1. Q:What is JavaScript?

A: JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted scripting language

used to make web pages interactive.
2. Q:Who developed JavaScript?
A: Brendan Eich developed it at Netscape in 1995.
3. Q: Is JavaScript the same as Java?
A: No, they are di erent languages with di erent use cases.
4. Q:Where is JavaScript used?
A: It's used in web development, servers (Node.js), games, and
apps.
5. Q: How do you include JavaScript in an HTML file?
A: Using the <script> tag.
6. Q: What is the default scripting language in browsers?
A: JavaScript.
7. Q: What is the file extension of JavaScript?
A: .js
8. Q: Can JavaScript run outside the browser?
A: Yes, using environments like Node.js.
9. Q: What are the two main types of comments in JavaScript?
A: Single-line (//) and multi-line (/* */).
10. Q: What is the output of console.log("Hello" + " World")?
A: "Hello World"
11. Q: What is a variable?
A: A container for storing data values.
12. Q: What are the keywords to declare variables?
A: var, let, and const.
13. Q: What is the di erence between let and const?
A: let can be reassigned; const cannot.
14. Q: Is JavaScript case-sensitive?
A: Yes.
15. Q: What is a keyword?
A: A reserved word that has a special meaning in JavaScript.
16. Q: How do you show an alert in JavaScript?
A: Using alert("message").
17. Q: How do you write to the console?
A: console.log("message")
18. Q: What is a data type?
A: It defines the type of value a variable holds.
19. Q: Name some primitive data types in JavaScript.
A: String, Number, Boolean, Null, Undefined, Symbol, BigInt.
20. Q: What is typeof operator used for?
A: To check the data type of a variable.
21. Q: What is the output of typeof null?
A: "object" (this is a known quirk in JS)
22. Q: What is the output of typeof NaN?
A: "number"
23. Q: What is hoisting in JavaScript?
A: Variables and functions are moved to the top of their scope
during compilation.
24. Q: Can you declare a variable without using var, let, or
const?
A: Yes, but it becomes a global variable (not recommended).
25. Q: What is the di erence between == and ===?
A: == compares values, === compares value and type.
26. Q: What is the output of 10 + "5"?
A: "105" (number + string = string)
26. Q: What is the output of "5" - 2?
A: 3 (JavaScript converts string to number)
27. Q: What does NaN stand for?
A: Not a Number.
28. Q: What is the output of typeof NaN?
A: "number"
29. Q: How do you check if a value is NaN?
A: Using isNaN(value)
30. Q: What is a Boolean in JavaScript?
A: A logical data type with two values: true and false.
31. Q: What is the output of Boolean(0)?
A: false
32. Q: What is the output of Boolean("0")?
A: true (non-empty string is truthy)
33. Q: What values are considered falsy in JavaScript?
A: false, 0, "", null, undefined, NaN
34. Q: How do you write a single-line comment?
A: // comment
35. Q: How do you write a multi-line comment?
A: /* comment */
36. Q: Can a JavaScript variable name start with a number?
A: No.
37. Q: Can JavaScript variable names contain $ or _?
A: Yes.
38. Q: What is the di erence between null and undefined?
A: null is an assigned value; undefined means a variable has
been declared but not assigned.
39. Q: What does parseInt("10px") return?
A: 10
40. Q: What does parseFloat("10.5kg") return?
A: 10.5
41. Q: What does isNaN("hello") return?
A: true
42. Q: What is the output of typeof undefined?
A: "undefined"
43. Q: What is the output of typeof function() {}?
A: "function"
44. Q: What is the output of typeof []?
A: "object"
45. Q: What is the output of typeof {}?
A: "object"
46. Q: How do you create an array in JavaScript?
A: Using square brackets: let arr = [1, 2, 3];
47. Q: How do you create an object in JavaScript?
A: Using curly braces: let obj = {name: "John", age: 30};
48. Q: How do you check the length of a string?
A: Using .length, e.g., "hello".length
49. Q: How do you convert a string to a number?
A: Using Number("123") or parseInt("123")
50. Q: How do you convert a number to a string?
A: Using .toString() or String(123)
51. Q: What is a template literal?
A: A string with embedded expressions using backticks (`Hello
${name}`)
 52. Q: How do you create a function in JavaScript?
A:
function greet() {
console.log("Hello");
}
54. Q: What is an anonymous function?
A: A function without a name.
55. Q: What is a callback function?
A: A function passed as an argument to another function.
56. Q: What is the use of return in a function?
A: It returns a value from the function.
57. Q: Can a function return multiple values?
A: Not directly, but it can return an array or object.
58. Q: What are function parameters?
A: Inputs declared in the function definition.
59. Q: What are function arguments?
A: Values passed to the function when it is called.
60. Q: What is the default return value of a function?
A: undefined (if no return is specified)
61. Q: Can you assign a function to a variable?
A: Yes. Functions are first-class citizens.
62. Q: What is an arrow function?
A: A shorter syntax for writing functions:
const add = (a, b) => a + b;
63. Q: What is the purpose of the console.log() function?
A: To print messages to the browser console.
 64. Q: What is the use of the alert() method?
A: To display a popup message to the user.
65. Q: What is the output of "5" == 5?
A: true (type coercion)
66. Q: What is the output of "5" === 5?
A: false (strict comparison)
67. Q: What is type coercion?
A: Automatic conversion of data types.
68. Q: What is a ternary operator?
A: A shorthand for if-else:
condition ? expr1 : expr2;
69. Q: What is short-circuit evaluation?
A: Logical operations stop once the result is known:
true || anything → true
false && anything → false
70. Q: What is the use of break in loops?
A: To exit the loop early.
71. Q: What is the use of continue in loops?
A: To skip the current iteration.
72. Q: What is the di erence between for and while loop?
A: for is used when the number of iterations is known; while is
used when the condition is evaluated each time.
73. Q: How do you stop an infinite loop?
A: Add a proper exit condition or use break.
74. Q: What is the output of !!"text"?
A: true (double negation converts to Boolean)
 75. Q: What is an expression in JavaScript?
A: Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value.
76. Q: What is a statement?
A: Instructions that perform an action.
77. Q: What are reserved keywords?
A: Words like if, for, function that have special meaning in
JavaScript.
78. Q: What is eval() used for?
A: To execute a string as JavaScript code (use with caution).
79. Q: What does Math.random() return?
A: A random number between 0 and 1.
80. Q: What does Math.floor(4.9) return?
A: 4
81. Q: What does Math.ceil(4.1) return?
A: 5
82. Q: What does Math.round(4.5) return?
A: 5
83. Q: What does Math.max(2, 5, 1) return?
A: 5
84. Q: What does Math.min(2, 5, 1) return?
A: 1
85. Q: How do you generate a random integer from 1 to 10?
A:
Math.floor(Math.random() * 10) + 1;
86. Q: What does typeof null return?
A: "object"
87. Q: What is the use of typeof operator?
A: To determine the type of a value.
88. Q: What are comments used for?
A: To explain code and make it more readable.
89. Q: What is the di erence between ++x and x++?
A: ++x increments before returning; x++ returns then
increments.
90. Q: What is a semicolon used for in JavaScript?
A: To terminate statements (optional but recommended).
91. Q: What are escape characters in strings?
A: Special characters like \n, \t, \", etc.
92. Q: What is string interpolation?
A: Embedding variables inside strings using template literals.
93. Q: What is the di erence between slice() and substring()?
A: Both extract string parts, but slice() can accept negative
indices.
94. Q: What does charAt(0) do?
A: Returns the first character of a string.
95. Q: How do you change a string to uppercase?
A: Using .toUpperCase()
96. Q: How do you change a string to lowercase?
A: Using .toLowerCase()
97. Q: How do you remove whitespace from both ends of a
string?
A: Using .trim()
98. Q: What is the result of "5" + 5?
A: "55"
99. Q: What is the result of "5" - 5?
A: 0
100.Q: What does alert(typeof null) show?
A: "object"
101. Q: What are non-primitive data types?
A: Objects, Arrays, Functions.
102. Q: What is the di erence between primitive and non-
primitive data types?
A: Primitive types store single values; non-primitives store
collections or objects.
103. Q: What is undefined in JavaScript?
A: A variable that has been declared but not assigned a value.
104. Q: What is null in JavaScript?
A: A deliberate non-value assigned to a variable.
105. Q: What is BigInt?
A: A data type for very large integers beyond the safe range of
Number.
106. Q: How do you declare a BigInt?
A: Using n at the end of a number:
1234567890123456789012345n
107. Q: What is Symbol used for?
A: To create unique identifiers for object properties.
108. Q: What is dynamic typing?
A: Variables can hold values of any type, and types can
change at runtime.
109. Q: How do you check a variable's type?
A: Using typeof.
110. Q: What is the output of typeof []?
A: "object"
111. Q: What is the output of typeof null?
A: "object"
112. Q: What is the output of typeof NaN?
A: "number"
113. Q: What is a variable?
A: A named container for storing data.
114. Q: What are the three ways to declare a variable in
JavaScript?
