The document discusses various types of prestress losses in concrete members, including:
1) Elastic shortening loss - When prestressing force is applied, concrete shortens elastically which reduces the prestressing force. This loss is calculated based on the modulus of elasticity and compressive stress in the concrete.
2) Shrinkage loss - Concrete shrinks over time which reduces prestress. This loss is calculated based on humidity, concrete properties, and time-dependent factors.
3) Creep loss - Under sustained load, concrete flows over time which increases deformation and reduces prestress. This loss depends on stress levels before and after loading and uses time-dependent coefficients.
Formulas and
The document discusses various types of prestress losses in concrete members, including:
1) Elastic shortening loss - When prestressing force is applied, concrete shortens elastically which reduces the prestressing force. This loss is calculated based on the modulus of elasticity and compressive stress in the concrete.
2) Shrinkage loss - Concrete shrinks over time which reduces prestress. This loss is calculated based on humidity, concrete properties, and time-dependent factors.
3) Creep loss - Under sustained load, concrete flows over time which increases deformation and reduces prestress. This loss depends on stress levels before and after loading and uses time-dependent coefficients.
Formulas and
The document discusses various types of prestress losses in concrete members, including:
1) Elastic shortening loss - When prestressing force is applied, concrete shortens elastically which reduces the prestressing force. This loss is calculated based on the modulus of elasticity and compressive stress in the concrete.
2) Shrinkage loss - Concrete shrinks over time which reduces prestress. This loss is calculated based on humidity, concrete properties, and time-dependent factors.
3) Creep loss - Under sustained load, concrete flows over time which increases deformation and reduces prestress. This loss depends on stress levels before and after loading and uses time-dependent coefficients.
Formulas and
The document discusses various types of prestress losses in concrete members, including:
1) Elastic shortening loss - When prestressing force is applied, concrete shortens elastically which reduces the prestressing force. This loss is calculated based on the modulus of elasticity and compressive stress in the concrete.
2) Shrinkage loss - Concrete shrinks over time which reduces prestress. This loss is calculated based on humidity, concrete properties, and time-dependent factors.
3) Creep loss - Under sustained load, concrete flows over time which increases deformation and reduces prestress. This loss depends on stress levels before and after loading and uses time-dependent coefficients.
Formulas and
NOTATION Cs = elastic shortening strain fpEs = loss of prestress due to elastic shortening Es = Modulus of Elasticty of steel fc = ultimate concrete strength fpu = ultimate tensile strength of strand or breaking point fci = initial compressive stress in concrete Aps = area of prestressing steel N = modular ratio Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete Eci = initial modulus of elasticity of concrete Pi = initial jacking force of initial prestress Pj = jacking force e = eccentricity Ac = cros sectional area of concrete r = radius of gyration of the concrete fcs = permissible compression stress at service load Ic = cross moment of inertia ci = compressive strength of the concrete at the time of intial stress fps = allowable tensile stress The Shrinkage unit strain can be defined as
SH = 8.2 x 10-6 (1 – 0.06 )(100 – RH) (1.1)
For Pretensioned members,
fpSH = SH x Es For post-tensioned members, the loss in prestressind due to shrinkage is somewhat less since some shrinkage has already taken place before post-tensioning. Hence, general equation for both types of prestressing is
Where: KSH = 1.0 for pretensioned members. Table 1 gives the values of KSH for post-tensioned members. Table 1: Values of KSH for Post-tensioned members Days 1 3 5 7 10 20 30 60 KSH 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.64 0.58 0.45 Source: Prestressed Concrete Institute Detailed computations of shrinkage losses as a action of time t after seven days. For moist curing and creep days for stream curing can be obtained from the following expression a.) Moist curing for seven days SHt = SH (1.3)
Where:
SH = 800 x 10-6 in/in
b.) Steam curing for one to three days SHt = SH (1.4)
Where:
SH = 720 x 10-6 in/in
Example 1: A pretensioned prestress beam has a span of 50ft (15.2m), as shown in the figure. For this beam Eps = 27 x 106 psa Compute the loss in prestress due to shrinkage at seven days after moist curing using both the ultimate KSH method of equation 1.2 and the time dependent method of equation 1.3. Assume that the relative humidity, RH is 70 percent and the volume to surface ratio is 2.0. Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force on the tendon was 75% fpu. KSH Method a. Pretensioned beam; KSH =1.0 fpSH = 8.2 x 10-6 (1.0)( 27 x 106)(1 – 0.06(2.0))(100 – 70) = 5,845.0 psi (40.3 MPa) Time Dependent Method 6 SHt = ) = 133.3 x 10-6 in/in
fpSH = SH x Es = 133 x 10-6 x 27 x 10-6 = 3,599.1 psi
ELASTIC SHORTENING OF CONCRETE (Es)
Concrete shortens when a prestressing force s applied as the tendons that are bonded to the adjacent. Concrete simultaneously shorten, they lose part of the prestressing force that they carry.
