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GATE PI Engineering Maths Notes

The document provides notes on matrix algebra, including types of matrices, matrix operations, determinants, inverses, and rank. It also covers systems of linear equations, methods for solving them, LU decomposition, and concepts of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Additionally, it discusses properties and applications of eigenvalues in various fields such as control systems and data science.

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85 views2 pages

GATE PI Engineering Maths Notes

The document provides notes on matrix algebra, including types of matrices, matrix operations, determinants, inverses, and rank. It also covers systems of linear equations, methods for solving them, LU decomposition, and concepts of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Additionally, it discusses properties and applications of eigenvalues in various fields such as control systems and data science.

Uploaded by

Vinodhini K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GATE 2026 - Engineering Mathematics Notes

Matrix Algebra

Matrix: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.

Types of Matrices:

- Square Matrix: Number of rows = Number of columns

- Diagonal Matrix: Non-diagonal elements are zero

- Identity Matrix: Diagonal elements are 1, rest are 0

- Zero Matrix: All elements are 0

- Symmetric Matrix: A = A^T

Matrix Operations:

- Addition/Subtraction: Only if matrices are of same order

- Scalar Multiplication

- Matrix Multiplication: A(m x n) * B(n x p) = C(m x p)

- Transpose: Flip rows and columns

Determinant:

- A scalar value from a square matrix that determines if the matrix is invertible.

Inverse of Matrix:

- A matrix A^-1 such that A * A^-1 = I (identity)

- Only for square, non-singular matrices

Rank of Matrix:

- Maximum number of linearly independent rows (or columns)

Systems of Linear Equations

System of Equations:

- A set of equations with multiple variables


GATE 2026 - Engineering Mathematics Notes

Methods of Solving:

- Gaussian Elimination: Convert to row echelon form, then back-substitute

- Gauss-Jordan: Reduce to reduced row echelon form (RREF)

- Matrix Inversion: If A is invertible, X = A^-1 * B

Consistency:

- A system is consistent if it has at least one solution

- Use rank method: If rank(A) = rank(A|B), system is consistent

LU Decomposition:

- Factor A into L (lower) and U (upper) triangular matrices

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Eigenvalue Equation:

- For a square matrix A, if A * x = lambda * x, then lambda is an eigenvalue and x is an eigenvector

How to Find Eigenvalues:

- Solve det(A - lambdaI) = 0 (characteristic equation)

How to Find Eigenvectors:

- Substitute each eigenvalue lambda into (A - lambdaI) * x = 0

Properties:

- A matrix of order n has n eigenvalues (may be complex or repeated)

- Trace of A = sum of eigenvalues

- Determinant of A = product of eigenvalues

Applications:

- Diagonalization of matrices

- Stability analysis in control systems

- Principal component analysis (PCA) in data science

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