A: var, let, and const
115. Q: What is the di erence between var, let, and const?
A: var is function-scoped, let and const are block-scoped;
const cannot be reassigned.
116. Q: Can you reassign a const variable?
A: No.
117. Q: Can a const object’s properties be changed?
A: Yes, but the object reference itself can’t change.
118. Q: Can let be redeclared in the same scope?
A: No.
119. Q: Can var be redeclared in the same scope?
A: Yes.
120. Q: Is JavaScript statically or dynamically typed?
A: Dynamically typed.
121. Q: What is variable hoisting?
A: Variables declared with var are moved to the top of their
scope during execution.
122. Q: Does let or const support hoisting?
A: They are hoisted but not initialized.
123. Q: What is the Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ)?
A: The time between entering the scope and variable
initialization with let or const.
124. Q: What is block scope?
A: Scope limited to the {} block where the variable is declared.
125. Q: What is function scope?
A: Variables are accessible only within the function where
they are declared.
126. Q: Can you declare a variable without a keyword?
A: Yes, but it becomes global (not recommended).
127. Q: How do you declare multiple variables in one line?
A: let a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;
128. Q: What is the best practice for declaring variables?
A: Use const by default, let if value will change, avoid var.
129. Q: What is the default value of an uninitialized variable?
A: undefined
130. Q: Can a variable hold di erent types at di erent times?
A: Yes.
131. Q: What happens if you use a variable before declaring it
with var?
A: It is undefined.
132. Q: What happens if you use a variable before declaring it
with let or const?
A: ReferenceError.
133. Q: Is NaN equal to NaN?
A: No.
134. Q: How do you check for NaN properly?
A: Using Number.isNaN().
135. Q: What is the result of 0 / 0?
A: NaN
136. Q: What is the result of 10 / 0?
A: Infinity
137. Q: What is Infinity in JavaScript?
A: A special value greater than any number.
138. Q: How do you get negative infinity?
A: -Infinity
139. Q: What is a literal in JavaScript?
A: A fixed value like 10, "Hello", or true.
140. Q: Can a string be empty?
A: Yes, using "".
141. Q: How do you find the length of a variable's value if it's a
string?
A: Use .length property.
142. Q: What happens if you access an undeclared variable?
A: ReferenceError.
143. Q: What is the di erence between typeof undefined and
typeof undeclaredVar?
A: Both return "undefined", but accessing undeclaredVar
directly throws an error.
144. Q: What is implicit type conversion?
A: Automatic type change done by JavaScript.
145. Q: What is explicit type conversion?
A: Manual type change using functions like Number(), String().
146. Q: What is truthy in JavaScript?
A: Any value that evaluates to true in a boolean context.
147. Q: What is falsy in JavaScript?
A: Values like 0, "", false, null, undefined, NaN.
148. Q: Is "false" (a string) truthy or falsy?
A: Truthy.
149. Q: Is [] truthy or falsy?
A: Truthy.
151. Q: What are JavaScript operators?
A: Symbols used to perform operations on operands (e.g., +, -,
==, &&).
152. Q: List some arithmetic operators.
A: +, -, *, /, %, ** (exponentiation).
153. Q: What does ** do?
A: Performs exponentiation: 2 ** 3 = 8.
154. Q: What is the modulus operator?
A: % – returns remainder of division.
155. Q: What is the result of 5 % 2?
A: 1
156. Q: What are assignment operators?
A: Used to assign values: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, etc.
157. Q: What does x += 5 mean?
A: x = x + 5
158. Q: What are comparison operators?
A: ==, !=, ===, !==, >, <, >=, <=
159. Q: What’s the di erence between == and ===?
A: == compares values with type conversion; === compares
both value and type.
160. Q: What is the output of 5 == "5"?
A: true
161. Q: What is the output of 5 === "5"?
A: false
162. Q: What is the di erence between != and !==?
A: != compares value (not type), !== compares both value and
type.
163. Q: What are logical operators?
A: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)
164. Q: What does true && false return?
A: false
165. Q: What does true || false return?
A: true
166. Q: What does !true return?
A: false
167. Q: What is a ternary operator?
A: A shorthand for if-else: condition ? expr1 : expr2
168. Q: Give an example of the ternary operator.
A: let result = age >= 18 ? "Adult" : "Minor"
169. Q: What is operator precedence?
A: The order in which operators are evaluated.
170. Q: Which has higher precedence: * or +?
A: *
171. Q: What is associativity in operators?
A: The direction in which operators with the same precedence
are evaluated.
172. Q: What is the associativity of = operator?
A: Right-to-left
173. Q: What is the output of 3 + 4 * 2?
A: 11 (multiplication has higher precedence)
174. Q: What is a unary operator?
A: An operator with a single operand (e.g., typeof, !, ++, --).
175. Q: What is the output of typeof 42?
A: "number"
176. Q: What are increment/decrement operators?
A: ++ increases, -- decreases a value.
177. Q: What is the di erence between ++x and x++?
A: ++x increments before returning, x++ returns before
incrementing.
178. Q: What does null == undefined return?
A: true
179. Q: What does null === undefined return?
A: false
180. Q: What are bitwise operators?
A: Operate on binary values: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>
181. Q: What does 5 & 1 return?
A: 1
182. Q: What does 5 | 1 return?
A: 5
183. Q: What is the result of typeof NaN?
A: "number"
184. Q: What is the comma operator?
A: Evaluates multiple expressions and returns the last:
let x = (1, 2, 3); // x = 3
185. Q: Can you chain assignments?
A: Yes: a = b = c = 10
186. Q: What does !!value do?
A: Converts value to Boolean.
187. Q: What is optional chaining (?.) used for?
A: To safely access deeply nested properties.
188. Q: What does obj?.prop return if obj is undefined?
A: undefined, instead of throwing an error.
189. Q: What is nullish coalescing (??)?
A: Returns right-hand value if left-hand is null or undefined.
190. Q: What is the result of null ?? "default"?
A: "default"
191. Q: What is the result of 0 ?? "default"?
A: 0 (since 0 is not null or undefined)
192. Q: What is the di erence between || and ???
A: || returns the first truthy value, ?? returns the first defined
value.
193. Q: What is short-circuiting?
A: When the result is determined without evaluating all
expressions.
194. Q: What does x && y return if x is falsy?
A: x
195. Q: What does x || y return if x is truthy?
A: x
196. Q: What is a compound expression?
A: A combination of multiple expressions.
197. Q: Can operators be overloaded in JavaScript?
A: No.
198. Q: What does 1 + "2" return?
A: "12" (string concatenation)
 199. Q: What does "2" - 1 return?
A: 1 (type coercion to number)
200. Q: What does "2" + 1 + 3 return?
A: "213"
201. Q: What are control structures in JavaScript?
A: They control the flow of code execution (e.g., if, for, while,
switch).
202. Q: What is an if statement?
A: A conditional statement that runs code if a condition is
true.
203. Q: What is the syntax of an if statement?
A:
if (condition) {
// code
}
204. Q: What is an if-else statement?
A: Adds an alternative block if the condition is false.
205. Q: What is an else if statement?
A: Adds more conditions after the first if.
206. Q: Can if-else statements be nested?
A: Yes.
207. Q: What is a ternary operator used for?
A: For short if-else decisions in a single line.
208. Q: What is a switch statement?
A: Used to select one of many code blocks based on a value.
209. Q: What keyword ends a case block in switch?
A: break
 210. Q: What happens if break is missing in a switch case?
A: The next case executes (fall-through).
211. Q: What is a default case in switch?
A: Executes if no case matches.
212. Q: Can switch evaluate expressions?
A: Yes, but it matches exact values.
213. Q: What are loops in JavaScript?
A: Structures that repeat code multiple times.
214. Q: What is a for loop?
A: A loop with initialization, condition, and increment.
215. Q: What is the syntax of a for loop?
A:
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
// code
}
216. Q: What is a while loop?
A: Repeats code while a condition is true.
217. Q: What is the syntax of a while loop?
A:
while (condition) {
// code
}
218. Q: What is a do-while loop?
A: Executes code at least once, then repeats while condition
is true.
219. Q: How is do-while di erent from while?
A: do-while always runs at least once.
 220. Q: What is an infinite loop?
A: A loop that never ends due to a condition that always
remains true.
221. Q: How do you exit a loop early?
A: Using break
222. Q: How do you skip the current iteration in a loop?
A: Using continue
223. Q: What is the output of:
for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
A: 0, 1, 2
224. Q: Can you nest loops?
A: Yes.
225. Q: What is the use of labels in loops?
A: To identify and break from specific outer loops.
226. Q: Can you use break outside a loop or switch?
A: No, it causes a syntax error.
227. Q: Can loops be used with arrays?
A: Yes, especially for, for-of, forEach.
228. Q: What is for...of used for?
A: Iterates over iterable objects like arrays or strings.
229. Q: What is for...in used for?
A: Iterates over object keys.
230. Q: What is the di erence between for...in and for...of?
A: for...in gives keys, for...of gives values.
231. Q: What is the output of:
for (let char of "Hi") {
console.log(char);
}
A: H, i
232. Q: What is the output of:
const obj = {a: 1, b: 2};
for (let key in obj) {
console.log(key);
}
A: a, b
233. Q: Can you use continue in a while loop?
A: Yes.
234. Q: Can switch cases be combined?
A: Yes:
case 1:
case 2:
// code
break;
235. Q: What is a common use case for continue?
A: Skipping even numbers, filtering, etc.
236. Q: Can you put if statements inside loops?
A: Yes.
237. Q: Is switch faster than if-else?
A: Sometimes, but both depend on context.
238. Q: What happens if you use const in a loop?
A: It works only if redeclared inside the loop block.
 239. Q: What happens if the loop condition is always false?
A: The loop doesn’t run.
240. Q: Can for loop run backward?
A: Yes:
for (let i = 5; i >= 0; i--) { }
241. Q: Can loops be used with objects?
A: for...in is commonly used.
242. Q: What is the use of labels with nested loops?
A: To break out of the outer loop from inside an inner loop.
243. Q: Can while be used to wait?
A: Not e ectively; it blocks the thread.
244. Q: Should you use infinite loops in JavaScript?
A: Only with exit conditions; otherwise, it freezes the page.
245. Q: Can a while loop be converted to a for loop?
A: Yes, if properly structured.
246. Q: Are for loops synchronous or asynchronous?
A: Synchronous.
247. Q: What is the scope of a variable declared inside a loop?
A: Block scope if declared with let or const.
248. Q: Can you break from a nested forEach() loop using break?
A: No, use regular loops or exceptions.
249. Q: Can a switch case check for ranges?
A: No, use if-else instead.
250. Q: What happens if a loop variable is not updated?
A: It may cause an infinite loop.
301. Q: What is a function in JavaScript?
A: A block of reusable code that performs a specific task.
 302. Q: How do you define a function?
A:
function greet() {
console.log("Hello!");
}
303. Q: How do you call a function?
A: By using its name followed by parentheses: greet();
304. Q: What are parameters in a function?
A: Placeholders in the function definition to receive values.
305. Q: What are arguments in a function?
A: Actual values passed to a function when calling it.
306. Q: What is the return statement?
A: It exits a function and optionally returns a value.
307. Q: What is the output of:
function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
console.log(add(2, 3));
A: 5
308. Q: Can a function return multiple values?
A: No directly, but you can return an array or object.
309. Q: What is a function expression?
A: Assigning a function to a variable:
const greet = function() {
return "Hello";
};
 310. Q: What is an anonymous function?
A: A function without a name, often used in expressions.
311. Q: What is an arrow function?
A: A shorter syntax for writing functions:
const greet = () => "Hello";
312. Q: What is the syntax for an arrow function with parameters?
A:
const sum = (a, b) => a + b;
313. Q: Can arrow functions have a return keyword?
A: Yes, if using a block body:
(a, b) => { return a + b; }
314. Q: Can arrow functions be used as constructors?
A: No, they cannot be used with new.
315. Q: What is a callback function?
A: A function passed as an argument to another function.
316. Q: Give an example of a callback function.
A:
setTimeout(function() {
console.log("Callback called");
}, 1000);
317. Q: What is a higher-order function?
A: A function that takes another function as an argument or
returns one.
318. Q: Are functions first-class objects in JS?
A: Yes, they can be passed and returned like variables.
 319. Q: What is function hoisting?
A: Function declarations are moved to the top during
compilation.
320. Q: Are function expressions hoisted?
A: No, only declarations are hoisted.
321. Q: What is the di erence between function declaration and
expression?
A: Declaration is hoisted; expression is not.
322. Q: Can you assign a function to a variable?
A: Yes.
323. Q: Can you store functions in an array?
A: Yes.
324. Q: Can functions be nested?
A: Yes.
325. Q: What is a recursive function?
A: A function that calls itself.
326. Q: Give an example of recursion.
A:
function factorial(n) {
if (n <= 1) return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
327. Q: What is the base case in recursion?
A: The condition where recursion stops.
328. Q: What is the stack overflow error in recursion?
A: It occurs when a recursive function calls itself too many
times without a base case.
 329. Q: What are default parameters?
A: Parameters that have default values if not passed:
function greet(name = "Guest") { }
330. Q: What is the arguments object?
A: An array-like object containing all passed arguments.
331. Q: Do arrow functions have arguments object?
A: No.
332. Q: Can you spread arguments using ...?
A: Yes, it’s called the rest parameter:
function sum(...numbers) { }
333. Q: What is the use of rest parameters?
A: To accept unlimited arguments as an array.
334. Q: Can functions be passed as arguments?
A: Yes.
335. Q: Can functions return other functions?
A: Yes.
336. Q: What is function scope?
A: Variables defined inside a function are only accessible
there.
337. Q: What is block scope?
A: Variables with let/const inside {} are accessible only within
that block.
338. Q: Do functions create their own scope?
A: Yes.
339. Q: Can you use functions inside conditionals?
A: Yes.
 340. Q: Can you call a function inside another function?
A: Yes.
341. Q: What does IIFE stand for?
A: Immediately Invoked Function Expression.
342. Q: What is the syntax of IIFE?
A:
(function() {
console.log("Run immediately");
})();
343. Q: Why use IIFE?
A: To create private scopes and avoid polluting global scope.
344. Q: Can IIFE be arrow functions?
A: Yes.
345. Q: Can IIFE return values?
A: Yes:
let result = (() => 5 + 2)();
346. Q: What is memoization?
A: Caching function results to improve performance.
347. Q: What is function currying?
A: Converting a function with multiple arguments into a
sequence of functions.
348. Q: Give an example of currying.
A:
function add(a) {
return function(b) {
return a + b;
};
}
349. Q: What are pure functions?
A: Functions with no side e ects and consistent output for
the same input.
350. Q: Why are pure functions useful?
A: They are predictable and easier to test.
351. Q: What is an impure function?
A: A function that modifies external variables or has side
e ects.
352. Q: What is the benefit of named functions?
A: Easier debugging and recursion.
353. Q: Can you redefine a function?
A: Yes, last definition overrides the earlier ones.
354. Q: Can a function modify a global variable?
A: Yes, if it's accessed directly.
355. Q: What is the e ect of missing return in a function?
A: Returns undefined by default.
356. Q: Is JavaScript pass-by-value or pass-by-reference?
A: Primitives are passed by value, objects by reference.
357. Q: Can you use arrow functions inside objects?
A: Yes, but they don’t have their own this.
358. Q: Can arrow functions be methods?
A: Not recommended, due to lack of this.
359. Q: What’s the di erence between normal and arrow function
this?
A: Normal functions bind this dynamically; arrow functions
use lexical this.
360. Q: What is lexical scope?
A: Scope determined by the location of function definition.
361. Q: What is the di erence between static and dynamic
scoping?
A: JavaScript uses lexical (static) scoping.
362. Q: Can functions be asynchronous?
A: Yes, using async keyword.
363. Q: What does async keyword do?
A: Allows use of await inside a function and returns a promise.
364. Q: What does await do?
A: Pauses execution until a promise resolves.
365. Q: Can normal functions use await?
A: No, only inside async functions.
366. Q: What is the return type of an async function?
A: A Promise.
367. Q: What happens if an async function throws an error?
A: It returns a rejected promise.
368. Q: Can you await multiple promises?
A: Yes, use Promise.all() with await.
369. Q: What is a generator function?
A: A special function that can be paused and resumed using
function*.
370. Q: What keyword resumes a generator?
A: next()
371. Q: Can generator functions be asynchronous?
A: Yes, use async function*.
 372. Q: What is a closure?
A: A function that retains access to its outer scope even after
the outer function has returned.
373. Q: Give an example of a closure.
A:
function outer() {
let count = 0;
return function() {
count++;
return count;
};
}
374. Q: What is the use of closures?
A: To create private variables or encapsulation.
375. Q: Are closures created with arrow functions?
A: Yes.
376. Q: Can closures cause memory leaks?
A: If not managed carefully, yes.
377. Q: What is function chaining?
A: Returning this or another function to allow consecutive
calls.
378. Q: Can you use this inside functions?
A: Yes, depends on how the function is called.
379. Q: Can you bind a function’s this manually?
A: Yes, using .bind(), .call(), or .apply().
380. Q: What does bind() do?
A: Creates a new function with a fixed this context.
381. Q: What is the di erence between call() and apply()?
A: call() takes arguments normally; apply() takes an array.
382. Q: What is method chaining?
A: Calling multiple methods on the same object in a single
statement.
383. Q: What does .toString() do for a function?
A: Returns the source code of the function as a string.
384. Q: Can you use new Function() constructor?
A: Yes, but it’s not recommended due to security and
performance issues.
385. Q: Can functions be used with classes?
A: Yes, as methods or static functions.
386. Q: Can functions be async generators?
A: Yes: async function*.
387. Q: What is a tail call?
A: A function call that happens as the last action in a function.
388. Q: Does JavaScript support tail call optimization?
A: Some engines do, but not universally supported.
389. Q: What’s the purpose of the function constructor?
A: Dynamically creates functions:
let fn = new Function('a', 'b', 'return a + b');
390. Q: Is using function constructor safe?
A: No, it's like eval() and can be unsafe.
391. Q: What is a method?
A: A function that is a property of an object.
392. Q: Can you delete a function?
A: Only if it's a property of an object or variable.
 393. Q: Can you clone a function?
A: Not directly, but you can copy its reference.
394. Q: Can you stringify a function?
A: Yes, using .toString().
395. Q: What is the di erence between static and instance
methods?
A: Static belongs to the class, instance to the object.
396. Q: Can functions be stored in objects?
A: Yes.
397. Q: Can functions have properties?
A: Yes, because functions are objects.
398. Q: What is the arity of a function?
A: The number of arguments a function expects.
399. Q: How to find the arity of a function?
A: Using function.length
400. Q: What is the use of .name property of a function?
A: Returns the name of the function.
401. Q: What is an object in JavaScript?
A: A collection of key-value pairs.
402. Q: How do you create an object?
A:
let obj = { name: "John", age: 30 };
403. Q: How do you access object properties?
A: Dot or bracket notation: obj.name or obj["name"]
404. Q: How do you add a new property to an object?
A:
obj.city = "New York";
 405. Q: How do you delete a property from an object?
A:
delete obj.age;
406. Q: How do you check if a property exists?
A:
"name" in obj
407. Q: What is Object.keys(obj)?
A: Returns an array of keys.
408. Q: What is Object.values(obj)?
A: Returns an array of values.
409. Q: What is Object.entries(obj)?
A: Returns an array of key-value pairs.
410. Q: What does typeof obj return for an object?
A: "object"
411. Q: Can object keys be numbers?
A: Yes, but they are stored as strings.
412. Q: What is a method in an object?
A: A function stored as a property.
413. Q: How do you define a method?
A:
let user = {
greet: function() {
return "Hello";
}
};
414. Q: What is shorthand for method definition?
A:
greet() {
return "Hello";
}
415. Q: What is this inside an object method?
A: Refers to the object itself.
416. Q: What does Object.assign() do?
A: Copies properties from one or more objects to a target
object.
417. Q: What is object destructuring?
A:
let {name, age} = user;
418. Q: Can you nest objects?
A: Yes, objects can have other objects as values.
419. Q: How do you loop through object properties?
A: Using for...in loop.
420. Q: Can you clone an object?
A: Use Object.assign() or spread syntax:
let clone = {...obj};
421. Q: What is the di erence between shallow and deep copy?
A: Shallow copy duplicates top-level only; deep copy includes
nested structures.
422. Q: How to perform a deep copy?
A: Use JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj)) or structuredClone.
423. Q: What is Object.freeze()?
A: Makes an object immutable.
 424. Q: What is Object.seal()?
A: Prevents adding/removing properties but allows editing
existing ones.
425. Q: What is a constructor function?
A: A function used to create multiple similar objects.
426. Q: How to create an object using a constructor?
A:
function User(name) {
this.name = name;
}
let u = new User("John");
427. Q: What is new keyword?
A: Creates an instance of an object from a constructor.
428. Q: What does instanceof check?
A: If an object is created by a specific constructor.
429. Q: What is hasOwnProperty()?
A: Checks if a property exists directly on the object (not
inherited).
430. Q: Can objects be compared directly?
A: Only by reference, not value.
431. Q: What is Object.create()?
A: Creates a new object with the specified prototype.
432. Q: What is the prototype of an object?
A: An object from which it inherits properties/methods.
433. Q: What is __proto__?
A: A property that refers to an object’s prototype.
 434. Q: Can you create objects with no prototype?
A: Yes: Object.create(null)
435. Q: How do you get all property names of an object?
A: Use Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj)
436. Q: What is the di erence between primitive and object
types?
A: Primitives hold values, objects hold references.
437. Q: Are arrays objects?
A: Yes.
438. Q: Is null an object?
A: Yes, typeof null returns "object" (quirk of JavaScript).
439. Q: How to merge two objects?
A:
let merged = {...obj1, ...obj2};
440. Q: What happens if both objects have same key?
A: The later key overwrites the former.
441. Q: Can object properties have functions?
A: Yes, they are called methods.
442. Q: Can object keys be symbols?
A: Yes.
443. Q: What is a symbol?
A: A unique and immutable primitive used as object keys.
444. Q: How to get symbol properties?
A: Use Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(obj)
445. Q: What is a computed property name?
A: Dynamically created property key:
let key = "name";
let obj = { [key]: "John" };
446. Q: What is object spread syntax?
A: {...obj} – copies properties.
447. Q: What is a property descriptor?
A: An object that describes attributes of a property (writable,
enumerable, configurable).
448. Q: How to define properties with descriptors?
A:
Object.defineProperty(obj, 'key', { writable: false });
449. Q: What is enumerable?
A: Determines if the property appears in loops.
450. Q: What is configurable?
A: Determines if a property can be deleted or changed.
451. Q: What happens if you assign an object to another variable?
A: Both variables refer to the same object in memory.
452. Q: How can you prevent modification of an object?
A: Use Object.freeze(obj)
453. Q: How do you make a property read-only?
A: Using Object.defineProperty() with writable: false.
454. Q: What is a getter in JavaScript?
A: A method that gets the value of a property.
455. Q: What is a setter in JavaScript?
A: A method that sets the value of a property.
456. Q: How do you define a getter?
A:
let obj = {
get name() {
 return "John";
}
};
457. Q: How do you define a setter?
A:
let obj = {
set name(val) {
this._name = val;
}
};
458. Q: Can getters and setters coexist for the same property?
A: Yes.
459. Q: Can you define multiple properties with
Object.defineProperties()?
A: Yes, to set multiple descriptors at once.
460. Q: What does Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor() do?
A: Returns the property descriptor for a specific property.
461. Q: What does Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) do?
A: Returns the prototype of the given object.
462. Q: What does Object.setPrototypeOf(obj, proto) do?
A: Sets a new prototype for an object.
463. Q: What are inherited properties?
A: Properties received from the prototype chain.
464. Q: How to check if a property is inherited?
A: Use obj.hasOwnProperty("key")
465. Q: What is toString() method of an object?
A: Converts the object to a string.
466. Q: Can you override toString()?
A: Yes, by defining a custom method.
467. Q: What is valueOf() in objects?
A: Returns the primitive value of the object.
468. Q: What is object coercion?
A: Converting an object to a string or number.
469. Q: What happens if you stringify an object with circular
reference?
A: JSON.stringify() will throw an error.
470. Q: How do you handle circular references?
A: Use a custom replacer or third-party libraries like flatted.
471. Q: How to get JSON from an object?
A: Use JSON.stringify(obj)
472. Q: How to parse JSON into an object?
A: Use JSON.parse(jsonStr)
473. Q: What is the purpose of a factory function?
A: To create and return objects without using new.
474. Q: What is an object initializer?
A: An expression using {} to create objects.
475. Q: Can you loop through an object with forEach()?
A: No, forEach() is for arrays. Use Object.keys(obj).forEach()
instead.
476. Q: What does Object.is(a, b) do?
A: Checks if two values are the same (like === but more
accurate with NaN and -0).
477. Q: Can object methods use arrow functions?
A: Yes, but they don’t bind this to the object.
 478. Q: When should you avoid arrow functions in objects?
A: When using this inside methods.
479. Q: What’s the output of {a: 1} == {a: 1}?
A: false – di erent object references.
480. Q: What is the result of JSON.stringify({a: undefined})?
A: '{}' – undefined is excluded.
481. Q: What is a plain object?
A: An object created with {} or new Object().
482. Q: What is a dictionary in JavaScript?
A: Just a regular object used for key-value storage.
483. Q: How do you safely access nested object properties?
A: Use optional chaining: obj?.user?.name
484. Q: What is optional chaining (?.)?
A: It prevents errors when accessing properties of null or
undefined.
485. Q: How to set a default value with optional chaining?
A:
let name = obj?.user?.name ?? "Guest";
486. Q: What does ?? (nullish coalescing) do?
A: Returns the right operand only if the left is null or
undefined.
487. Q: What is a dynamic property in an object?
A: A property whose key is evaluated at runtime.
488. Q: How to loop object values only?
A:
Object.values(obj).forEach(v => console.log(v));
 489. Q: What is the main drawback of for...in loop?
A: It also iterates over inherited properties.
490. Q: How to exclude inherited properties while looping?
A: Use obj.hasOwnProperty(key) inside for...in.
491. Q: Are objects passed by reference or value?
A: By reference.
492. Q: How do you make an object iterable?
A: By implementing [Symbol.iterator]() method.
493. Q: Can you store functions in object properties?
A: Yes.
494. Q: Can an object be empty?
A: Yes: {}
495. Q: How to check if an object is empty?
A:
Object.keys(obj).length === 0
496. Q: What is Object.fromEntries()?
A: Converts key-value pair arrays into an object.