PRETENSIONED ELEMENTS (PRECAST)
For pretensioned elements, the compressive force imposed on the beam by tendon results in the longitudinal shortening of the beam. As shown in the figure 2.1, the unit shortening in concrete is ES = /L, so ES = = (2.2a)
Since the prestressing tendon suffers the same magnitude of shortening,
fpES =Es ES = = = nfc (2.2b) The stress in the concrete at the centroid of the steel due to the inertia prestressing is fcs = - (2.3) If the tendon in the figure 2.1 has an eccentricity e at the beam midspan and the self weight moment MD is taken into account, the stress the concrete undergoes at the midspan section at the level of the prestressing steel becomes fcs = - (1 + ) + (2.4) Where Pi has a lower value after transfer of pre-stress. The small reduction in the value of Pj to Pi occurs because the force in the prestressing steel immediately after transfer is less than the initial jacking prestress force Pj. However, since it is difficult to accurately determine the reduced value of Pi and to accurately determine the reduced value of Pi and since observations indicate that the reduction is only a few percentage points, it is possible to use the initial value of Pi before transfer in equations 2.5 -3.4, or reduce it by about 10 percent for refinement if desired.
Example A pretensioned prestress beam has a span of 50 ft (15.2 m) as shown in the figure for the beam f’c = 6000 psi fpu = 270,000 psi fci = 4500 psi Aps = 1.52 in2 (10 ½ diameter seven wire strand tendon) Eps = 27 x 106 psi Calculate the concrete fiber stresses at transfer at the centroid of the tendon for the midspan section of the beam, and the magnitude of loss in prestress due to the effect of elastic shortening of the concrete. Assume that prior to transfer, the jacking force on the tendon was 75% fpu. SOLUTION: Ac = 15 x 30 = 450 in2 Ic = = 33,750 in3 D2 = = = 75 in2 Aps = 10 x 0.153 = 1.53 in2 e = – 4 = 11 Pi = 0.75 fpuAps = 0.75 x 270,000 x 1.53 = 309,825 lb MD = = x 150 = 1,757,813 in.lb
Assuming that Pi Pj, the concrete fiber stress is,
fcs = - (1 + )+ =- (1 + )+ = -1,266.4 psi We also have Initial Eci = 57,000 = 57,000 = 3.824 x 106 psi Modular ratio n = = 7.06 28 days strength Ec = 57,000 = 4.415 x 106 psi 28 days modular ratio, n = = 6.12
fpEs = nfcs = 7.06 x 1,226.4 = 8,658.2 psi
CREEP LOSS
Experimental work over the past half century indicates that flow in materials occurs with time when load of stress. This lateral flow or deterioration due to the longitudinal. CREEP LOSS (ACI – ASCE)
fpCr = KCR (fcs – fcsd)
Where: Kcr = 2.0 for pretensioned members = 1.6 for post-tensioned member (both for normal concrete) fcs = stress in concrete at level of steel cgs immediately after transfer fcsd = stress in concrete at level of steel cgs due to all superimposed dead loads applied after prestressing is accomplished
NOTE: KCR should b reduced by 20 percent for light weight concrete
EXAMPLE
Compute the loss in prestress due to creep in example 1 given that the total super imposed load, including the beam’s own weight after transfer is 375 plf (5.5 kN/m. For this beam, f’c = 6,000 psi Es = 27 x 106 psi fpu = 270000 psi
SOLUTION: MSD = e= - 4 =11 Aps = 1.53 in2
Ec = 57,000 = 57,000 = 4.415 x 10 6 psi
= = 6.12
MSD = x 12 = 1,406,250 in.lb
fcsd = = =458.3 psi
fcs = - (1 + )+
Where:
r2 = ; Ac = 15 x 30 = 450 in2 r2 = = 75 in. MD = = x 150(50)2 x 12
MD = 1,757,813 in.lb Pi = 0.75fpuAps = 0.75 x 270000 x 1.53 = 309.825 lb
fcs = - (1 + )+
fcs = -1,226.4 psi
fpCR = KCR (fcs – fcsd)
= 6.12 x 2.0 (1.226 – 458.3)
= 9,401.50 psi
Problem 1:
A PS beam is subjected to moist curing for 6 days period with v/s = 2.5. RH= 42%
Required:
Losses in P.S. due to shrinkage using the following methods:
