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Design of Concrete Structure I

Dr. Kamaran S. Ismail

Design and Analysis of One-way Slabs

Design Limits:

1. Minimum Slab Thickness:

These values are for normal-weight concrete, and Grade 420 reinforcement, For
other conditions, the values shall be modified as follows:
a. For fy other than 420MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4+fy/700).
b. For beams made of lightweight concrete having unit weight (wc) in the range of
1440 to 1840kg/m3, the values shall be multiplied by (1.65−0.0003wc) but not less
than 1.09.

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2. Reinforcement Strain limit:

The value of et at nominal flexural strength conditions shall be at least ey +0.003.

3. Minimum Flexural Reinforcement:

A minimum area of flexural reinforcement, As,min, of 0.0018Ag shall be provided.

4. Minimum Shear Reinforcement:

A minimum area of shear reinforcement shall be provided in all regions where Vu

> fVc

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For non-prestressed members, Vc shall be calculated

The size effect modification factor, λs, shall be determined by:

5. Minimum Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement:

The ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area to gross

concrete area shall be greater than or equal to 0.0018.

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6. Reinforcement Detailing:

a. Maximum spacing of deformed reinforcement shall be the lesser of 3h and

450mm.
b. Spacing of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall not
exceed the lesser of 5h and 450mm.
c. At simple supports, at least one-third of the maximum positive moment
reinforcement shall extend along the slab bottom into the support.
d. At other supports, at least one-forth of the maximum positive moment
reinforcement shall extend along the slab bottom into the support at least
150mm.
e. Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required
to resist flexure for a distance at least the greater of d and 12db except at the
supports of simply supported spans and at free ends of cantilevers.

7. Design Strength:

For the transition region, 𝜙 may be determined by linear interpolation between

0.65 (or 0.75) and 0.9. The linear equations are as follows:

Alternatively, 𝜙 may be determined in the transition region, as a function of (c/dt)

as follows:

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𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝐴𝑠
𝑎= = ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌 = = percentage of tensile steel
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑
With the depth to the neutral axis known, the assumption of yielding of the
tension steel can be checked. From similar triangles in the linear strain
distribution, the following expression can be derived:

𝜀𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝑑−𝑐
= ; 𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
To confirm the assumption that the section is under-reinforced and the steel is
𝑓𝑦
yielding, 𝜀𝑠 ≥ 𝜀𝑦 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜀𝑦 =
𝐸𝑠

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The values of β1 given according to the ACI Code Section 22.2.2.4.

Based on these assumptions regarding the stress block, statics equations can
easily be written for the sum of the horizontal forces and for the resisting
moment produced by the internal couple. These expressions can then be solved
separately for a and for the moment, Mn.

Once the assumption of yielding of the tension steel is confirmed, the nominal
moment strength Mn, can be calculated as:

𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑑 − = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2 2
If we substitute into this expression the value previously obtained for a (it was
ρfyd/0.85f’c ), replace As with ρbd, and equate fMn to Mu, we obtain the
following expression:
𝜌𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 𝜌(1 − )
1.7𝑓 ′ 𝑐
letting Rn= Mu/fbd2, we can solve this expression for ρ (the percentage of steel
required for a particular beam) with the following results:
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐

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Example-1:
Design a one-way slab for the inside of a building using the span, loads, and
other data given in figure below.

Solution:
𝑙 3000
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, ℎ = = = 150𝑚𝑚
20 20
12
𝑑 = 150 − 20 − = 124𝑚𝑚
2
Design a 1.0m wide strip of the slab. Thus, b = 1.0m, and the load on the slab in
units of kN/m2 becomes kN/m.
𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.15 × 24 = 3.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 × 3.6 + 1.6 × 9.6 = 19.68 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 19.68 × 32
𝑀𝑢 = = = 22.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
Assuming f = 0.90 and computing r
𝑀𝑢 22.14 × 106
𝑅𝑛 = = = 1.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 2 0.9 × 1000 × 1242

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0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85 × 28 2 × 1.6

𝜌= 1− 1− = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 414 0.85 × 28
= 0.004

113
use f 12mm@200mm (𝜌 = = 0.0045 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018)
200×124

Spacing < maximum of 3h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code.

Transverse Direction—Shrinkage and Temperature Steel:

𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018 × 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0018 × 1000 × 124 = 223𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
71
use f 10mm@250mm (𝜌 = = 0.0023)
250×124

Spacing < maximum of 5h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code.

Checking the moment capacity of the slab

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.0045 × 1000 × 124 × 414

𝑎= = = 9.7𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 × 28 × 1000
𝑎 9.7
𝑐= = = 11.4𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑−𝑐 124 − 11.4
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 = 0.029, ∅ = 0.9
𝑐 11.4

𝑎 9.7
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.0045 × 1000 × 124 × 414 124 − × 10−6
2 2

= 27.5 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 27.5 = 24.75𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢

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Check for Shear:

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 19.68 × 3
𝑉𝑢 = = = 29.5𝑘𝑁
2 2
AV = 0 (AV < AV min)

2 2
𝜆𝑠 = = = 1.16 > 1.0
1 + 0.004𝑑 1 + 0.004 × 124

∴ 𝜆𝑠 = 1.0

∅𝑉𝑐 = 𝜙 × 0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆(𝜌𝑤 )1/3 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

= 0.75 × 0.66 × 0.00451/3 28 × 1000 × 124 × 10−3 = 53.6 𝑘𝑁

≫ 𝑉𝑢 𝑂𝐾

Example-2:
A one-way single span reinforced concrete slab has a simple span of 3.5 m and
caries a live load of 5.75 kN/m2 and a dead load of 0.96 kN/m2 in addition to its
self-weight. Design the slab and the size and spacing of the reinforcement at
midspan assuming a simple support moment. Use f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 414
MPa.

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Solution:
𝑙 3500
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, ℎ = = = 175𝑚𝑚
20 20
12
𝑑 = 175 − 20 − = 149𝑚𝑚
2
Design a 1.0m wide strip of the slab. Thus, b = 1.0m, and the load on the slab in
units of kN/m2 becomes kN/m.
𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.175 × 24 = 4.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 × (0.96 + 4.2) + 1.6 × 5.75 = 15.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 15.4 × 3.52
𝑀𝑢 = = = 23.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
Assuming f = 0.90 and computing r
𝑀𝑢 23.6 × 106
𝑅𝑛 = = = 1.18 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 2 0.9 × 1000 × 1492

0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85 × 28 2 × 1.18

𝜌= 1− 1− = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 414 0.85 × 28
= 0.0029

113
use f 12mm@250mm (𝜌 = = 0.003 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018)
250×149

Spacing < maximum of 3h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code.

Transverse Direction—Shrinkage and Temperature Steel:

𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018 × 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0018 × 1000 × 149 = 298𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
71
use f 10mm@200mm (𝜌 = = 0.0024)
200×149

Spacing < maximum of 5h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code.

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Checking the moment capacity of the slab

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.003 × 1000 × 149 × 414

𝑎= = = 7.8𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 × 28 × 1000
𝑎 7.8
𝑐= = = 9.2𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑−𝑐 149 − 9.2
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 = 0.0456, ∅ = 0.9
𝑐 9.2

𝑎 7.8
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.003 × 1000 × 149 × 414 149 − × 10−6
2 2

= 26.85 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 26.85 = 24.17𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢

Check for Shear:

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 15.4 × 3.5
𝑉𝑢 = = = 26.95𝑘𝑁
2 2
AV = 0 (AV < AV min)

2 2
𝜆𝑠 = = = 1.12 > 1.0
1 + 0.004𝑑 1 + 0.004 × 149

∴ 𝜆𝑠 = 1.0

∅𝑉𝑐 = 𝜙 × 0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆(𝜌𝑤 )1/3 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

= 0.75 × 0.66 × 0.0031/3 28 × 1000 × 149 × 10−3 = 56.3 𝑘𝑁

≫ 𝑉𝑢 𝑂𝐾
Therefore no web reinforcement is needed.

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Example-3:
Design the cantilever slab of the shown figure. The slab caries a live load of 5
kN/m2. Use f’c = 25 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.

Solution:
𝑙 2000
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, ℎ = = = 200𝑚𝑚
10 10
12
𝑑 = 200 − 20 − = 174𝑚𝑚
2
Design a 1.0m wide strip of the slab. Thus, b = 1.0m, and the load on the slab in
units of kN/m2 becomes kN/m.
𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.2 × 24 = 4.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 × 4.8 + 1.6 × 5 = 13.76 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 13.76 × 22
𝑀𝑢 = = = 27.52 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2 2
Assuming f = 0.90 and computing r
𝑀𝑢 27.52 × 106
𝑅𝑛 = = = 1.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 2 0.9 × 1000 × 1742

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0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85 × 25 2 × 1.0

𝜌= 1− 1− = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 414 0.85 × 25
= 0.0025

113
use f 12mm@250mm (𝜌 = = 0.0026 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018)
250×174

Spacing < maximum of 3h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code.

Transverse Direction—Shrinkage and Temperature Steel:

𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018 × 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0018 × 1000 × 174 = 348𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
71
use f 10mm@200mm (𝜌 = = 0.00204)
200×174

Spacing < maximum of 5h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code.

Checking the moment capacity of the slab

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.0026 × 1000 × 174 × 414

𝑎= = = 8.8𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 × 25 × 1000
𝑎 8.8
𝑐= = = 10.4𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑−𝑐 174 − 10.4
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 = 0.047, ∅ = 0.9
𝑐 10.4

𝑎 8.8
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.0026 × 1000 × 174 × 414 174 − × 10−6
2 2

= 31.76 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 31.76 = 28.58𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢

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Check for Shear:

𝑉𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 = 13.76 × 2 = 27.52𝑘𝑁
AV = 0 (AV < AV min)

2 2
𝜆𝑠 = = = 1.09 > 1.0
1 + 0.004𝑑 1 + 0.004 × 174

∴ 𝜆𝑠 = 1.0

∅𝑉𝑐 = 𝜙 × 0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆(𝜌𝑤 )1/3 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

= 0.75 × 0.66 × 0.00261/3 25 × 1000 × 174 × 10−3 = 59.2 𝑘𝑁

≫ 𝑉𝑢 𝑂𝐾
Therefore no web reinforcement is needed.

Example-4:
Determine wu that could be applied on the cantilever slab shown below. Use f’c =
21 MPa, fy = 414 MPa, h = 200mm and r = 0.004.

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Solution:
𝑙 3000
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, ℎ = = = 300𝑚𝑚 > 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ℎ = 200𝑚𝑚
10 10
Therefore the given slab thickness does not comply with ACI318-19 code for
deflection

12
𝑑 = 200 − 20 − = 174𝑚𝑚
2
a. Flexural Strength:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.004 × 1000 × 174 × 414

𝑎= = = 16𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 × 21 × 1000
𝑎 16
𝑐= = = 18.8𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑−𝑐 174 − 18.8
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 = 0.024, ∅ = 0.9
𝑐 18.8

𝑎 16
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.004 × 1000 × 174 × 414 174 − × 10−6
2 2

= 47.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 47.8 = 43𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛 = 𝑤 × 2 = 3𝑤𝑢 ֜ 43 = 3𝑤𝑢 ֜ 𝑤𝑢 = 14.3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 𝑢
b. Shear Strength:
AV = 0 (AV < AV min)

2 2
𝜆𝑠 = = = 1.09 > 1.0
1 + 0.004𝑑 1 + 0.004 × 174

∴ 𝜆𝑠 = 1.0

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∅𝑉𝑐 = 𝜙 × 0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆(𝜌𝑤 )1/3 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

= 0.75 × 0.66 × 0.0041/3 21 × 1000 × 174 × 10−3 = 62.7 𝑘𝑁

3 3
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 = 𝑤 ֜ 62.7 = 𝑤 ֜ 𝑤𝑢 = 41.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 𝑢 2 𝑢

Therefore the maximum wu = 14.3 kN/m (based on flexural strength)

Example-5:
Calculate the design moment strength of a one-way solid slab that has a total
depth of h=180mm and is reinforced with f16mm bars spaced at 175mm. Use f′c
= 21MPa and fy =414MPa. Determine:
a) The design moment strength.
b) The allowable uniform live load that can be applied on the slab if the span is
5.0m between simple supports and carries a uniform dead load (excluding
self-weight) of 2.8 kN/m2.

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Solution:
a)

16
𝑑 = 180 − 20 − = 152𝑚𝑚
2
199 × 1000
𝐴𝑠 = = 1137𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚 (𝜌 = 0.0075 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018)
175

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1137 × 414 𝑎 26
𝑎= = = 26𝑚𝑚, 𝑐 = = = 30.6𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 × 21 × 1000 𝛽1 0.85

𝑑−𝑐 152 − 30.6

𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 = 0.0119 > 0.00507, ∴ ∅ = 0.9
𝑐 30.6

𝑎 26
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 1137 × 414 152 − × 10−6 = 65.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2 2

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 65.4 = 58.9𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

b)

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛 =
8

𝑤𝑢 × 52
58.9 = ֜ 𝑤𝑢 = 18.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
8
𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 2.8 = 0.18 × 24 + 2.8 = 7.12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 × 𝐷𝐿 + 1.6 × 𝐿𝐿

18.8 = 1.2 × 7.12 + 1.6 × 𝐿𝐿 ֜ 𝐿𝐿 = 6.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

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Continuous One-way Slabs

When a slab is built monolithically with the supporting beams or is continuous
over several supports, the positive and negative moments are calculated either by
structural analysis or by moment coefficients as for continuous beams. The
ACI318-19 Code, Section 6.5, permits the use of moment and shear coefficients
for prismatic members in the case of two or more approximately equal spans.
This condition is met when:
• The larger of two adjacent spans does not exceed the shorter span by more
than 20%.
• For uniformly distributed loads, the unit live load shall not exceed three times
the unit dead load.
When these conditions are not satisfied, structural analysis is required.

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Continuous-Span Bar Cutoffs (Recommended)

*If adjacent spans have different span lengths, use the larger of the two.

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*If adjacent spans have different span lengths, use the larger of the two.

Example-6:
The cross section of a continuous one-way solid slab in a building is shown
below. The slabs are supported by beams that span 3.3m between simple supports.
The dead load on the slabs is that due to self-weight plus 3.6 kN/m2; the live load
is 6.2 kN/m2. Design the continuous slab and draw a detailed section. Given: f′c =
21MPa and fy = 275MPa.

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Solution:
𝑙 3600
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛, ℎ = = = 150𝑚𝑚
24 24
𝑙 3600
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛, ℎ = = = 129𝑚𝑚
28 28
Use h = 150mm

12
𝑑 = 150 − 20 − = 124𝑚𝑚
2
Design a 1.0m wide strip of the slab.
𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 3.6 = 0.15 × 24 + 3.6 = 7.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 × 7.2 + 1.6 × 6.2 = 18.56 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Location A (-ve M):

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 18.56 × 3.32
𝑀𝑢 = = = 8.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
24 24

Assuming f = 0.90 and computing r

𝑀𝑢 8.4 × 106
𝑅𝑛 = 2
= = 0.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 0.9 × 1000 × 1242
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85 × 21 2 × 0.6
𝜌= 1− 1− = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 275 0.85 × 21
= 0.0022

71
use f 10mm@250mm (𝜌 = = 0.0023 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018)
250×124

Spacing < maximum of 3h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code

Checking the moment capacity of the slab

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.0023 × 1000 × 124 × 275

𝑎= = = 4.4𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 × 21 × 1000

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𝑎 4.4
𝑐= = = 5.2𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85

𝑑−𝑐 124 − 5.2

𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 = 0.0685, ∅ = 0.9
𝑐 5.2

𝑎 4.4
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.0023 × 1000 × 124 × 275 124 − × 10−6
2 2

= 9.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 9.6 = 8.6𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢

Location B (+ve M):

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 18.56 × 3.32
𝑀𝑢 = = = 14.4 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
14 14

Assuming f = 0.90 and computing r

𝑀𝑢 14.4 × 106
𝑅𝑛 = 2
= = 1.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 0.9 × 1000 × 1242
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85 × 21 2 × 1.0
𝜌= 1− 1− = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 275 0.85 × 21
= 0.0037

113
use f 12mm@225mm (𝜌 = = 0.00405 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018)
225×124

Spacing < maximum of 3h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code

Checking the moment capacity of the slab

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.00405 × 1000 × 124 × 275

𝑎= = = 7.7𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 × 21 × 1000

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𝑎 6.9
𝑐= = = 9𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85

𝑑−𝑐 124 − 9
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 = 0.038, ∅ = 0.9
𝑐 9

𝑎 7.7
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.00405 × 1000 × 124 × 275 124 − × 10−6
2 2

= 16.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 14.7 = 14.9𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢

Moments and steel reinforcement required at other sections are as follows:

Moment Mu Bars and

Location Rn r
Coefficient (kN.m) Spacing

A 0.04 8.4 0.6 0.00225 f10@250mm

B 0.07 14.4 1.0 0.00391 f12@225mm
C 0.10 20.2 1.5 0.00555 f12@150mm
D 0.09 18.4 1.3 0.00502 f12@150mm
E 0.06 12.6 0.9 0.00341 f12@250mm
For practical purposes, it is easier to use f12@225mm for location E.

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Transverse Direction—Shrinkage and Temperature Steel:

𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018 × 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0018 × 1000 × 124 = 248𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
71
use f 10mm@250mm (𝜌 = = 0.0023)
250×124

Spacing < maximum of 5h or 450mm as per ACI 318-19 code.

One-way Joist Floor System

A one-way joist floor system consists of hollow slabs with a total depth greater
than that of solid slabs. The system is most economical for buildings where
superimposed loads are small and spans are relatively large, such as schools,
hospitals, and hotels.

The concrete in the tension

zone is ineffective; therefore,
this area is left open between
ribs or filled with lightweight
material to reduce the self-
weight of the slab.

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The design procedure and requirements of ribbed slabs follow the same steps as
those for rectangular and T-sections. The following points apply to design of one-
way ribbed slabs:
• Ribs are usually tapered and uniformly spaced at about 400 to 750 mm.
• Voids are usually formed by using molds 500 mm wide and 150 to 500 mm
deep, depending on the design requirement.
• The ribs shall not be less than 100 mm wide.
• The ribs must have a depth of not more than 3.5 times the width.
• Clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750 mm.
• Shear strength, Vc, provided by concrete for the ribs may be taken 10% greater
than that for beams. This is mainly due to the interaction between the slab and
the closely spaced ribs.

• The thickness of the slab on top of the ribs is usually 50 to 100 mm and contains
minimum reinforcement (shrinkage reinforcement). This thickness shall not be
less than (1/12) of the clear span between ribs or 38 mm.
• The ACI coefficients for calculating moments in continuous slabs can be used for
continuous ribbed slab design.
• Secondary reinforcement parallel to the ribs shall be placed in the slab and spaced
at distances not more than half of the spacings between ribs.

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• If the live load on the ribbed slab is less than 3 kN/m2 and the span of ribs
varies between 4 and 7m, a secondary transverse rib should be provided at
midspan (its direction is perpendicular to the direction of main ribs) and
reinforced with the same amount of steel as the main ribs. Its top
reinforcement shall not be less than half of the main reinforcement in the
tension zone. These transverse ribs act as floor stiffeners.
• If the span exceeds 7m , at least two transverse ribs at one-third span must be
provided.

Example-7:
Design an interior rib of a concrete joist floor system with the following
description: Span of rib = 6.0m (simply supported), dead load (excluding own
weight) = 0.75kN/m2, live load = 4.0 kN/m2, f′c = 28MPa, and fy =414MPa.

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Solution:
Design of the slab:
Assume a top slab thickness of 50mm that is fixed to ribs that have a clear spacing
of 500mm.
𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 0.75 = 0.05 × 24 + 0.75 = 1.95 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 × 1.95 + 1.6 × 4 = 8.74 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Slab is assumed fixed to ribs:

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 8.74 × 0.52
𝑀𝑢 = = = 0.18 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
12 12
Considering that the moment in slab will be carried by plain concrete only, the
allowable flexural tensile strength is equal to the modulus of rupture of the

concrete 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 ,with a capacity reduction factor 𝜙=0.55.

𝑀𝑦
𝜎 = 𝑓𝑟 =
𝐼

𝑏ℎ3 1000 × 503

𝐼𝑔 = = = 10416666𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 = 0.62 × 28 = 3.3𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 3.3 × 10416666
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 1.37 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑦 0.5 × 50
∅𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 0.55 × 1.37 = 0.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢
Use f10@250mm as a shrinkage reinforcement laid transverse to the direction of
the ribs. Use similar shrinkage reinforcement f10@250mm laid parallel to the
direction of ribs, one bar on top of each rib and one bar in the slab between ribs.
Design a typical rib:

𝑙 6000
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, ℎ = = = 300𝑚𝑚
20 20

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Assume a rib width of 100mm at the lower end that tapers to 150mm at the level
of the slab.

0.1 + 0.15
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑏 = × 0.25 × 24 = 0.75 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2
The rib carries a load from 0.6m wide slab plus its own weight:
𝑤𝑢 = 0.6 × 8.74 + 1.2 × 0.75 = 6.144 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 6.144 × 62
𝑀𝑢 = = = 27.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

The design procedure and requirements of ribbed slabs follow the same steps as
those for rectangular and T-sections:
Assume a tension-controlled section—that is, the net tensile strain et ≥ ety +0.003.
The net tensile strain value of ety +0.003 gives a strength reduction factor f = 0.90.
Determine fMnf assuming the effective flange to be in compression over its full
depth:

16
𝑑 = 300 − 20 − = 272𝑚𝑚
2

ℎ𝑓
∅𝑀𝑛𝑓 = ∅ 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ℎ𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 −
2

50
= 0.9 × 0.85 × 28 × 50 × 600 × 272 − × 10−6 = 158.7𝑘𝑁
2

∅𝑀𝑛𝑓 ≥ 𝑀𝑢

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The moment capacity of the flange is greater than the applied moment; thus, the
rib acts as a rectangular section with b = 600mm, and the depth of the equivalent
compressive block a is less than 50mm.

𝑀𝑢 27.6 × 106
𝑅𝑛 = 2
= = 0.69 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 0.9 × 600 × 2722

0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 0.85 × 28 2 × 0.69

𝜌= 1− 1− = 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐 414 0.85 × 28

= 0.0017

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0017 × 600 × 272 = 277𝑚𝑚2

100 + 150
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.0033 × × 272 = 112𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠
2

Use 2f 16mm (As = 398 mm2)

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 398 × 414
𝑎= = = 12𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑒 0.85 × 28 × 600

𝑎 12
𝑐= = = 14𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 0.85

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 272 − 14
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.055 > 0.00507
𝑐 14
Calculate shear in the rib:

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × (1.1) × 0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

= 0.75 × 1.1 × 0.17 × 28 × 125 × 272 × 10−3 = 25 𝑘𝑁

The factored shear at a distance d from the support is

𝑙 6
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑤𝑢 − 𝑑 = 6.144 × − 0.272 = 16.8𝑘𝑁 < ∅𝑉𝑐
2 2

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This is less than the shear capacity of the rib. Minimum stirrups may be used,
and in this case an additional f12mm bar will be placed within the slab above the
rib to hold the stirrups in place. It is advisable to add one transverse rib at
midspan perpendicular to the direction of the ribs having the same reinforcement
as that of the main ribs to act as a stiffener.

Example-8:
A 4.8 m span simply supported slab carries a uniform dead load of 10 kN/m2
(excluding its own weight). The slab has a uniform thickness of 175 mm and is
reinforced with f20-mm bars spaced at 125 mm. Determine the allowable
uniformly distributed load that can be applied on the slab if f′c = 28MPa and fy
=420 MPa.

Example-9:
Design a 3 m cantilever slab to carry a uniform total dead load of 8.2 kN/m2 and
a concentrated live load at the free end of 8.9 kN, when f′c = 28 MPa and fy =420
MPa.

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Example-10:
Design a continuous one-way solid slab supported on beams spaced at 4.2 m on
centers. The width of the beams is 300 mm, leaving clear slab spans of 3.9m. The
slab carries a uniform dead load of 6.0 kN/m2 (including self-weight of slab) and
a live load of 5.8 kN/m2. Use f′c = 21 MPa, fy =280MPa, and the ACI
coefficients. Show bar arrangements using straight bars for all top and bottom
reinforcement.

Example-11:
Design an interior rib of a concrete joist floor system with the following
description: Span of ribbed slab is 5.4 m between simple supports; uniform dead
load (excluding self-weight) is 1.44 kN/m2; live load is 4.8 kN/m2; f′c = 21 MPa
and fy =420MPa. Use 750mm wide removable pans.

Example-12:
Design a continuous ribbed slab with three equal spans of 5.4 m each and the
following description: uniform dead load (excluding self-weight) is 1.44 kN/m2;
live load is 4.8 kN/m2; support width is 350 mm; f′c = 21MPa and fy =420MPa.
Use 750mm wide removable pans.

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