497. Q: What is the use of Object.entries() + map()?
A: For transforming object key-value pairs.
498. Q: What does Object.hasOwn() do?
A: Checks if an object has a property (safer than
hasOwnProperty()).
499. Q: Can you spread objects inside arrays?
A: Yes: [...Object.values(obj)]
500. Q: Can you nest arrays inside objects?
A: Yes.
 501. Q: What is an array in JavaScript?
A: A list-like object used to store multiple values.
502. Q: How do you create an array?
A:
let arr = [1, 2, 3];
503. Q: How to access array elements?
A: Using index: arr[0]
504. Q: What is the index of the first element in an array?
A: 0
505. Q: How to find the length of an array?
A: arr.length
506. Q: How do you add an element at the end of an array?
A: arr.push(value)
507. Q: How to remove the last element?
A: arr.pop()
508. Q: How to add an element at the beginning?
A: arr.unshift(value)
509. Q: How to remove the first element?
A: arr.shift()
510. Q: How to check if a variable is an array?
A:
Array.isArray(arr)
511. Q: What does arr.includes(value) do?
A: Returns true if the array contains the value.
512. Q: What is indexOf() used for?
A: Returns the first index of a value, or -1 if not found.
 513. Q: What is lastIndexOf()?
A: Returns the last index of a value.
514. Q: How to join array elements into a string?
A: arr.join(", ")
515. Q: What does arr.toString() do?
A: Converts the array to a comma-separated string.
516. Q: How do you reverse an array?
A: arr.reverse()
517. Q: How to sort an array?
A: arr.sort()
518. Q: What is the issue with sort() on numbers?
A: It sorts alphabetically unless a compare function is used.
519. Q: How to sort numerically?
A:
arr.sort((a, b) => a - b)
520. Q: What does splice() do?
A: Adds/removes items at a specific index.
521. Q: What does slice() do?
A: Returns a shallow copy of a portion of an array.
522. Q: What is the di erence between slice() and splice()?
A: slice() doesn't modify the original array; splice() does.
523. Q: How to clone an array?
A: Use slice() or spread: [...arr]
524. Q: How to concatenate arrays?
A: arr1.concat(arr2)
525. Q: Can arrays store di erent data types?
A: Yes.
526. Q: How do you loop through an array?
A: With for, for...of, forEach, or array methods.
527. Q: What is forEach()?
A: Executes a function for each array element.
528. Q: Can forEach() break the loop?
A: No, use a regular loop for that.
529. Q: What is map()?
A: Creates a new array by transforming each element.
530. Q: What is filter()?
A: Creates a new array with elements that pass a condition.
531. Q: What is reduce()?
A: Applies a function to reduce the array to a single value.
532. Q: What is find()?
A: Returns the first element that matches a condition.
533. Q: What is findIndex()?
A: Returns the index of the first matching element.
534. Q: What is every()?
A: Returns true if all elements match a condition.
535. Q: What is some()?
A: Returns true if at least one element matches a condition.
536. Q: What does flat() do?
A: Flattens nested arrays.
537. Q: What does flatMap() do?
A: Maps and flattens the result by one level.
538. Q: What is Array.from()?
A: Converts array-like or iterable objects to an array.
 539. Q: What is Array.of()?
A: Creates an array from given arguments.
540. Q: What is fill()?
A: Fills all or part of the array with a static value.
541. Q: What is copyWithin()?
A: Copies part of the array to another location in the same
array.
542. Q: What is the spread operator in arrays?
A: Expands elements: [...arr]
543. Q: What does arr.length = 0 do?
A: Clears the array.
544. Q: Can arrays be nested?
A: Yes, arrays can contain other arrays.
545. Q: What is a multidimensional array?
A: An array of arrays (e.g., [[1,2],[3,4]]).
546. Q: How to flatten a nested array deeply?
A:
arr.flat(Infinity)
547. Q: What is a sparse array?
A: An array with missing indices.
548. Q: What happens if you access an index that doesn’t exist?
A: It returns undefined.
549. Q: What is the best way to loop both index and value?
A:
arr.forEach((value, index) => {});
550. Q: Can you use for...in for arrays?
A: Not recommended — use for...of or forEach instead.
 551. Q: How do you remove duplicates from an array?
A:
[...new Set(arr)]
552. Q: How to get the max value in an array?
A:
Math.max(...arr)
553. Q: How to get the min value in an array?
A:
Math.min(...arr)
554. Q: How to shu le an array randomly?
A: Use the Fisher-Yates algorithm.
555. Q: What is array destructuring?
A: Assigning array elements to variables:
let [a, b] = [1, 2];
556. Q: Can you destructure from nested arrays?
A: Yes:
let [a, [b, c]] = [1, [2, 3]];
557. Q: What is the rest operator in destructuring?
A:
let [a, ...rest] = [1, 2, 3];
558. Q: Can you skip values during destructuring?
A: Yes:
let [,,c] = [1, 2, 3];
559. Q: How to check if an array is empty?
A: arr.length === 0
560. Q: How to convert a string to an array?
A:
str.split("")
561. Q: How to convert an array to a string?
A:
arr.join("")
562. Q: How to create an array with N elements?
A:
Array(n).fill(0)
563. Q: How to map array to uppercase strings?
A:
arr.map(str => str.toUpperCase())
564. Q: How to filter out falsy values?
A:
arr.filter(Boolean)
565. Q: How to remove specific value from array?
A:
arr.filter(val => val !== target)
566. Q: How to sum numbers in an array?
A:
arr.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
567. Q: What is the use of Array.prototype?
A: To add new methods to all arrays.
568. Q: What’s the di erence between map() and forEach()?
A: map() returns a new array, forEach() doesn’t.
569. Q: What is Array.prototype.every.call()?
A: Applies every() to array-like objects.
570. Q: Can you chain array methods?
A: Yes:
arr.filter(...).map(...).reduce(...)
571. Q: How to find all indices of a value?
A: Use reduce() or loop with indexOf repeatedly.
572. Q: What is an array-like object?
A: An object with indexed elements and length, like
arguments.
573. Q: How to convert arguments to array?
A:
Array.from(arguments)
574. Q: What’s the output of [1,2] + [3,4]?
A: "1,23,4" – string concatenation.
575. Q: What is the output of [,,,]?
A: A sparse array with 3 empty slots.
576. Q: Can an array have undefined values?
A: Yes.
577. Q: What happens if you delete an element using delete
arr[1]?
A: Leaves a hole (sparse array), doesn’t reduce length.
578. Q: Best way to remove an element by index?
A:
arr.splice(index, 1)
579. Q: Is typeof arr equal to "array"?
A: No, it returns "object".
580. Q: Why is Array.isArray() better than typeof?
A: Because it correctly checks for arrays.
581. Q: How to fill array with sequential numbers?
A:
Array.from({length: 5}, (_, i) => i + 1)
582. Q: Can you sort strings in descending order?
A:
arr.sort().reverse()
583. Q: Can you sort numbers descending?
A:
arr.sort((a, b) => b - a)
584. Q: What does arr.at(-1) do?
A: Gets the last item (negative indexing).
585. Q: What is the spread operator used for in arrays?
A: Copy, merge, expand.
586. Q: How to check if all elements are numbers?
A:
arr.every(e => typeof e === "number")
587. Q: How to compare two arrays for equality?
A: Compare lengths + all elements with every().
588. Q: Why [] == [] is false?
A: Di erent references.
589. Q: Can you use push() on an empty array?
A: Yes.
590. Q: Can you use map() on an empty array?
A: No, it skips holes in sparse arrays.
591. Q: Can arrays have mixed types?
A: Yes.
592. Q: What does arr.length = 100 do?
A: Sets the length, adds empty slots.
 593. Q: How to remove last N elements?
A:
arr.splice(-N)
594. Q: How to remove first N elements?
A:
arr.splice(0, N)
595. Q: Can push() return anything?
A: Yes, the new length.
596. Q: What happens if you use arr[10] = "x"?
A: It creates empty slots from index 0–9 if they don’t exist.
597. Q: Can you assign properties to an array like arr.name = "x"?
A: Yes, but it doesn’t a ect array elements.
598. Q: Is array.length always equal to number of elements?
A: No, it can include empty slots.
599. Q: What is the time complexity of push()?
A: O(1)
600. Q: What is the time complexity of splice()?
A: O(n) in worst case.
601. Q: What is a function in JavaScript?
A: A reusable block of code that performs a task.
602. Q: How do you define a function?
A:
function greet() { console.log("Hello"); }
603. Q: How do you call a function?
A: Using its name and parentheses: greet();
604. Q: What are parameters?
A: Variables listed in the function definition.
 605. Q: What are arguments?
A: Values passed to a function when called.
606. Q: What is the return statement?
A: It ends a function and returns a value.
607. Q: Can functions return nothing?
A: Yes, if there's no return, they return undefined.
608. Q: What is a function expression?
A:
const add = function(x, y) { return x + y; };
609. Q: What is a named function expression?
A: A function expression with a name:
const fn = function named() {};
610. Q: What is a function declaration?
A:
function sayHi() {}
611. Q: What’s the di erence between function declaration and
expression?
A: Declarations are hoisted; expressions are not.
612. Q: What is hoisting in functions?
A: Function declarations are moved to the top of their scope.
613. Q: Can functions be assigned to variables?
A: Yes.
614. Q: Can functions be passed as arguments?
A: Yes, they're first-class objects.
615. Q: Can functions be returned from other functions?
A: Yes.
 616. Q: What is a higher-order function?
A: A function that takes or returns another function.
617. Q: What is a callback function?
A: A function passed to another function to be called later.
618. Q: What is an anonymous function?
A: A function without a name.
619. Q: Can a function call itself?
A: Yes, it’s called recursion.
620. Q: What is recursion?
A: When a function calls itself.
621. Q: When should you use recursion?
A: For problems that can be broken into similar sub-problems
(e.g., factorial, tree traversal).
622. Q: What is the base case in recursion?
A: The condition under which recursion stops.
623. Q: What happens if there’s no base case in recursion?
A: Stack overflow (infinite loop).
624. Q: Can functions have default parameter values?
A: Yes:
function greet(name = "Guest") {}
625. Q: How to access all arguments in a function?
A: Use arguments object (non-arrow functions only).
626. Q: What is an arrow function?
A: A short syntax for writing functions.
627. Q: How do you write an arrow function?
A:
const add = (a, b) => a + b;
 628. Q: Can arrow functions have no parameters?
A: Yes:
() => console.log("Hi");
629. Q: What if only one parameter?
A: Parentheses can be omitted:
x => x * 2;
630. Q: Do arrow functions have a this?
A: No, they inherit this from their lexical scope.
631. Q: Can arrow functions be constructors?
A: No, they can’t be used with new.
632. Q: Can arrow functions have a block body?
A: Yes, use {} and return inside.
633. Q: Can arrow functions return objects directly?
A: Yes, wrap the object in parentheses:
() => ({name: "JS"})
634. Q: Can arrow functions access arguments?
A: No.
635. Q: When should you not use arrow functions?
A: When using this, arguments, or new.
636. Q: Do arrow functions have their own super?
A: No.
637. Q: Can arrow functions be async?
A: Yes:
const f = async () => {}
638. Q: Are arrow functions more e icient?
A: Not necessarily; depends on use case.
 639. Q: Can arrow functions be recursive?
A: Yes, but must be assigned to a variable.
640. Q: Can you use return without {} in arrow functions?
A: Yes:
x => x + 1
641. Q: Do arrow functions bind this lexically?
A: Yes.
642. Q: Do they have a prototype?
A: No.
643. Q: Are arrow functions hoisted?
A: No.
644. Q: Can arrow functions be used in event handlers?
A: Yes, but this won’t refer to the element.
645. Q: Can arrow functions have multiple statements?
A: Yes, use {}.
646. Q: Do arrow functions support await?
A: Yes, if marked async.
647. Q: What is the di erence between arrow function and
regular function regarding this?
A: Regular functions have their own this; arrows do not.
648. Q: Do arrow functions support method shorthand?
A: No.
649. Q: Is this valid? const x = () => {};
A: Yes.
650. Q: Is this valid? const x = (a, b) => return a + b;
A: No, return can’t be used like that without {}.
 651. Q: What is scope in JavaScript?
A: Scope defines the visibility of variables.
652. Q: What are the types of scope?
A: Global scope, function scope, and block scope.
653. Q: What is function scope?
A: Variables declared inside a function are accessible only
within that function.
654. Q: What is block scope?
A: Variables declared with let or const inside {} are accessible
only inside that block.
655. Q: Does var have block scope?
A: No, it is function-scoped.
656. Q: What is a closure?
A: A function that remembers its outer scope, even after the
outer function has finished.
657. Q: Why are closures useful?
A: For data privacy and maintaining state between function
calls.
658. Q: Example of closure:
A:
function outer() {
let count = 0;
return function() { count++; return count; }
}
const counter = outer();
659. Q: What is an IIFE?
A: Immediately Invoked Function Expression.
 660. Q: Syntax of IIFE?
A:
(function() { ... })();
661. Q: Why use IIFE?
A: To create a private scope and avoid polluting global scope.
662. Q: Can IIFE be arrow functions?
A: Yes:
(() => { ... })();
663. Q: Can IIFE return values?
A: Yes, it returns immediately.
664. Q: What is the arguments object?
A: An array-like object containing all arguments passed to a
function.
665. Q: Do arrow functions have arguments?
A: No.
666. Q: How to access extra arguments without declaring
parameters?
A: Using arguments object (non-arrow functions only).
667. Q: Can functions have variable number of arguments?
A: Yes, use rest parameters or arguments.
668. Q: What is a rest parameter?
A:
function sum(...args) {}
669. Q: Can you use rest and normal parameters together?
A: Yes, rest must be last.
670. Q: What is the di erence between arguments and rest
parameters?
 A: arguments is not a real array and only in regular functions;
rest is a real array.
671. Q: What is a pure function?
A: A function that returns same output for same input and has
no side e ects.
672. Q: What is a side e ect?
A: Changing external state (e.g., modifying global variable,
DOM).
673. Q: Are all functions pure?
A: No, many perform side e ects.
674. Q: What is currying?
A: Transforming a function with multiple arguments into a
series of unary functions.
675. Q: Example of currying:
A:
function add(a) {
return function(b) {
return a + b;
};
}
Q: What is an async function?
A: A function declared with async that returns a promise.
676. Q: Syntax of async function?
A:
async function getData() { ... }
678. Q: What does await do?
A: Pauses the execution until a promise is resolved.
 679. Q: Can await be used outside async?
A: No, it must be inside an async function (or top-level in
modules).
680. Q: What happens if an async function throws an error?
A: It returns a rejected promise.
681. Q: How to handle errors in async/await?
A: Use try...catch.
682. Q: Example using async/await:
A:
async function fetchData() {
try {
let res = await fetch(url);
let data = await res.json();
} catch (err) {
console.log(err);
}
}
683. Q: Can arrow functions be async?
A: Yes:
const load = async () => {}
684. Q: What is the return value of async function?
A: A promise.
685. Q: What is the advantage of async/await over promises?
A: Cleaner syntax and easier to read.
686. Q: Can an async function call another async function?
A: Yes.
 687. Q: What is function composition?
A: Combining multiple functions into one.
688. Q: Example of function composition?
A:
const compose = (f, g) => x => f(g(x));
689. Q: What is a generator function?
A: A function that can pause and resume using yield.
690. Q: Syntax of generator function?
A:
function* gen() { yield 1; yield 2; }
691. Q: How to call a generator function?
A: Use .next() on the returned generator object.
692. Q: What is .next()?
A: It resumes generator execution and returns { value, done }.
693. Q: Can you use yield in normal functions?
A: No, only in generator functions.
694. Q: What is tail call optimization?
A: A way to optimize recursive functions by reusing stack
frames.
695. Q: Is tail call optimization supported in JS?
A: Partially, not widely supported.
696. Q: What is Function constructor?
A: Creates a new function dynamically:
const f = new Function("a", "b", "return a + b");
697. Q: Is it good to use new Function()?
A: Not recommended; it's like eval, and may have security
issues.
 698. Q: Can functions be stored in arrays?
A: Yes.
699. Q: Can functions have properties?
A: Yes, functions are objects.
700. Q: Can functions be used as methods?
A: Yes, when defined inside an object.
701. Q: What is an object in JavaScript?
A: A collection of key-value pairs.
702. Q: How do you create an object?
A:
const obj = { name: "JS", age: 25 };
703. Q: How to access object properties?
A: Using dot (obj.name) or bracket (obj["name"]) notation.
704. Q: How to add a new property to an object?
A:
obj.newProp = "value";
705. Q: How to remove a property from an object?
A: delete obj.prop;
706. Q: What is the in operator?
A: Checks if a property exists: "name" in obj
707. Q: How to loop through object properties?
A: Using for...in loop.
708. Q: What is Object.keys()?
A: Returns an array of an object's keys.
709. Q: What is Object.values()?
A: Returns an array of an object's values.
 710. Q: What is Object.entries()?
A: Returns an array of key-value pairs.
711. Q: What is a method?
A: A function stored as a property in an object.
712. Q: Example of a method:
A:
const obj = {
greet() { return "Hello"; }
};
713. Q: What is this inside a method?
A: Refers to the object that called the method.
714. Q: Can you nest objects?
A: Yes, objects can contain other objects.
715. Q: What is object destructuring?
A:
const { name } = obj;
716. Q: What is optional chaining (?.)?
A: Safely accesses deeply nested properties.
717. Q: What is the Object.assign() method?
A: Copies properties from source to target object.
718. Q: What is object spread syntax?
A:
const newObj = { ...obj };
719. Q: Are object keys always strings?
A: Yes, keys are strings or symbols.
720. Q: How to check if an object is empty?
A:
Object.keys(obj).length === 0
721. Q: Can object values be functions?
A: Yes.
