1.4
ρmin. = = = 0.0034 > 0.0030 ; Reduce thickness of slab
fy 414
Try, thickness (h) = 230 mm with 20 mm Ø main bar
d = 230 mm – 20 mm – 10 mm = 200 mm ;
DL = (0.230 m)(1 m)(23.544 kN/m) = 5.42 kN/m ; LL = 4.5 kN/m
Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL = 1.4(5.42 kN/m) + 1.7(4.5 kN/m) = 15.25 kN/m
 For design moment:
2
WuL 15.25 kN ¿ ¿
Mu = = = 47.66 kN·m
8 m
 Compute strength ratio “ῳ” from the relation; Mu = Øf’cbd2ῳ(1 – 0.59ῳ)
47.66x106 = (0.90)(20.7)(1000)(220)2ῳ (1 – 0.59ῳ)
47.66x106 = 745,200,000ῳ - 439,668,000ῳ2 ; ῳ2 – 1.69ῳ + 0.1084 = 0

1.69−1.56
ῳ = −(−1.69 ) +¿−√ ¿ ¿ ¿ = = 0.065
2
ῳf ' c
 Compute for steel strength ratio “ρ” ; ρ =
fy
( 0.065 ) (20.7)
ρ= = 0.0033
414

1.4 1.4
ρmin. = = = 0.0034 > 0.0033; Almost equal, Use ρ = 0.0034
fy 414
'
0.85 f cβ 600 0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 0.85 ) (600)
ρmax = 0.75 = 0.75 ρb = (0.75) = (0.75)
fy (600+ fy) 414( 600+414 )
ρmax = 0.016 > 0.0034 OK ; Therefore, use ρ = 0.0034

 Compute for steel area required; As = ρbd

As = ρbd = (0.0034)(1000 mm)(200 mm) = 680 mm2
2
bAb π (20)
 Compute for spacing of main bars; S = ; Ab = = 314.2 mm2
As 4
( 1000 mm ) (314.2 mm2 )
S= = 462.1 mm > 450 mm; Decrease Ø or RSB:
680 mm2

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 2
π (16)
Try 16 mm ; A16 = = 201.10 mm2
4

 Compute for steel area required; As = ρbd

d = 230 mm – 20 mm – 8 mm = 202 mm
As = ρbd = (0.0034)(1000 mm)(202 mm) = 686.8 mm2
( 1000 mm ) (201.10 mm2 )
S= = 292.81 mm say 290 mm < 450 mm > 100 mm
686.8 mm2
 Compute for area of temperature bars needed. As = 0.0018bh for fy = 414 MPa
As = 0.0018bh = 0.0018 (1000 mm)(230 mm) = 414 mm2
bAb
 Compute the spacing of temperature bars; S = , using 10 mm Ø RSB
As
2
π (10)
A10 = = 78.54 mm2
4
( 1000 mm ) (78.54 mm 2)
S= 2 = 189.7 mm say 3190 mm.o.c. OK
414 mm

2.33 Problems for One Way Slab Using Ultimate Strength Design

1.) A reinforced concrete slab is simply supported on two parallel supports 3 meters center to
center and carries a uniform load of 1,840 kg/m 2. Design the slab using f’c = 211 kg/cm2, fy
= 3,515 kg/cm2.
2.) Determine the safe live load that the 175 m thick slab could carry if it has a simple span of 3
meters, f’c = 21 MPa fy = 278 MPa. Spacing of 12 mm Ø reinforcing bar is 150 mm. on
centers.
3.) Design a one-way slab having a span of 3.50 meters. The slab is to carry a uniform live load
of 7,150 Pa. Use f’c = 27.5 MPa, fy= 276 MPa for main and temperature bars.
4.) A one-way slab having a simple span of 4.0 meters is 160 mm thick. The slab is reinforced
with 12 mm. diameter spaced at 140 mm. on centers. Calculate the uniform live load
pressure that the slab can carry. Use f’c = 20.6 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
5.) Design a one-way slab to carry a service live load of 4,000 Pa. The slab has a length of 4
meters with both ends continuous. Use f’c = 21 MPa, fy = 413 MPa for main reinforcement
and fy = 278 for temperature bars.

2.4 TWO-WAY SLAB

When slabs are supported by column arranged generally in rows so that it deflect in two
directions, they are usually referred to as two-way slab.
A two-way slab maybe strengthened by the addition of beams between the columns, or
by thickening the slabs around the columns (DROP PANELS), or by flaring the columns under
the slabs (COLUMN CAPITALS).
A two-way slab bend under load into dish-shaped surfaces, so there is bending in both
principal directions. As a result, they must be reinforced in both directions by layers of bars that
are perpendicular to each other. These bars in two directions transfer the loads to the four
supporting beams or walls.

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 FIGURE 2.4: TWO-WAY SLAB FRAME AND COMPOSITION

2.41 TWO-WAY SLAB SPECIFICATION FROM NSCP

1. Short span divided by long span > 0.5 ; S/L > 0.5, a two-way slab.
Perimeter of Slab(P)
2. Maximum thickness: h = .
180
3. Maximum spacing of main bars = 3h or 500mm.
4. Spacing of bars within the column strip is 3/2 times the spacing at the center.

2.42 CASES IN TWO-WAY SLAB, ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

Case 1: interior panel, all edged or four edges continuous.

Case 2: one edge discontinuous, three edges continuous.
Case 3: two edges discontinuous, two edges continuous.
Case 4: three edges discontinuous, one edge continuous.
Case 5: four edges discontinuous.

FIGURE 2.5 POSITION OF EACH CASES.

2.43 MOMENTS COEFFICIENT

SHORT SPAN
S LONG SPAN
MOMENTS VALUES OF m =
L ALL VALUES (m)
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
Case 1

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 Negative moments
Continuous edge 0.033 0.040 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.083 0.033
Positive moments
At midspan 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.041 0.062 0.025
Case 2
Negative moments
Continuous edge 0.049 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
Discontinuous edge 0.025 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.042 0.021
Positive moments
At midspan 0.031 0.036 0.041 0.041 0.052 0.052 0.031
Case 3
Negative moments
Continuous edge 0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.090 0.049
Discontinuous edge 0.025 0.028 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.025 0.025
Positive moments
At midspan 0.037 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.037 0.037
Continuation… 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8
Case 4
Negative moments
Continuous edge 0.058 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.090 0.098 0.058
Discontinuous edge 0.029 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.029
Positive moments
At midspan 0.044 0.050 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.044
Case 5
Negative moments
Discontinuous edge 0.033 0.038 0.043 0.047 0.053 0.055 0.033
Positive moments
At midspan 0.050 0.057 0.084 0.084 0.080 0.083 0.050
2.44 STEPS IN DESIGNING A TWO-WAY SLAB BY ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

1. Compute for thickness of slab.

Perimeter
h=
180
2. Determine the depth.
d = h – cc
3. Considering 1-meter strip, compute weight (W).
W = DL + LL
4. Compute for constants
5. Compute for moment moment coefficient (m).
6. Determine what case of slab and fine coefficient values at table.
7. Determine moments.
Note: c is taken from table of moment coefficients.
7-a. At short span
Midspan -------------- + M = CWS2
Continuous egdge -------------- - M = CWS2
Discontinuous edge -------------- - M = CWS2

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 7-b. At long span
Midspan -------------- + M = CWL2
Continuous edge -------------- - M = CWL2
Discontinuous edge -------------- - M = CWL2
8. Check for effective depth.
Note: take the positive moment of long span, if it is the greatest or highest.
d=
√ M
Rb
9. Check for thickness.
; R = ½ fckj, fc = 0.45f’c

h = d + 25 mm
Note: if d or step 2 and h of step 1 is lesser than 7 and 8, increased h.
10. If required depth of step 7 is greater than step 2, recomputed loads and moments. But if
step 7 is lesser than step 2, then proceed to the next step.
11. Compute for steel requirements.\
11-a. At short span
Center strip bottom bars
+M bAb
As = and spacing S =
fsjd As
Center strips top bars
−M bAb
As = and spacing S =
fsjd As
Outer Strip bottom bars
S = 3/2 of center strip
Outer strip top bars
Use the same or it may be reduced; S = 3/2 of center top bars
11-b. Along long span
Follow the same procedure of 11-a, use computed moments for long span. Assign
sizes of bars will conform for spacing of 100 mm or greater.

2.45 EXAMPLE PROBLEM

Design the slab if it carries a uniform live load of 16 kN/m2, f’c = 21 MPa, fs = 125 MPa,
n = 10. The center distance of four-walled beams is 5.50 for short span and 8.0 m for longer
span.

Solution:

 Test if two-way slab.

S
> 0.50
L
5.50 m
> 0.50
8.0 m
0.6875> 0.50
Therefore, it is a two-way slab.

LSG15
 Computation for thickness.
Perimeter
h=
180
2(5.50+8.0)
h=
180
h = 0.15m or 150mm

 Computation for loadings.

Considering 1-m strip
LL = (16kN/m2)(1m)
LL = 16kN/m

DL = hbWc
DL = (0.15m)(1m)(2,400kg/m3)(9.81N/kg)
DL = 3,531.60 N/m or 3.532 kN/m

WT = DL + LL This is under case 5

WT = 3.532 kN/m + 16 kN/m Four edges continuous
WT = 19.532 kN/m Coefficient (C) from
From row of 0.8
 Computation for design moments.
fc = 0.45 f’c  At midspan, positive moment:
fc = 0.45(21 MPa) @ long direction; C = 0.050
fc = 9.45 MPa @ short direction; C = 0.084

 For length factor for compression (Ƙ)  At discontinuous edge, negative

n moment:
k= fs @ long direction; C = 0.033
n+ @ short direction; C = 0.043
fc
10
k= 125 MPa  Computation for moments.
10+ Along short direction (midspan)
9.45 MPa
k = 0.43 + M = CWTS2
= 0.084(19.532 kN/m)(5.50 m)2
 For length factor for tension (j). = 49.63 kN·m
k  Check for thickness.

√
j=1- M
3 d=
0.43 Rb

√(
j=1–
3 49,630,000 N . mm
j = 0.875

 For resisting force (R).

d=
1.74
N
mm )
2
(1000 mm)

R = ½ fckj d = 168.88 mm
R = ½ (9.45 MPa)(0.43)(0.875) covering = 25 mm
R = 1.74 MPa h = 168.88 mm + 25 mm
h = 194 mm> 150 mm

LSG16
 therefore, increase h. As =
Use h = 200 mm 45.96 kN·m

( )
d = 200 mm – 25 mm N
d = 175 mm 125 2
( 0.857 ) ( 175 mm )
mm
45,960,000 N·mm
 Recomputed the loads.
As = N·mm
DL = (0.2m)(1m)(2,400kg/m3)(9.81N/kg) 18,746.875 2
DL = 4,708.8 N/m mm
DL = 4.71 kN/m As = 2,451.61 mm2

Use 16 mm Ø RSB
WT = 4.71 + 16 2
πd
WT = 20.71 kN/m Ab =
4
 For moments. Ab = π ¿ ¿
Along short span: Ab = 201.10 mm2
+ M = CWTS2 (midspan)
bAb
+ M = (0.084)(20.71 kN/m)(5.50 m)2 S=
+ M = 52.624 kN·m As
S =
2
- M = CWTS (discontinuous) (201.10 mm¿ ¿2)(1000 mm)
¿
- M = (0.043)(20.71 kN/m)(5.50 m)2 2,451.61 mm2
- M = 26.94 kN·m S = 82 mm, say 80 mm.o.c ;
increase diameter of bar
Along long span:
+ M = CWTS2 (midspan) Therefore, use 16mm Ø @ 100mm.o.c
+ M = (0.050)(20.71 kN/m)(8.0 m)2
+ M = 66.272 kN·m  Center strip top bars
−M
As =
- M = CWTS2 (discontinuous) fsjd
- M = (0.033)(20.71 kN/m)(8.0 m)2 Use – M = 26.94 kN·m
- M = 43.74 kN·m M
As =
fsjd
 Rechecked required depth. 26,940,000 N ∙mm
d=
√ 52,624,000
( 1.74 ) (1000)
d = 173 mm < 175 mm, “OK”
As =
125
( N
mm
2

As = 1,437.04 mm2
)
( 0.875 ) ( 175 )

 Computation for steel area Using 16mm Ø RSB

requirement. bAb
@ short span: S=
As
 Center strip bottom bars
+M
( 201.10 mm2 ) (1000 mm)
As = S= 2
fsjd 1,437.04 mm
S = 139.94 mm, say 140 mm.o.c.

Therefore, use 16mm Ø RSB @ 140 mm.o.c.

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  Outer strip bottom bars πd
2

Use 16mm Ø Ab =
4
3 π (20)
2
Spacing = ( 80 ) Ab =
2 4
= 120 mm.o.c. Ab = 314.16 mm2
Therefore, use 20 mm Ø RSB @ 120 mm.o.c. bAb
S=
As
 Outer strip top bars
Use 16 mm Ø ( 314.16 mm2 ) (1000 mm)
S=
3 3,535.10 mm
2
Spacing = (140)
2 S = 88.88 mm, say 100 mm.o.c.
= 210 mm.o.c.

 Center strip top bars

@ long span: −M
 Center strip bottom bars As =
fsjd
+M Use – M = 43.74 kN·m
As =
fsjd M
As = As =
fsjd
66,272,000 kN ∙ m 43,740,000 N ∙ mm

(
125
N
mm2 )
( 0.857 ) (175 mm) As =
(
125
N
mm2 )
( 0.875 ) (175)
66,272,000 kN ∙ m 43,740,000 kN ∙ m
As = N ∙ mm As = N ∙ mm
18,746.875 2 18,746.875 2
mm mm
2
As = 3,535.10 mm As = 2,333.19 mm2
Using 16mm Ø RSB
Use 16 mm Ø RSB bAb
πd
2 S=
Ab = As
4 ( 201.10 mm2 ) (1000 mm)
Ab = π ¿ ¿ S= 2
2,333.19 mm
Ab = 201.10 mm2
S = 86.20 mm, say 100 mm.o.c.
bAb
S=  Outer strip bottom bars
As
Use 16mm Ø
( 201.10 mm2 ) (1000 mm) 3
S= 2 Spacing = (100)
3,535.10 mm 2
S = 56.88 mm = 150 mm.o.c.
Therefore, use 16 mm Ø RSB @150 mm.o.c.
Therefore, increase RSB
 Outer strip top bars
Use 16 mm Ø
3
Spacing = (100)
Use 20 mm Ø RSB 2

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 = 150 mm.o.c. Therefore, use 16 mm Ø RSB @150 mm.o.c.

2.46 PROBLEMS FOR ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

1. Design a one-way slab for the inside of the building using the span, load and other data
given below.

L = 4.0 m f’c = 27.58 MPa

LL = 71.82 kN/m2 fs = 175.8 MPa

2. Design the one-way simple span slab to support a live load of 9 kPa. Use concrete weight
of 23.5 kN/m3 and ρ = ½ ρmax. Assume f’c = 20.7 MPa and fs = 185 MPa, n = 9.

3. Determine the effective depth, positive and negative moments of a two-way slab
discontinuous at 5.0 m span and continuous at 7.0 m span that support a live load of 19.8
kPa. Use fs = 127 MPa, f’c = 20.5 MPa, n = 9.

4. Design the slab having span of 4.5 m and 7.5 m, respectively. The slab is to carry a live
load of 12.0 MPa. f’c = 27.0 MPa, fs = 126 MPa, n = 10. The slab is located at the corner
of the building with two edges continuous.

2.5 TWO-WAY SLAB BY ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN

Methods used in Designing Two-Way Slabs

1. Direct design method (NSCP, Section 5.13.6)
2. Moment by Coefficient Method – Using table for coefficient of moments.
3. Equivalent frame method (NSCP, Section 5.13.7)
4. Strip Method – Seldom used, a complicated one.

Figure 2.1 Column and Middle Strips

2.51 Minimum Slab Thickness (Section 5.9.5.3.20)

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The minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports shall be
in accordance with the provision in Table 2-1 below and shall not be less than: (a) slabs without
drop panels – 125 mm, (b) slabs with drop panel – 100 mm. Table below is used when
considering or applying the Direct design method (NSCP, Section 5.13.6)

Table 2.54: Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams.

Yield Without drop panels With drop panels
Stress Interior
Exterior Panels Interior Panels Exterior Panels
fy Panels
275 L/33 L/36 L/36 L/36 L/40 L/40
414 L/30 L/33 L/33 L/33 L/36 L/36

2.52 Two-way Slab Analysis by Coefficient Method

In considering this method, available table is used to determine the: (a) coefficient negative
moments for load and live load, (b) coefficient for total uniform dead load positive moments, (c)
coefficient for uniform live load positive moments and (d) direction for shear in slab and load on
supports. Shown in these tables are cases from 1 to 9 of slabs position in the structure, slab span
ratio (m = S/L or m = L a/Lb) and values of Ca and Cb; where, Ca = moment coefficient for short
span; Cb = moment coefficient for longer span; S = L a = length of shorter span; L = L b = longer
span length.
To determine the thickness of slab by coefficient method, perimeter of the panel over one
perimeter of panel
hundred eighty, in millimeter: h = .
180

2.53 Moments in Two-Way Slab Using USD

By coefficient method the following formulas are used;

(a.) Ms = CsWuS2, this formula is used to compute moment along the short direction.
Where: Ms = moment along short direction; Cs = moment coefficient for short direction
taken from table; Wu = factored dead and live loads (1.4 DL + 1.7 LL + 1.87 EL); L =
length of long span of slab, measured center to center of support.
For moment at the column strip, it is only one-third of the midspan moment.

2.54 Steps in Designing Two-Way Slab by Coefficient Method

perimeter of panel
1. Compute the minimum thickness of slab: h =
180
2. Considering 1-meter strip, compute for ultimate loadings: Wu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL; kN/m
DL = bhɯ; Dead loads, where: b = 1-meter; h = computed height; ɯ = unit weight of
concrete, 2,400 kg x 9.81 N/kg = 23.544 kN/m3.
LL = the given live loading in each dwellings or used of a slab (give in chapter 1).
Express in kN/m.
EL = Earthquake loadings and other lateral forces used in the design (if specified).

LSG20
 S
3. Compute for span ratio: m = ; where S = length of shorter span and L = length of
L
longer span, determine the case. Then take from table the value of L s = the coefficient
value for shorter span and Lb = for the longer span, at the negative moment coefficients.
4. Compute for moments at short and longer direction using coefficients from step 3.
Compute separately: Ms = CsWuS2 and Mb = CbWuL2
5. Take coefficient of positive moments for dead load and live load tables, Cs and Cb.
6. Compute for moment separately; (at positive moment):
a.) Consider short direction;
Compute the moment due to dead load: MSDL = CaWDLS2
Compute for moment due to live load: MSLL = CaWLLS2
Add the results: MST = MSDL + MSLL.
b.) Consider long direction;
Compute the moment due to dead load: MbDL = CbWDLL2.
Compute the moment due to live load: MbLL = CbWLLL2
Add the results: MbT = MSDL + MbLL.
7. Consider moment at discontinuous (support) equals one-third of positive moments:
1
-Ms = MST ; -Mb = MbT
3
8. Compute for strength ratio:
a.) Along short direction; at mid span and continuous edge:
from Mu = Øf’cbd2ɯ(1 -0.59ɯ), where: Mu = MbT.
9. Compute for each steel strength ratio (ρ), using computed strength ratio of number
ɯf ' c
8-a and 8-b: ρ = .
fy
10. Assume diameter of reinforcing bars to be used (minimum of 12 mm Ø), compute its
area: Ab = π(d)2/4
11. Compute for area of steel reinforcement: As = ρbd ; where d =h – cc – db; db = diameter of
bar.
bAb
12. Compute spacing of reinforcing bars (top and bottom): S = .
As
13. Draw the figure.

Example Problem:
Designed a monolithic concrete slab having clear span dimensions of 6.0m x 7.5m. The floor
slab is to carry a service live load 6.56 kPa uniformly distributed over its surface. Use
fy = 414 MPa, f’c = 20.7 MPa.

Solution:
perimeter of panel
1. Min. thickness = = ¿ ¿ = 150 mm
180
2. Compute for ultimate loadings:
For dead load; (DL) = hbɯ = (0.15 m)(1 m)(23.544 kN/m3) = 3.532 kN/m
For weight: WDL = 1.4 (3.532 kN/m) = 4.945 kN/m
For live load: MLL = 6.56 kPa x 1m = 6.56 kN/m
For weight: WLL = 1.7 (6.56 kN/m) = 11.152 kN/m

LSG21
 For total weight: WU = WDL + WLL = 4.495 kN/m + 11.152 kN/m = 16.1 kN/m
3. Compute for span ratio; m = S/L = 6.0/7.5 = 0.80; This is case 4.
Take negative moment coefficients from table: Ca = 0.071 and Cb = 0.029
4. Compute for negative moments:
For short direction; Ms = CsWuS2 = 0.071(16.1 kN/m)(6m)2 = 41.152 kN·m
For long direction: Mb = CbWuL2 = 0.029(16.1 kN/m)(7.5m)2 = 26.26 kN·m

5. Take coefficient for dead load and live load positive moments in each table:
For dead load: Ca = 0.039 and Cb = 0.016; for live load: Ca = 0.048 and Cb = 0.020
6. Compute for moment separately; (at positive moment):
a.) Consider short direction;
Compute dead load moment: MSDL = CaWDLS2
MSDL = (0.039)(4.94 kN/m)(6m)2 = 6.94 kN·m
Compute live load moment: MSLL = CaWLLS2
MSLL = (0.048)(11.152 kN/m)(6m)2 = 19.27 kN·m
Add the results: MST = MSDL + MSLL ; MST = 6.94 kN·m + 19.27 kN·m = 26.21 kN·m
b.) Consider long direction;
Compute the moment due to dead load: MbDL = CbWDLL2
MbDL = (0.020)(4.94 kN/m)(7.5 m)2 = 4.446 kN·m
Compute the moment due to live load: MbLL = CbWLLL2
MbLL = (0.020)(11.152 kN/m)(7.5 m)2 = 12.55 kN·m
Add the results: MbT = MSDL + MbLL ; MbT = 4.446 kN·m + 12.55 kN·m = 17.0 kN·m
7. Consider moment at discontinuous (support) equals one-third of positive
1 26.21 kN ∙m
Moments: -MS = MST ; -MS = = 8.74 kN·m
3 3
1 17.0 kN ∙ m
-Mb = MbT ; -Mb = = 5.67 kN·m
3 3
8. Compute for strength ratio (ɯ):
A.) At midspan:
Use, 12 mm Ø RSB: d = h – cc – db/2 ; d = 150 – 20 – 12/2 = 124 mm
a.) Along short direction: Mu = MST = 26.21 kN·m
Mu = Øf’cbd2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ)
26.11x106 = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(124)2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ)
26,210,000 = 286,454,880ɯ - 169,008,379.2ɯ2
ɯ2 + 1.69ɯ - 0.155 = 0 ; by quadratic formula, compute ɯ
ɯ = −1.69 √ ¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.0872
b.) Along long direction: Mu = MbT = 17.0 kN·m
Mu = Øf’cbd2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ)
17.0x106 = 286,454,880ɯ - 169,008,379.2ɯ2
ɯ2 + 1.69ɯ - 0.1006 = 0 ; by quadratic formula, compute ɯ:
ɯ = −1.69 √ ¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.0578
B.) At continuous edge: MU = MS = 41.152 kN·m
a.) Along short direction: MU = MS = 41.152 kN·m
Mu = Øf’cbd2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ)
26,260,000 = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(124)ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ)
26,260,000 = 286,454,880ɯ - 169,008,379.2ɯ2

LSG22
 ɯ2 + 1.69ɯ - 0.1554 = 0 ; by quadratic formula, compute ɯ:
ɯ = −1.69 √ ¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.0874
C.) At discontinuous edge:
a.) Along short direction: MU = MS = 8.74 kN·m
Mu = Øf’cbd2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ), where:
8.74x106 = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(124)2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ)
8,740,000 = 286,454,880ɯ - 169,008,379.2ɯ2
ɯ2 + 1.69ɯ - 0.052 = 0 ; by quadratic formula, compute ɯ
ɯ = −1.69 √ ¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.0301
b.) Along long direction: MU = Mb = 5.67 kN·m
Mu = Øf’cbd2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ), where:
5.67x106 = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(124)2ɯ(1 – 0.59ɯ)
5,670,000 = 286,454,880ɯ - 169,008,379.2ɯ2
ɯ2 + 1.69ɯ - 0.03355 = 0 ; by quadratic formula, compute ɯ
ɯ = −1.69 √ ¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.02
ɯf ' c
9. Compute for each steel strength ratio (ρ): ρ =
fy
A.) At midspan:
a.) Along short direction: ɯ = 0.0872
ɯf ' c 0.0872(20.7)
ρ= = = 0.00436
fy 414
b.) Along long direction: ɯ = 0.0578
ɯf ' c 0.0578(20.7)
ρ= = = 0.00289
fy 414
B.) At continuous edge:
a.) Along short direction: ɯ = 0.134
ɯf ' c 0.134(20.7)
ρ= = = 0.0067
fy 414
b.) Along direction: ɯ = 0.0874
ɯf ' c 0.0874(20.7)
ρ= = = 0.00437
fy 414
C.) At discontinuous edge:
a.) Along short direction: ɯ = 0.0301
ɯf ' c 0.0301(20.7)
ρ= = = 0.00151
fy 414
b.) Along direction: ɯ = 0.02
ɯf ' c 0.02(20.7)
ρ= = = 0.001
fy 414
10. Compute for area of steel reinforcement and spacing of reinforcing bar; for top and
bottom bars.
A.) At midspan:
As = ρbd = 0.00436(1000 mm)(124 mm) = 540.64 mm2
2 2
πd π (12mm)
Using 12 mm Ø reinforcing bar: Ab = = = 113.10 mm2
4 4

LSG23
 bAb ( 1000 mm ) (113.10 mm 2)
Spacing: S = = = 315.6 say 315 mm.o.c.
As 358.36 mm
2

B.) At continuous edge:

a.) At short direction: ρ = 0.0067
As = ρbd = 0.0067(1000mm)(124mm) = 830.8 mm2
bAb ( 1000 mm ) (113.10 mm 2)
Spacing: S = = = 136.13 say 136 mm.o.c.
As 830.8 mm 2
b.) Along long direction: ρ = 0.00437
As = ρbd = 0.00437(1000mm)(124mm) = 541.88 mm2
bAb ( 1000 mm ) (113.10 mm 2)
Spacing: S = = = 208.72 say 208 mm.o.c.
As 541.88 mm 2
C.) At discontinuous edge:
a.) At short direction: ρ = 0.00151
As = ρbd = 0.00151(1000mm)(124mm) = 167.24 mm2
bAb ( 1000 mm ) (113.10 mm 2)
Spacing: S = = = 676.27 > 450 ;
As 167.24 mm 2
Therefore use; 450 mm.o.c.
b.) Along long direction: ρ = 0.001
As = ρbd = 0.001(1000mm)(124mm) = 124 mm2
bAb ( 1000 mm ) (113.10 mm 2)
Spacing: S = = = 912.1 > 450 ;
As 124 mm
2

Therefore use; 450 mm.o.c.

2.55 Problems for Ultimate Strength Design

1.) A 5.0 meters by 6.0 meters slab carries a uniform live load of 5.7 kPa and a uniform dead
load of 1.3 kPa not including its own weight. Design the slab using fy = 278 MPa and
f’c = 21 MPa if shorter spans are continuous and longer spans are discontinuous.

2.) A slab 4.0 meters by 6.0 meters by 140 millimeters measured from support to support
carries a uniform live load of 17 kPa. Using 16 mm 2 reinforcing bars with strength at
yield point of 279 MPa, find area of steel reinforced if unit strength of concrete is 300
MPa.

3.) A surrounding beam 4.0 x 5.50 meters carry a slab with 12 kPa live loadings. Steel
strength of steel at yield point is 400, was chosen to compensate the strength of concrete
needed. If the slab is in case 4, determine the appropriate f’c to compensate the design.

4.) A slab is to carry a uniform live load 13 kPa, with fy = 279 and f’c = 20.8 MPa. Design
the slab if all edges continuous.

5.) A 4.0 meters by 5.50 meters slab is to carry a live load inquest from a garizon, design the
slab if it is located at the middle of a building.

2.60 TWO – WAY SLAB USING NSCP 2015

LSG24
SECTION 408.3 DESIGN LIMITS page 4-48 and so forth

2.61 Section 408.3.1 Minimum Slab Thickness

408.3.1.1 For Slab without interior beams spanning between supports on all sides, having
a maximum ratio of long-to-short span of 2, overall slab thickness h shall not be less than
the limits in Table 408.3.1.1, and shall be at least the value in:
a.) Slabs without drop panels as given in section 408.2.4…………….125mm
b.) Slabs drop panels as given in section 408.2.4……………………...100mm

408.2.4 A drop panel in a slab, where use to reduce the minimum required thickness in the
quantity of the deformed negative moment reinforcement at a support shall satisfy:
a.) The drop panel shall project below the slab at least ¼ of the adjacent slab thickness
b.) The drop panel shall extend in each direction from the centerline of support a distance
not less than 1/6 of the span length measured from center-to-center of support in that
direction.

Table 408.3.1.1 Minimum thickness of two-way slabs without Interior beams (mm)
Without Drop Panel [3] With Drop Panels [3]
Interior Interior
fy [2] Exterior Panel Exterior Panel
Panel Panel
MPa
Without With edge Without With edge
edge beam beam [4] edge beam beam [4]
280 Ln/33 Ln/36 Ln/36 Ln/36 Ln/40 Ln/40
420 Ln/30 Ln/33 Ln/33 Ln/33 Ln/36 Ln/36
520 Ln/28 Ln/31 Ln/31 Ln/31 Ln/34 Ln/34

Notes for Table 408.3.1.1

1.) Ln is the clear span in the long direction, measured face to face of support
2.) For fy between the values given in the table, minimum thickness shall be calculated by
linear interpolation.
Example Problem of Linear interpolation
From table 408.3.1.1, minimum thickness of 280 MPa is L n/33 while that of
420MPa is Ln/30, find the minimum thickness of fy = 300MPa.
Solution:
By proportion:
280 = 33
140 3
140 300 = x 3 = Thus ; x=30+ y
120 y 120 y
420 = 30
x=32.57
3(120)
y= then ; h=
140 32
3.) Drop panel where use to reduce the minimum required y=2.57
thickness between supports of all
sides, having a maximum ratio of long to short span of two (2), overall slab thickness h

LSG25
 shall not be less than the limits in table 408.3.1.1 and shall be at least the value in (a) or
(b) of section 408.3.2.
4.) Slabs with beams between column along exterior edges, the value of αf for the edge beam
shall be calculated in accordance with section 408.10.2.7 Exterior panels shall be
calculated to be without edge beam αf is less than 0.8.

2.62 Section 408.3.2 Calculated Deflection Limits

b.) Slabs without interior beam spanning between the supports on all sides and having a
ratio of long to short span exceeding 2.
Section 408.10.2.7 For panel with beams between supports on all sides,
0.2 ≤ α f 1 ¿ ¿ ¿
∝ ∝
where: f1 and f2 are calculated by:
Ecb Ib
αf =
Ecs Is
α f1 = α f in the direction of L1
α f2 = α f in the direction of L2
α fm = average value of α f for all beams on edges of panel.
α i = angle between the axis of a strut and the bars in the i-th layer of reinforcement crossing the
strut.
α = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness a width of slab bounded
laterally by center line of adjacent panel in each side of beam.
Ecb = modulus elasticity of beam concrete.
Ecs = modulus elasticity of slab concrete.
Ib = moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross-section of the beam, mm4.
Is = moment of inertia about centroidal axis of slab, mm4.

Section 408.3.1.2 slabs with beams spanning between supports on all sides, overall thickness h
shall satisfy the limits in Table 408.3.1.2, unless it has no interior beams spanning between
the supports on all sides and having a ratio of long to short span exceeding 2.

Table 408.3.1.2 Minimum thickness of two-way slab with beams spanning between supports
on all sides

α fm [1] Minimum h, mm
α fm ≤ 0.2 Section 408.3.1.1 Implies (a)
fy
Ln (0.8 )
1,400 [2] [3]
0.22 < α fm ≤ 2.0 Greater of :
36+5 β (α f m−0.2) (b)
125 (c)
fy
Ln (0.8 ) [2][3]
1,400
α fm > 2.0 Greater of :
36+9 β (d)
90 (e)

[1] α fm is the average value of ∝f for all beams on edges of a panel and shall be calculated by;

LSG26
 Ecb Ib
α f= .
Ecs Is
[2] Ln is the clear span in long direction, measured face-to-face of column (mm).
[3] β is the ratio of clear span in long to short direction of slab.

Section 408.3.1.2.1 At discontinuous edges of slabs with beams spanning between supports on
all sides, and edge beam with α f ≥ 0.80 shall be provided, or the minimum thickness required by
(b) and (d) of Table 408.3.1.2 shall be increased by at least 10% in the panel with a
discontinuous edge.

Section 408.3.1.3 The thickness of a concrete floor finish shall be permitted to be included in h,
if it is placed monotically with the floor slab, or if the floor finish is designed to be composite
with the floor slab in accordance with section 416.4.

2.63 Section 416.4 Horizontal Shear Transfer in Composite Concrete Flexural Members
416.4.1.1 The horizontal forces shall be provided at contact surfaces of interconnected
elements.
416.4.1.2 Where tension exists across any contact surface between interconnected concrete
elements, horizontal shear transfer by contact shall be permitted only where transverse
reinforcement is provided in accordance with sections 416.4.6 and 416.4.7.

Section 416.4.6 Minimum Reinforcement for Horizontal Shear Transfer

416.4.6.1 Shear transfer reinforcement is designed to resist horizontal shear, A v shall be greater
min

of:
bwS bwS
a.) A v =0.062 √ f ' c b.) A v =0.35
min
fy min
fy
where : bw = beam width
S = Spacing of shear reinforcement in direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement,
(mm).
Section 416.4.7 Reinforcement Detailing for Horizontal Shear Transfer
416.4.7.1 Shear transfer reinforcement shall consist of single bars or wire, multiple leg stirrups,
or vertical legs of welded wire reinforcement.
416.4.7.2 Shear transfer reinforcement is design to resist horizontal shear, longitudinal spacing of
shear transfer reinforcement shall not exceed 600mm or four times the least dimension of the
supported elements.

2.64 Section 408.5 Design Strength

408.5.1.1 For factored load combination, design strength shall satisfy ∅ S n ≥ ∪, including:
a.) ∅ M n ≥ M u of all sections along the span in each direction.
b.) ∅ M n ≥ γf M SC within b slab as defined in section 408.4.2.3.3.
Section 408.4.2.3.3
The effective slab width b slab for resisting γf M SC shall be the width of column or capital
of slab or drop panel on either side of column or capital.

LSG27
 1
where : γf =
1+
√
2 b1
3 b2
c.) ∅ V n ≥ V u at all sections along the span in each direction for one-way shear.
d.) ∅ V n ≥ V u at the critical section defined in section 408.4.4.1 critical section for two-
way shear.

Section 408.4.4.1.1
Slabs shall be evaluated for two-way shear in the vicinity of columns, concentrated loads,
and reaction areas at critical sections shall be located so that the perimeter b o is a minimum but
need not be closer than d/z to:
a.) Edges or corners of column, concentrated loads or reaction area.
b.) Changes in slab or footing thickness, such as edges of capitals, drop panels or shear
caps.
where:
∅ = reduction factor, 0.90 for bending structures.
Sn= nominal moment, shear, axial, torsional or bearing strength.
∪ = strength of a member or cross – section required to resist factored loads or related
internal moments and forces.
M n = nominal flexural strength (moment) at section, N.mm.
M u = factored moment, N.mm.
M SC = factored slab moment that is resisted by the column at a joint, N.mm.
γf = factor use to determine the fraction of the M SC transferred by slab flexure at slab-
column connection.
V n = nominal shear strength, N.
V u = factor shear force at section, N.
V n = nominal two-way shear strength of slab or footing, MPa.
V u = maximum factored two-way shear stress calculated around the perimeter of a given
critical section, MPa.

2.65 Section 408.5.2 MOMENTS

Section 408.10.3 Total Factored Static Moment for a span
408.10.3.1 Total factored static moment, Mo, for a span shall be calculated for a strip
bounded laterally by the panel centerline on each side of the centerline of supports.
408.10.3.2 The average sum of positive an average negative Mu in each direction shall be
at least:
2
W u L2 L u
M u= ; W u =1.2 DL +1.6≪¿
8
1.) Ln is the clear span length in the direction that moments are considered, shall
extend from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets, or walls and shall be at
least of 0.65L1.
2.) If the transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline of supports varies,
L2 shall be taken as the average of adjacent traverse span.

LSG28
 3.) If the span adjacent and parallel to a slab edge is being considered, the distance
from edge to panel centerline shall be substituted for L2.

Section 408.10.4 Distribution of Total Factored Static Moment

1.) In an interior span, Mo shall be distributed as follows:
0.65Mo to Negative Moment, and
0.35Mo to Positive Moment
2.) In an end span, Mo shall be distributed in accordance with Table 408.10.4.2.
3.) Critical section for negative Mu shall be at the face of negative supports.
4.) Negative Mu shall be the greater of the two interior negative Mu calculated for
spans framing into a common support unless an analysis is made to distribute the
unbalance moment in accordance with stiffness of adjoining elements.
5.) Edge beam or edges of slabs shall be designed to resist in torsion their share of
exterior negative Mu.

Section 408.10.5 Factored Moment in Column Strips

1.) The column strip shall resist the portion of interior negative Mu in accordance
with Table 408.10.5.1, below.
2.) The column strip shall resist the portion of exterior negative Mu in accordance
with Table 408.10.5.2, below.
3.) For T or L-sections, it shall be permitted to calculate the constant c by dividing
the section as given in section 408.4.1.8, into separate rectangular parts and
summing the values of c for each part.

Section 408.4.1.8
For monolithic or fully composite construction supporting two-way slabs, a beam
include that portion of slab, on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the
projection of the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than
four times the slab thickness.
4.) If the width of column or wall is at least ¾ L2, negative Mu shall be uniformly
distributed across L2.

Table 408.10.4.2 Distributed Coefficients for End Span [Factored Moment]

Exterior edge
Slabs with Slabs without beams between
fully
Exterior Edge beams interior supports
restrained
Unrestrained between all
Without edge With edge
supports
beam beam
Interior
0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
Negative
Positive 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Exterior
0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
Negative

Table 408.10.5.1Portion of Interior Negative Mn in Column Strip

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 L2
α f 1 L2
L1
L1
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 0.75 0.75 0.75
≥1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45

Table 408.10.5.1 Portion of Exterior Negative Mu in Column Strip

α f 1 L2 βt L2
L1 L1
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 0 1.0 1.0 1.0
≥2.5 0.75 0.75 0.75
0 1.0 1.0 1.0
≥1.0
≥2.5 0.90 0.75 0.45

( )
3
Ecb c x x y
βt = ; c=∑ 1−0.63
2 Es Is y 3
βt
where: = ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of
slab equal to span length of beam, center to center of supports.
c = distance from compression extreme fiber to neutral axis, mm.
*x is shorter dimension and y is longer.

5.) The column strip shall resist the portion of positive Mu in accordance with Table
408.10.5.5
6.) For slabs with beams between supports, the slab portion of column strips shall
resist column strip moments not resisted by beams.

Section 408.10.5.7 Factored Moments in Beams

1.) Beams between supports shall resist the portion of column strip Mu in accordance
with Table 408.10.5.7.1.
2.) In addition to calculated moments, Mu; beams shall resist moments caused by
factored loads apply directly to the beams, including the weight of the beam stem
above & below the slab.

Table 408.10.5.5 Portion of Positive Mu in Column Strip

L2
α f 1 L2
L1
L1
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 0.60 0.60 0.60
≥1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45

Table 408.5.7.1 Portion of Column Strip Mu in Beams

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 α f 1 L2 Distribution
L1 Coefficient
0 0
≥1.0 0.85

Section 408.10.6 Factored Moments in Middle Strips

1.) That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by column
strips shall be proportionally assigned to corresponding half middle strips.
2.) Each middle strip shall resist the sum of the moments assigned to its two half
middle strip.
3.) A middle strip adjacent and parallel to a wall supported edge shall resist twice the
moment assigned to the half middle strip corresponding to the first row of interior
supports.

Section 408.10.7 Factored Moments in Columns and Walls

1.) Columns and walls built integrally with a slab system shall resist moments caused
by factored loads on the slab system.
2.) At an interior support, columns or walls above and below the slab shall resist the
factored moments;
M SC =0.07 ¿

where: M SC = factored slab moment that is resisted by the column at a joint.

W DU = factored dead load per unit area, kPa.
W LU = factored live load per unit area, kPa.
Ln= length of clear span measured face to face of support.
L2 = length of span in direction perpendicular to L1 measured center to
center of supports.
L1 = length of span in direction that moments are being determined,
measured center to center of supports.
W DU ' L2 ' Ln ' = refer to the shorter span.
3.) The gravity load moment to be transferred between slab and edge column shall
not be less than 0.3Mo.

2.66 Section 408.5.3 Shear

408.5.3.1 Design shear in slab in the vicinity of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction areas
shall be more severe for:
1.) One-way shear, where each critical section to be investigated extends in a plane
across the entire slab width;
V n=V c +V s
where; Vn = Nominal shear strength, N.
Vc = Nominal shear strength provided by concrete, N.
Vs = Nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement.
Vu = factored shear force at section.
V = design shear force at section.

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 2.) Cross-section dimension shall be selected to satisfy:
V u ≤∅ V c + 0.67 √ f ' c bwd
where; ∅ = 0.75 (reduction factor)

3.) Concrete shear strength Vc, shall be calculated by;

Section 422.5.5 Vc for Non-prestressed members without Axial Force
Vc =0.17 λ √ f ' c bwd
*when Mu occurs simultaneously with Vu at the section considered:

(
V c = 0.16 λ √ f c +0.17 ρw
'
)Vud
Mu
bwd

*when only ratio of tension reinforcement ρw is considered:

As
V c =( 0.16 λ √ f c+ 0.17 ρw ) bwd ; ρw =
'
bwd
Section 422.5.6 Vc for Non-prestressed members with Axial Compression
Nu
V c =0.17 (1+ )λ √ f ' c bwd
14 Ag
where; Ag = gross section of concrete section, mm2
N u = factored axial force normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with
Vu and Tu; to be taken as positive for compression and negative for tension, N.
Tu = factored torsional moment at section, N.mm.

Section 422.5.7 Vc for Members with Significant Axial Tension

Nu
V c =0.17 (1+ ) λ √ f ' c bwd
3.5 Ag
where; Nu is negative and shear Vc shall not be less than zero.

Section 422.5.10 One-way Shear Reinforcement

1.) At each section where Vu > ØVc, transverse reinforcement shall be provided, and
satisfies:
Vu
V s ≥ −V c
∅
2.) For one-way members reinforced with transverse reinforcement;
A v fytd
V s= , shall be used for shear reinforcement satisfying:
s
(a.) Stirrups, ties, or hoops perpendicular to longitudinal axis of member.
(b.)Axial welded wire reinforcement with wires located perpendicular to
longitudinal of axis members.
(c.) Spiral reinforcement.
Avfyt ( sinα +cosα ) d
and; V s= ,
s
for shear reinforcement of inclined stirrups making an angle of 45° with the
longitudinal axis of the member and crossing the plane of the potential shear
crack.

LSG32
 where; Av = 2Ab → Area of bar or wire use times 2.
α = angle between the inclined stirrups.
s = spacing of bars or wire.
fyt = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement

3.) For one-way shear strength provided by bent-up longitudinal bars.

a.) If shear reinforcement consists of a series of parallel bent-up bars or
groups of parallel bent-up bars at different distances from the support:
Avfyt ( sinα + cosα ) d
V s= ,
s
b.) If shear reinforcement consists of single bar or a single group of parallel
bars having an area Av, all bent the same distances from the support, Vs
shall be lesser of:
A . ¿ V s= Avfysinα B . ¿V s=0.25 √ f ' c bwd
where; α is the angle between bent-up reinforcement and longitudinal axis of the
member.

Section 419.2.4.1 To account the properties of light weight concrete, a modification

factor λ is used as multiplier of √ f ' c .

Table 419.2.4.2 Modified Factor

COMPOSITION OF
CONCRETE λ
AGGREGATES
Fine: ASTM C330M
All light-weight 0.75
Coarse: ASTM C330M
Fine: Combination of ASTM [1]
Lightweight, fine blend C330M and C33M
Coarse: ASTM C330M 0.75 to 0.85
Fine: ASTM C33M
Sand-lightweight 0.85
Coarse: ASTM C330M
Fine: ASTM C33M [2]
Sand-lightweight, coarse
Coarse: Combination of
blend 0.85 to 1.00
ASTM C330M & C33M
Normal-weight Fine or Coarse: ASTM C33M 1.00

1.] Linear interpolation from 0.75 to 0.85 is permitted based on the absolute volume
of normal weight fine aggregates as a fraction of the total absolute volume of fine
aggregates.
2.] Linear interpolation from 0.85 to 1.00 is permitted based on the absolute volume
of normal weight coarse aggregates as a fraction of total absolute volume of coarse
aggregates.

2.67 Section 408.6 REINFORCEMENT LIMITS

A minimum area of flexural reinforcement, Asmin shall be provided near the tension face
in the direction of the span under consideration; Asmin for two-way slabs:

LSG33
*Deformed bars with fy is lesser than 420MPa, Asmin = 0.0020Ag
*Deformed bars or welded wire reinforcement with fy equals or greater than 420 MPa, greater
of:
0.0018× 420
Asmin = Ag or Asmin =0.0014 Ag
fy
where; Ag = gross area of concrete section, mm2

Section 408.7.2 FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT SPACING

For non-prestressed solid slabs, maximum spacing s of deformed longitudinal
reinforcement shall be the lesser of 2h or 450mm at critical sections, and the lesser of 3h and
450mm at other sections.

Sections 408.7.4 FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT IN NON-PRESTRESSED SLAB

408.7.4.1 Termination of Reinforcement
1.) Where a slab is supported on spandrel beams, columns, or walls, anchorage of
reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall satisfy: a.) Positive moment
reinforcement shall extend to the edge of slab and had embedment, straight or hooked, at
least 150mm into spandrel beams, columns or walls. b.) Negative moment reinforcement
shall be bent, hooked or otherwise anchored to spandrel beams, columns or walls, and
shall be developed in the face of support.
2.) Where a slab is not supported by spandrel beam or wall at discontinuous edge, or
where a slab cantilevers beyond the support, anchorage of reinforcement shall be
permitted with in the slab.

2.68 Section 408.10 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

General Conditions:
1.) Applied to two-way slabs satisfying the limits in “Limitations for use’ of Direct
Design Method”.
2.) Variation from the limitations below, shall be permitted if demonstrated by analysis
that equilibrium and geometric compatibility are satisfied, the design strength of
every section is at least equal to the required strength, and serviceability conditions;
including limits on deflections are met.
3.) Circular or regular polygon-shaped supports shall be treated as square supports with
the same area.
Section 408.10.2 Limitations for use of Direct Design Method
1. There shall be at least three continuous spans in each direction.
2. Successive span lengths measured center-to-center of supports in each direction shall
not differ by more than one-third of the longer span.
3. Panels shall be rectangular, with the ratio of longer to shorter panel dimensions,
measured center to center of supports, not to exceed two.
4. Column offset shall not exceed 10% of the span in direction of offset from either axis
between centerlines of successive columns.
5. All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
6. Unfactored live load shall not exceed 2x the unfactored dead load.

LSG34
 7. For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, shall be satisfied for beams in
the two perpendicular directions.
2
α f 1 L2
0.2 ≤ 2
≤ 5.0 ; where α f 1∧α f 2 are
α f 2 L1
Ecb I b
calculated by : αf =
Ecs I s

Section 408. II EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD

General Conditions:
1. All sections of slabs and supporting members in two-way slab systems shall resist
moments and shears obtained from an analysis in; equivalent frames, slab-beams,
columns, torsional members and factored moments.
2. Live load shall be arranged in accordance with section 406.4.3.
Thus; if L is a variable and does not exceed 0.75 D, or the nature of L is such be
permitted to assume that:
a) Maximum Mu near midspan of panels occurs with 75% of factored L on the
panel and alternate panels.
b) Maximum negative Mu at a support occurs with 75% of factored L on
adjacent panels only.
3. It shall be permitted to account for the contribution of metal column capitals to
stiffness, resistance to moment and resistance to shear.
4. It shall be permitted to neglect the change in length of columns and slabs due to direct
stress, and deflections due to shear.
Section 408.11.2 EQUIVALENT FRAMES
1. The structure shall be modeled be equivalent frames on column lines taken
longitudinally and transversely through the building.
2. Each equivalent frame shall consist of a row of columns or supports and slab-beam
strips bounded laterally by the panel centerline on each side of the centerline of
columns or supports.
3. Frames adjacent and parallel to an edge shall be bounded by that edge and the
centerline of the adjacent panel.
4. Columns or supports shall be assumed to be attached to slab-beam strips by torsional
members transverse to the direction of the span for which moments are being
calculated and extending to the panel centerlines on each side of a column.
5. Analysis of each equivalent frame in its entirely shall be permitted. Alternatively, for
gravity loading, a separate analysis of each floor or roof with the far ends of columns
considered fixed is permitted.
6. If slab-beams are analyzed separately, it shall be permitted to calculate the moment at
a given support by assuming that the slab-beam is fixed at supports two or more
panels away, provided the slab continues beyond the assumed fixed supports.
Section 408. 11.3 SLAB-BEAMS

LSG35
 1. The moment of inertia from the center of the column to the face of the column,
bracket or capital shall be assumed equal to the moment of inertia of the slab-beam at

( )
2
C2
the face of the column, bracket, or capital divided by the quantity 1− ; where
L2
C2 and L2 are measured transverse to the direction of the span for which moments are
being determined.
2. Variation in moment of inertia along the axis of slab-beams shall be taken into
account.
3. It shall be permitted to use the gross cross-sectional are of concrete to determine the
moment of inertia of slab-beams at any cross-sections outside of joints or column
capitals.
Section 408.11.4 COLUMNS
1. The moment of inertia of columns from top to bottom of the slab-beam at a joint shall
be assumed to be infinite.
2. Variation in moment of inertia along the axis of columns shall be taken into account.
3. It shall be permitted to use the gross cross-sectional area of concrete to determine the
moment of inertia of columns at any cross section outside of joints or column
capitals.
Section 408. 11.5 TORSIONAL MEMBERS
1. Torsional members shall be assumed to have a constant cross-section throughout their
length consisting of the greatest of:
a. A portion of slab having a width equal to that of the column, bracket, or
capital in the direction of the span for which moments are being determined;
b. For monolithic or tally composite construction, the portion of slab specified in
(a.) plus that part of the transverse beam above and below the slab.
c. For monolithic or fully composite construction supporting two-way slabs, a
beam include that portion of slabs, on each side of the beam extending a
distance equal to the projection of the beam above and below the slab,
whichever is greater, but not greater than four times the slab thickness.
2. Where beams frame into columns in the direction of the span for which moments are
being calculated, the torsional stiffness shall be multiplied by the ratio of the moment
of inertia of the slab with such a beam to the moment of inertia of the slab without
such a beam.
NOTE: From page 345, CHAPTER 10 – TWO WAY SLAB of Fundamentals of
Reinforced Concrete Design, Second Edition of Engr. Diego Inocencio T.
Gillesania;
3
1.4 bH
Moment of Inertia , I = , for edge beam withslab on one side only .
12
2
1.6 bH
¿; I= , for interior beams with slab on both sides .
12
Section 408. 11. 6 FACTORED MOMENTS

LSG36
 1. At interior supports, the critical section for negative Mu in both column and middle
strips shall be taken at the face of rectilinear supports, but not farther away than 0.175
L1 from the center of the column.
2. At exterior supports without brackets or capitals, the critical section for Negative Mu
in the span perpendicular to an edge shall be taken at a distance from the face of the
supporting element.
3. At exterior support with brackets or capitals, the critical section for negative Mu in
the span perpendicular to an edge shall be taken at a distance from the face of the
supporting element not exceeding ½ the projection of the bracket or capital beyond
the face of supporting element.
4. Circular or regular polygon-shaped supports shall be assumed to be square supports
with the same area for location of critical section for negative design moment.
5. Where slab system within limitations used in Direct Design Method, are analyzed by
the Equivalent Frame Method, it shall be permitted to reduce the calculated moments
in such proportion that the absolute sum of the positive and average negative design
2
W L L
moments need not exceed; M o= u 2 n .
8
6. It shall be permitted to distribute moments at critical sections to column strips, beams
and middle strips in accordance with the direct design method, provided that;
2
α f 1 L2
O 2≤ 2
≤50 is satidfied .
αf 2 L1

2.69 STEPS IN DESIGNING TWO-WAY SLAB BY EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD

USING APPLICATION OF DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

SLAB FRAMES:

1.) Assumed thickness of slab using formula from table 408.3.1.2, say;
fy
Ln (0.8 )
1,400
h=
36+ 9 β

LSG37
 L2 L2−b i
β= =
L1 L1−b i
2.) Compute value of stiffness ratio, α:
Ecb Ib
α=
Ecs Is
*moment of inertia of edge beam:
3
1.4 be H
I bi =
12

*moment of inertia of interior beam:

3
1.6 bi H
I bi =
12
Assume ; Ec = Ecs = Ecb

a.) Stiffness ratio of edge beam:

→slab width is L2/2 ;
L2 3
h 3
2 L2 h
I s= =
12 24
I be
αa=
Is

b.) Stiffness ratio of interior beam;

→slab with width of L1, two beams of length L2;
3
Ib i L1 h
αb= ; I =
I s s 12
c.) Stiffness ratio of interior beam;
3
Ib i L2 h
αc= ;I =
I s s 12
d.) Average stiffness ratio, αfm :
αa +2 αb +αc
α f m=
4
3.) Check for actual h from Table 408.3.1.2 and for section 408.10.2.7
4.) Compute for ultimate loadings:
LL = given or taken from dwellings, kPa.
DL = Weh , kPa.
We = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
5.) Assume diameter of main bar and compute design depth.
db
d=h−20−
2
6.) Consider 1-meter strip, check the depth for shear:

LSG38
 where: (b)(x) – is the area where ultimate shear is considered.
b = 1 meter strip
L1 b i
x= − −d
2 2
V u=W u (b)(x ) → A = bx – area of shaded portion
Ø V c >V u
V u=0.17 λ √ f ' c bd
where; λ = is 1.0
b = 1 meter strip
Ø = 0.75
7.) Compute for moment along the interior short span; beam L1
2
(W ¿ ¿ u L2) Ln ¿
M o=
8
Ln=L1−bi ; bi=widthof interior beam L1
From section 408.10.4
Negative factored Moment = 0.65Mo = -Mu
Positive factored Moment = 0.35Mo = +Mu

7-a.) Distribute the negative factored moment to beam and column strip
From table 408.10.5.1 Figure for # 7:
Ibi
α f 1=
Is
3
L2 h
I s=
12
3
1.6 bi H
I bi =
12
L2
α f 1 ≥ 1.0
L
L2
when is between 0.5 and 1.0, 1.0 or 1.0 to 2.0 → use Linear Interpolation.
L1

Example :

LSG39
 L2 L
If = 1.4 then; α f 1 2 > 1.0 : values of 1.0 is 0.75 and 2.0 is 0.45
L1 L
Use Linear interpolation:

1.0 = 0.75
1.0 1.4 = x 0.30
0.6 y
2.0 = 0.45

Thus, x = 0.45 + y
By Proportion:
1 0.30 0.30 (0.60)
= ; y=
0.6 y 1
y = 0.18
x = 0.45 + 0.18 = 0.63

Example Problem:
Following the steps in designing two-way slab by equivalent frame method, using the
application of Direct Design Method; design the slab panel shown in figure above using the
following specifications:
H=490 mm≪¿ 6 kPa bi=be=340 mm
L1=5.0 m fy=400 MPa
L2=6.0 m f ' c=20 MPa

SOLUTION:
1. For thickness of slab: Assume α fm>2.0
fy
ln(0.8 )
1,400 L L −b 6−0.34
h= ; ρ= 2 = 2 i =
36+ gβ L1 L1−bi 5−0.34
let Ln=be thelonger span ; Ln=L2−bi
1000 mm
Ln=6.0 m−0.34=5.66 m× =5,660 mm
m
L2 5.66 m
β= = =1.2146
L1 4.40 m
400
5,660 mm (0.8 )
1,400
h= =27.57 mm<100 unsafe
36+ g (1.2146)
Consider the minimum greatest thickness, say ; h = 125mm
2. Compute value of stiffness ratio, α :
Ecb Ib
α= ; moment of inertia of edge beam
Ecs Ir
3
1.4 be H
Ibe=
12

LSG40
 3
1.4 be H
moment of inertiaof interior beam: Ibe=
12
Assume ; Ec = Ebc = Ecs
L2
a . ¿ stiffness ratio of edge beam; slab widthis ; FIGURE OF a :
2
L3 3
h 3
Ibe 2 L2 h 6000(125)3
α a= ; Ir= = =
Ir 12 24 24
4
Is=488,281,250 mm
3
1.4 be H
Ibe= =1.4 (340)¿ ¿
12
3
1.4 be H
α a= 4
=9.56
488,281,250 m m
b.) Stiffness ratio for interior beams;
 Two beams; L2 (interior)
 Slab width = 5,000mm FIGURE OF b:
3
Ibi 1.6 bi H
α b= ; Ibi=
Is 12
3
1.6(340 mm)(490 mm)
Ibi=
12
4
Ibi=5,333,421,333 m m
3
L1 h
Is=
12
3
5,000(125 mm)
Is= =813,802,083.3 mm4
12 FIGURE OF c:
4
5,333,421,333 mm
α b= 4
=6.55
813,802,083.3 mm

c.) Stiffness ratio for interior beam:

 Interior beam L1
 Slab width = 6,000 mm
3
Ibi 1.6(340)(490)
α c= ; Ibi=
Is 12
4
Ibe=5,333,421,333 mm
3
L1 h 6000(125)3 4
Is= = =976,562,500 mm
12 12
4
5,333,421,333 mm
α c= 4
=5.46
976,562,500 mm
d. average stiffness ratio:

LSG41
 α a+ 2 α b + α c 9.56+2(6.55)+5.46
α fm= =
4 4
α fm=7.03

3. Check for assumption of actual thickness and section 408. 10. 2.7:
fy
ln(0.8 )
1,400
α fm >2.0 ; h= =27.54<100 mm
36+ 9 β
Thus, consider h = 125 mm
Check for section 408. 10. 2. 7 = if floor slab stab is between supports at all sides:
2
α f 1 L2
0.2 ≤ 2
≤5.0
αf 2 L1
From above computations; αb=α f 1=6.55
αc=α f 2=5.46
2 2
α f 1 L2 6.55(6.0) 235.8
2
= 2
= =1.73
αf 2 L1 5.46 (5.0) 136.5
Thus, 0.2 < 1.73 < 5.0 ok//

4. Compute for ultimate loadings:

LL = 6 kPa ; Wc = 23.544 kN/m3
3
DL=Wch=23.544 kN /m x 0.125=2.943 kPa
W u =1.2 DL +1.6≪¿ 1.2¿ )
2 2 2
W u =3.532 kN /m +9.6 kN /m =13.132 kN /m

5. Assume diameter of bar and compute for d:Try 12 mm Ø RSB

db 12
d=h−20− =125−20− =99 mm
2 2

6. Check for shear: (Take figure at number 6 of steps above)

L 1 bi
V u=W u A ; A=xb ; x= − −d
2 2
0.34
∅ V c >V u x=2.5 m− −0.099
2
A=xb x=2.231 m
2
A=2.231 m b=1meter strip
2 2
V u=13.132 kN /m (2.231m )
V u=29.3 kN
For concrete shear:
V c =0.17 λ √ fç bd where: b=1 meter strip
λ=1.0
∅ =0.75
V C =0.17 √ 20 N /mm (1000 mm)(99 mm)=75,266.05 N
2

LSG42
 V c =75.27 kN
Thus ; ∅ V c >V u ; 0.75 (75.27)=56.45 kN >29.3 kN ok /¿

7. Compute for moment along the interior short span, beam L1:
2
W u L2 L n
M o= ; where: L2=6.0 meter
8
Ln=L1−bi=5.0 m−0.34 m
2
M 0=13.132 kN /m ¿ ¿
M 0=213.88 kN .m
For Negative factored moment: −Mu=0.65 M 0
−Mu=0.65(213.88 kN . m)=139.022 kN . m
For Positive factored moment: + Mu=0.35 M 0
+ Mu=0.35 (213.88 kN . m)=74.858 kN .m
7-a: Distribute the factored moment to beam and column strip:
Note: Consider figure of c of step 2.
From table 408.10.5. Portion of Interior negative Mu in column strip
L2 L2
α f 1 ≥ 1.0∨α f 1 =0
L1 L1
From c of step 2; stiffness ratio of interior beam, L1:
α c =α f 1=5.46
L2 6.0
Thus ; α f 1 =5.46( )=6.52>1.0
L1 5.0
L2
=1.2 that isbetween 1.0 which is 0.75∧2 equals 0.45 .
L1
Find value of interpolation:
1.0 = 0.75 x = 0.45 + y
10 1.2 = x 3 by proportion:
0.8 y 1 0.8
2.0 = 0.45 =
0.30 y
x=0.45+ 0.24=0.69 y=0.30(0.8)=0.24
 The percentage of interior negative moment to be resisted by column strip:
−Mu=0.69(−139.022kN .m)
−Mu=−95.98 kN .m
 From section 408.10.5.7.1, portion of column strip Mu
−Mu for beam=85 %(−95.93 kN . m)=−81.54 kN . m ,this will be
resisted by thebeam L1 ;
−Mu for slab=15 % (−95.93 kN . m)=−14.4 kN . m ,this will be
resisted by the slab;
−Mu for middle strip=74.818−51.65=23.21kN .mm

8. Compute for moment along the edge short span, beam L1:
2
(WuL¿ ¿ 2) Ln L2 be
Mo= ; where : L2= + ¿
8 2 2

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 2
Mo=13.132 kN /m (3.17 m)¿ ¿
Mo=113 kN .m L2=5.0−0.34 m=4.66 m

For negative factored moment :−Mu=0.65(113 kN . m)=73.45 kN . m

For positive factored moment :+ Mu=0.35(113 kN . m)=39.55 kN . m

8-a: for distribution of negative moments:

For figure of 8; consider figure of a at step 2:
L2
Thus ; α f 1=α a =9.56 ; =1.2
L1
L2
α f 1 =9.56( 1.2)=11.472 >1.0 , usingtable 408.10 .5.2 portion of negative Mu for
L1
exterior column strip .Compute for βt .

For effective projection of beams, section 408.4.1.8

a. H – h = 490 – 135 mm = 365 mm
b. 4h = 4 (125 mm) = 500 mm
 Adopt the smaller amount:
Projection = 365 mm
Ecb C
βt = ; Ec=Ecb=Ecs
2 Ecs Is
4
Is=488,281,250 mm
3
x x y
C=∑ (1−0.63 )
y 3
340
C=(1−0.63 )¿¿
490
4
C=3,595,005,867+186,361,490.9 mm
4
C=3,781,367,358 mm
4
C 3,781,367,358 mm
βt = = =3.87 >2.5
2 Is 2(488,281,240 mm 4 )

L2
From table 408.10.5.2 α f 1 > 1∧βt > 2.5
L1
L2
11.472 > 1 and 3.87 > 2.5; then = 1.2 → not in table
L1
L2
when =1 → value is0.75 ,∧¿
L1
L2
=2 → value is 0.45
L1
⇒ Same values as in step 7a, x = 0.69 by interpolation

*For exterior negative moments, -Mu:

Column strip = 0.69(-73.45kN.m) = -50.68 kN.m

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 Beam = 0.85(50.68 kN.m) = -43.08 kN.m
Slab = 0.15(50.68 kN.m) = -7.6 kN.m
Middle Strip = 73.45 – 50.68 = -23 kN.m

*For exterior positive moment; +Mu

Column Strip = 0.69(39.55kN.m) = 27.29 kN.m
Beam = 0.85(27.29 kN.m) = 23.20 kN.m
Slab = 0.15(27.29 kN.m) = 4.09 kN.m
Middle Strip = 39.55 – 27.29 = 12.26 kN.m

Figure of distribution of moment of frame:

9. Compute for moment along long span (6meter end span)

2
(W ¿ ¿ u L2) Ln
M o= ; Ln=6−0.34=5.66 ; L2=5.0 m¿
8
2
M o=13.132 kN /m (5.0 m)¿¿
M o=262.93 kN . m

From table 408.10.4.2

Factored moments coefficient for slabs with beams between all supports
Interior Negative Moment = 0.70 ; Positive Moment = 0.57 and
Exterior Negative moment = 0.16
Factored Interior negative moment: -Mu = 0.70(262.93 kN.m) = -184.05kN.m
Factored positive moment: +Mu = 0.57(262.93 kN.m) = +149.87 kN.m
Factored exterior negative moment: -Mu = 0.16(262.93 kN.m) = -42.07kN.m
L2 L 2 5
From table 408.10.5.1, compute for α f 1 ; = =0.83
L1 L 1 6
L2
α f 1=αb=6.55 ; then α f 1 =6.55 ( 0.83 )=5.46>1.0
L1
From table value is between 0.5 and 1.0, find coefficient of 0.83 by interpolation.
*For Interior negative moment:
Column Strip = 0.801(-184.05kN.m) = -147.42 kN.m
Beam = 0.85(-147.02 kN.m) = -124.97 kN.m

LSG45
 Slab = 0.15(-147.02 kN.m) = -22.05 kN.m
Middle Strip = 184.05 – 147.42 = -36.63 kN.m
*For Exterior Negative Moment:
Column Strip = 0.801(-42.07kN.m) = -33.70 kN.m
Beam = 0.85(-33.70 kN.m) = -28.65 kN.m
Slab = 0.15(-33.70 kN.m) = -5.06 kN.m
Middle Strip = 42.07 – 33.70 = -8.37 kN.m
*For Positive Moment:
Column Strip = 0.801(+149.87kN.m) = 120.05 kN.m
Beam = 0.85(120.05 kN.m) = 120.04 kN.m
Slab = 0.15(120.05 kN.m) = 18.01 kN.m
Middle Strip = 149.87 – 120.05 = 29.82 kN.m
*Figure below shows the distribution of moments at the L2 or 6.0 meter beams.

Combining the moments at short and long span beams; is shown below:
AT MIDDLE STRIP:
-23.0-21.55=44.15
+12.26+11.605=23.865

From first column strip

figure.

b = the division of the

panel where moment is
From given Mu, compute for: located.
Mu
Ru= 2
,ultimate resisting force
Øbd

ρ=
0.85 f ' c
fy [ √
1−
2 Ru
0.85 f ' c ] ˇ
; steel ratio ,∧ for

[ ]
'
'1.4 0.85 f cβ 600
ρm m = ; ρmax =0.75
fy fy(600+fy )
As= ρbd
2
bAd π ( 12 )
S= ; Ab= =113.10 mm2
As 4

LSG46
Note for reinforcement:
1. Midspan moments is use for bottom bars, each direction.
2. Column strip moment is for top bars, each direction.
3. Reinforcement is fold every other bar at midspan, both ways.
 For midspan column B: Mu=29.82 kN . m withb=2,500 mm
6
Mu 29.82 kN . m x 10 N . mm
Ru= =
Ø bd
2
0.90 (2,500 mm)¿ ¿
Ru=1.35 MPa
Steel ratio:

ρ=
0.85 f ' c
fy [ √1− 1− ]
2 Ru
0.85 f ' c
=
400[ √
0.85 (20)
1− 1−
2(1.35)
0.85(20) ]
ρ=0.0035
Check:
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = =0.0035<0.00353 ok /¿
fy 400
ρmax =0.75
[ 0.85(20)( 0.85)(600)
400 (600+ 400) ]= 0..0217 >0.00352 ok /¿
∴ ρmin < ρ< ρmax
use ρ=0.00352
2
As= ρbd=0.00352 ( 2,500 )( 99 )=871.2 mm
2
π ( 12 )
Ab= =113.10mm 2
4
2,500 ( 113.10 )
s= =324.6 say 320 mm o . c .
871.2
For Mu=−36.63 kN .m(neglect negative sign)
M u 36.63 kN .m ×106 N . mm
R u= =
ϕ bd
2
0.90(2,500 mm)¿ ¿

ρ=
0.85 (20)
400 [ √
1− 1−
2(1.66)
0.85( 20) ]
=0.0425(1−0.897)
ρ=0.00438>0.0035 ok /¿
2
As= ρbd=0.00438 ( 2,500 mm ) ( 99 mm )=1,084.05 mm
2,500 (113.10)
spacing , s= =260.83 mm say 260 mm o . c .
1,084.05
Maximum spacing of rebars = 2h =2(125) = 250mm
Therefore use : 12mmØ RSB @ 250mm o.c. bottom bars along long span.

*For midspan column E:

For Mu = 23.865 kN.m ; b = 3,000mm
6
23.865 kN . m ×10 N .mm
R u=
0.90(3,000 mm)¿ ¿

ρ=
0.85 ( 20 )
400 [ √
1− 1−
2 ( 0.902 )
0.85 ( 20 ) ]
= 0.0425(1−0.94545)

LSG47
 ρ=0.00232<0.0035 ; thereforeuse ρ=0.0035
2
As= ρbd=0.0035 (3,000 mm ) ( 99 mm )=1,039.5 mm
3,000(113.10 )
s= =326.400<250 mm unsafe
1,039.5
For Mu = 44.55kN.m
6
44.55 kN . m×10 N . mm
R u=
0.90(3,000 mm) ¿ ¿

[ √
ρ=0.0425 1− 1−
]
2 ( 1.684 )
0.85 ( 20 )
= 0.0425(1−0.895)

ρ=0.0045>0.0035 ok /¿
2
As= ρbd=0.0045 (3,000 mm ) ( 99 mm )=1,336.5 mm
3,000(113.10)
s= =253.87>250 mm
1,336.5
Therefore, use 12mmØ RSB @250mm. o.c. for bottom bars along short span.

*For top bars; consider moments at the column strip:

Base on above computation is shows that the computed moments produces a spacing
greater than maximum;
Therefore, use 12mmØ @250mm. o.c. for top bars at both ways. Fold every other bar at
the midspan portion both ways and provide 10mmØ temperature bars to connect folded main
bar.

Problem:
1. Using figure in illustration; L1 = 6.0m and L2 = 7.5m with f’c = 21.50MPa, fy = 390MPa,
LL = 7.5kPa with 1.5kPa dead load not including its own weight, H = 500mm with bi =
be = 350mm and h = 140mm with 12mmØ main bar, compute the following:
1. Moment along the interior short span.
2. Moment along the edge short span.
3. Moment along long span.
4. Area of steel reinforcement for bottom bars.
5. Area of steel reinforcement for top bars.

LSG48