722. Q: Can you compare objects using == or ===?
A: No, it compares references, not content.
723. Q: How to clone an object?
A: Object.assign({}, obj) or { ...obj }
724. Q: What is shallow copy?
A: A copy where nested objects still share the same reference.
725. Q: What is deep copy?
A: A copy where all nested objects are also cloned.
726. Q: What is prototype in JS?
A: An object from which other objects inherit properties.
727. Q: How to access prototype of an object?
A: Using __proto__ or Object.getPrototypeOf(obj)
728. Q: What is prototypal inheritance?
A: Objects inherit properties from other objects.
729. Q: How to set prototype of an object?
A: Using Object.setPrototypeOf()
730. Q: What is the prototype chain?
A: A series of linked prototypes ending in null.
731. Q: What is hasOwnProperty()?
A: Checks if a property exists directly on an object.
732. Q: What is a constructor function?
A:
function Person(name) {
this.name = name;
}
733. Q: How to create an object using constructor?
A: const p = new Person("John");
734. Q: What is new keyword?
A: It creates a new object and sets its prototype.
735. Q: How to add methods to constructor prototype?
A:
Person.prototype.sayHi = function() {};
736. Q: Di erence between prototype and __proto__?
A: prototype is used on constructor functions; __proto__ is
internal reference to an object’s prototype.
737. Q: What is instanceof operator?
A: Checks if an object is an instance of a constructor.
738. Q: Example of instanceof:
A: john instanceof Person // true
739. Q: What is class in JS?
A: A syntactic sugar over prototype-based inheritance.
740. Q: How to declare a class?
A:
class Animal {}
741. Q: What is the constructor() method in classes?
A: It initializes an object created from the class.
742. Q: How to create an object from a class?
A: new Animal()
743. Q: Can classes have methods?
A: Yes, declared inside the class.
 744. Q: Can classes have static methods?
A: Yes, using static keyword.
745. Q: What is super keyword?
A: Calls the constructor of the parent class.
746. Q: How to create a class that extends another?
A:
class Dog extends Animal {}
747. Q: Can constructors be overloaded in JS?
A: No, only one constructor per class.
748. Q: What is class inheritance?
A: One class inherits properties and methods from another.
749. Q: What is encapsulation in OOP?
A: Bundling data and methods into a single unit (class).
750. Q: What is abstraction in OOP?
A: Hiding complex details and showing only essential
features.
751. Q: What are getters and setters?
A: Special methods to get and set property values.
752. Q: How to define a getter?
A:
get fullName() { return this.first + " " + this.last; }
753. Q: How to define a setter?
A:
set fullName(name) { [this.first, this.last] = name.split(" "); }
754. Q: What are private class fields?
A: Fields prefixed with # that can’t be accessed outside the
class.
 755. Q: Example of private field:
A:
class Person { #name = "John"; }
756. Q: What is Object.freeze()?
A: Prevents adding/removing/updating properties of an
object.
757. Q: What is Object.seal()?
A: Prevents adding/removing but allows updating properties.
758. Q: What is Object.create()?
A: Creates a new object with the specified prototype.
759. Q: What is a mixin?
A: A way to add multiple behaviors to a class/object.
760. Q: How to check if a property exists?
A: Using "key" in obj or obj.hasOwnProperty("key")
761. Q: Can you define a method outside the class?
A: Yes, using prototype.
762. Q: What is Object.defineProperty()?
A: Defines a property with custom behavior (getters/setters,
enumerable, etc.)
763. Q: What are property descriptors?
A: Settings like writable, configurable, enumerable.
764. Q: What is method chaining?
A: Calling multiple methods on the same object:
obj.method1().method2();
765. Q: What is object immutability?
A: When an object cannot be changed after creation.
 766. Q: What is JSON.stringify()?
A: Converts an object to a JSON string.
767. Q: What is JSON.parse()?
A: Converts a JSON string to an object.
768. Q: Can object methods be serialized with JSON?
A: No, functions are not included in JSON.
769. Q: What is a factory function?
A: A function that returns an object:
function createUser(name) { return { name }; }
770. Q: Di erence between class and factory function?
A: Classes use new and have prototypes; factories return
plain objects.
771. Q: Can you have computed property names?
A: Yes:
const obj = { ["key" + 1]: "value" };
772. Q: Can you spread objects inside arrays?
A: Yes, using {...obj} inside [...].
773. Q: Can objects have Symbol keys?
A: Yes.
774. Q: What is object literal shorthand?
A: Omitting the key when key and variable name are same:
const name = "JS"; const obj = { name };
775. Q: What does Object.is() do?
A: Compares two values like ===, but treats NaN as equal to
NaN.
 776 . Q: What is DOM?
A: Document Object Model – a tree-like structure of the HTML
document.
776. Q: What does document represent?
A: The entire HTML document as a JavaScript object.
777. Q: How to get an element by ID?
A: document.getElementById("id")
778. Q: How to get elements by class name?
A: document.getElementsByClassName("class")
779. Q: How to get elements by tag name?
A: document.getElementsByTagName("tag")
780. Q: What is querySelector()?
A: Returns the first element that matches a CSS selector.
781. Q: What is querySelectorAll()?
A: Returns all elements that match a CSS selector.
782. Q: What is innerHTML?
A: Gets/sets the HTML content of an element.
783. Q: What is textContent?
A: Gets/sets only the text of an element (no HTML).
784. Q: What is innerText?
A: Similar to textContent but considers styling.
785. Q: How to change element styles?
A:
element.style.color = "blue";
787. Q: How to change an attribute?
A: element.setAttribute("attr", "value")
788. Q: How to get an attribute?
A: element.getAttribute("attr")
789. Q: How to remove an attribute?
A: element.removeAttribute("attr")
790. Q: How to create a new element?
A: document.createElement("tag")
791. Q: How to append an element to the DOM?
A: parent.appendChild(child)
792. Q: How to remove an element?
A: element.remove()
793. Q: How to replace an element?
A: parent.replaceChild(newNode, oldNode)
794. Q: What is classList?
A: Allows adding/removing/toggling CSS classes.
795. Q: How to add a class?
A: element.classList.add("my-class")
796. Q: How to remove a class?
A: element.classList.remove("my-class")
797. Q: How to toggle a class?
A: element.classList.toggle("my-class")
798. Q: How to check if a class exists?
A: element.classList.contains("my-class")
799. Q: What is parentNode?
A: Returns the parent of the current node.
800. Q: What is children?
A: Returns all child elements of a node.
851. Q: What is an event in JavaScript?
A: An action that occurs in the browser, like click, hover, or
keypress.
852. Q: How to handle events in JavaScript?
A: Using event listeners or HTML event attributes.
853. Q: How to add an event listener?
A: element.addEventListener("click", function)
854. Q: How to remove an event listener?
A: element.removeEventListener("click", function)
855. Q: What is event object?
A: It contains information about the triggered event.
856. Q: What is event.target?
A: The element that triggered the event.
857. Q: What is event.currentTarget?
A: The element the event listener is attached to.
858. Q: How to prevent default action?
A: event.preventDefault()
859. Q: How to stop event bubbling?
A: event.stopPropagation()
860. Q: What is event bubbling?
A: Event propagates from child to parent elements.
861. Q: What is event capturing?
A: Event propagates from parent to child before the event
target is reached.
862. Q: How to capture events in capturing phase?
A: Add third parameter true in addEventListener.
863. Q: What is once option in event listener?
A: Runs the handler only once.
 864. Q: Example of once usage?
A:
element.addEventListener("click", fn, { once: true });
865. Q: What is keyboard event?
A: Events triggered by keyboard actions like keydown, keyup.
866. Q: What are mouse events?
A: Events like click, dblclick, mousedown, mousemove.
867. Q: What is mouseenter?
A: Triggers when mouse enters the element.
868. Q: What is mouseleave?
A: Triggers when mouse leaves the element.
869. Q: Di erence between input and change event?
A: input triggers on each keystroke, change on losing focus.
870. Q: How to detect form submit?
A: form.addEventListener("submit", fn)
871. Q: What is preventDefault() in form submission?
A: Prevents form from submitting.
872. Q: What is event delegation?
A: Attaching a single event handler to a parent instead of
multiple children.
873. Q: Why use event delegation?
A: It's e icient and handles dynamic elements.
874. Q: How to implement event delegation?
A: Use event.target to identify child elements inside a single
listener.
875. Q: Can events be triggered manually?
A: Yes, using element.dispatchEvent(event)
876. Q: What is BOM?
A: BOM allows JavaScript to interact with the browser window.
877. Q: What is window object?
A: Global object representing the browser window.
878. Q: What is navigator object?
A: Provides info about the browser.
879. Q: What is screen object?
A: Gives info about the user’s screen (height, width, etc.)
880. Q: What is location object?
A: Contains info about the current URL.
881. Q: How to reload a page?
A: location.reload()
882. Q: How to redirect to another URL?
A: location.href = "https://example.com"
883. Q: What is history object?
A: Gives access to the browser’s session history.
884. Q: How to go back one page?
A: history.back()
885. Q: How to go forward one page?
A: history.forward()
886. Q: What is alert()?
A: Shows a popup message.
887. Q: What is prompt()?
A: Shows a dialog box for user input.
888. Q: What is confirm()?
A: Shows a dialog with OK/Cancel and returns boolean.
 889. Q: What is setTimeout()?
A: Executes code after a delay.
890. Q: Example of setTimeout()
A:
setTimeout(() => alert("Hello"), 1000);
891. Q: What is setInterval()?
A: Runs code repeatedly at specified intervals.
892. Q: Example of setInterval()
A:
setInterval(() => console.log("Hi"), 1000);
893. Q: How to stop an interval?
A: Using clearInterval(id)
894. Q: How to stop a timeout?
A: Using clearTimeout(id)
895. Q: What is console.log()?
A: Prints output to the browser console.
896. Q: What is console.error()?
A: Logs an error message.
897. Q: What is console.table()?
A: Logs data in tabular format.
898. Q: What is console.warn()?
A: Logs a warning message.
899. Q: What is console.time() and console.timeEnd()?
A: Measures execution time of code.
900. Q: How to open a new browser window?
A: Using window.open("url")
901. Q: What is ES6?
A: ECMAScript 6 – major JS update with new syntax and
features.
902. Q: What is let?
A: A block-scoped variable declaration.
903. Q: What is const?
A: Declares a block-scoped constant variable.
904. Q: Di erence between var, let, and const?
A: var is function-scoped; let and const are block-scoped.
905. Q: What are template literals?
A: Strings using backticks with ${} for expressions.
906. Q: Example of template literal?
A: `Hello, ${name}`
907. Q: What is arrow function syntax?
A: Shorter function: const fn = () => {}
908. Q: Di erence between regular and arrow functions?
A: Arrow functions don’t have their own this.
909. Q: What are default parameters?
A: Parameters with default values.
910. Q: Example of default parameter?
A: function greet(name = "Guest")
911. Q: What is the spread operator?
A: Expands arrays or objects: ...arr
912. Q: What is the rest parameter?
A: Collects all remaining arguments: ...args
913. Q: What is object destructuring?
A: Extracts values from objects into variables.
 914. Q: Example of object destructuring?
A: const {name, age} = user
915. Q: What is array destructuring?
A: Extracts elements into variables: [a, b] = arr
916. Q: What is a symbol?
A: A unique and immutable data type.
917. Q: What is Map in JS?
A: A collection of key-value pairs with any type of keys.
918. Q: What is Set in JS?
A: A collection of unique values.
919. Q: How to loop through a Map?
A: for (let [key, value] of map)
920. Q: What is a module?
A: A reusable JS file with exported functions/variables.
921. Q: How to export in a module?
A: export default or export { name }
922. Q: How to import from a module?
A: import name from './file.js'
923. Q: What is a class in JavaScript?
A: A blueprint for creating objects.
924. Q: How to define a class?
A:
class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
 925. Q: What is inheritance in classes?
A: One class extends another.
926. Q: Example of class inheritance?
A:
class Student extends Person {}
927. Q: What is a constructor?
A: A method called automatically when creating an object.
928. Q: What are static methods?
A: Methods that belong to the class, not instance.
929. Q: What is super() in JS?
A: Calls the constructor of the parent class.
930. Q: Can we have private properties in JS classes?
A: Yes, using # before property name.
931. Q: What is optional chaining (?.)?
A: Safely accesses nested properties.
932. Q: What is nullish coalescing (??)?
A: Returns right-hand value if left is null or undefined.
933. Q: What is Object.entries()?
A: Returns an array of key-value pairs.
934. Q: What is Object.values()?
A: Returns array of values from an object.
935. Q: What is Object.keys()?
A: Returns array of keys from an object.
936. Q: What is the includes() method?
A: Checks if an array contains a value.
937. Q: What is the find() method?
A: Returns the first element that satisfies a condition.
938. Q: What is the some() method?
A: Checks if at least one element matches a condition.
939. Q: What is the every() method?
A: Checks if all elements match a condition.
940. Q: What is the flat() method?
A: Flattens nested arrays into a single-level array.
941. Q: What is a generator function?
A: A function that can pause and resume.
942. Q: How to create a generator?
A: function* gen() { yield 1; }
943. Q: What is the yield keyword?
A: Pauses a generator function and returns value.
944. Q: What is a Proxy?
A: Allows customizing object operations (get, set, etc.)
945. Q: What is Reflect in JS?
A: Provides methods for interceptable JavaScript operations.
946. Q: What is tail call optimization?
A: Performance optimization for recursive functions.
947. Q: Does JavaScript support operator overloading?
A: No, not natively.
948. Q: What is BigInt?
A: A data type for very large integers.
949. Q: What is typeof BigInt(123)?
A: "bigint"
950. Q: Can we use _ in numeric literals?
A: Yes, for readability: 1_000_000
 951. Q: What is a Promise?
A: An object representing future completion or failure.
952. Q: States of a Promise?
A: Pending, Fulfilled, Rejected.
953. Q: How to create a Promise?
A:
new Promise((resolve, reject) => { ... })
954. Q: What is then()?
A: Executes when the promise is fulfilled.
955. Q: What is catch()?
A: Handles errors or rejections.
956. Q: What is finally()?
A: Runs regardless of fulfillment or rejection.
957. Q: How to chain promises?
A: By returning another promise in then().
958. Q: What is Promise.all()?
A: Runs multiple promises in parallel and waits for all.
959. Q: What is Promise.race()?
A: Returns the first settled promise (fulfilled or rejected).
960. Q: What is Promise.any()?
A: Resolves as soon as one promise fulfills.
961. Q: What is Promise.allSettled()?
A: Waits for all promises to finish, regardless of result.
962. Q: What is async keyword?
A: Declares a function that returns a promise.
963. Q: What is await keyword?
A: Pauses async function until a promise resolves.
 964. Q: Can await be used outside async functions?
A: No, only inside async functions.
965. Q: Example of async/await?
A:
async function getData() {
const res = await fetch(url);
}
966. Q: Can you use try/catch with async/await?
A: Yes, for error handling.
967. Q: What is the advantage of async/await?
A: Cleaner, more readable promise-based code.
968. Q: Does await block other code?
A: No, only pauses inside the async function.
969. Q: What is an API?
A: Interface for applications to communicate.
970. Q: What is fetch() in JavaScript?
A: Built-in method to make HTTP requests.
971. Q: Basic example of fetch()?
A:
fetch(url).then(res => res.json()).then(data => ...)
972. Q: How to send POST data with fetch?
A:
fetch(url, {
method: "POST",
headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
body: JSON.stringify(data)
})
973. Q: What is JSON?
A: JavaScript Object Notation – lightweight data format.
974. Q: What is JSON.stringify()?
A: Converts JS object to JSON string.
975. Q: What is JSON.parse()?
A: Converts JSON string to JS object.
976. Q: What are HTTP methods?
A: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.
977. Q: What are headers in fetch?
A: Additional metadata sent with HTTP request.
978. Q: How to handle fetch errors?
A: Using catch() or try/catch in async/await.
979. Q: What is status in fetch response?
A: HTTP status code (e.g., 200, 404)
980. Q: What is CORS?
A: Cross-Origin Resource Sharing – controls access to
resources.
981. Q: Is JavaScript single-threaded?
A: Yes, with a concurrency model based on event loop.
982. Q: What is the Event Loop?
A: Handles async code by queuing and executing it later.
983. Q: What is the Call Stack?
A: Stack of function calls to be executed.
984. Q: What is the Task Queue (Callback Queue)?
A: Queue of async tasks waiting to run after the call stack
clears.
985. Q: What is the Microtask Queue?
A: For promises and queueMicrotask(), runs before task
queue.
986. Q: Order of execution: microtasks or tasks?
A: Microtasks are executed first.
987. Q: What is memory leak in JS?
A: Unused memory not released.
988. Q: How to prevent memory leaks?
A: Avoid global variables, detach event listeners, clear timers.
989. Q: What are JS design patterns?
A: Reusable solutions like Module, Singleton, Observer, etc.
990. Q: What is a polyfill?
A: Code that implements modern features in older browsers.
991. Q: What is transpilation?
A: Converting newer JS to older using tools like Babel.
992. Q: What is Babel?
A: A JS compiler to convert ES6+ to ES5.
993. Q: What is Webpack?
A: Module bundler for JavaScript.
994. Q: What is tree shaking?
A: Removing unused code in bundling process.
995. Q: What is minification?
A: Compressing code by removing spaces/comments.
996. Q: What is hoisting of functions?
A: Function declarations are hoisted entirely.
997. Q: Can JS be used for backend?
A: Yes, with Node.js.
998. Q: What is Node.js?
A: JS runtime built on Chrome's V8 engine.
999. Q: What is NPM?
A: Node Package Manager for JS packages.
1000. Q: Is JavaScript the same as Java?
A: No, they are completely di erent languages.