JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers

Q1: What is the difference between '==' and '===' in JavaScript?

A1: '==' compares values after type coercion, whereas '===' compares both value and type without

coercion.

Q2: What are closures in JavaScript?

A2: A closure is a function that has access to its own scope, the outer function's scope, and the

global scope, even after the outer function has returned.

Q3: What is the event loop in JavaScript?

A3: The event loop handles asynchronous operations by placing them in a queue and executing

them after the main stack is clear.

Q4: What is hoisting in JavaScript?

A4: Hoisting is JavaScript's behavior of moving declarations to the top of the current scope before

code execution.

Q5: What are promises in JavaScript?

A5: Promises represent the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation and its

resulting value.

Q6: What is the difference between var, let, and const?

A6: 'var' is function-scoped, 'let' and 'const' are block-scoped. 'const' cannot be reassigned.

Q7: What is a callback function?

A7: A callback is a function passed into another function as an argument to be executed later.

Q8: What is the difference between null and undefined?

A8: 'null' is an assigned value representing no value. 'undefined' means a variable has been
declared but not assigned a value.

Q9: What is the use of the 'this' keyword?

A9: 'this' refers to the object it belongs to, and its value depends on how the function is called.

Q10: What is a JavaScript object?

A10: An object is a collection of key-value pairs, where values can be any type.

Q11: What is a prototype in JavaScript?

A11: Every JavaScript object has a prototype, from which it can inherit properties and methods.

Q12: What is the difference between call(), apply(), and bind()?

A12: 'call()' and 'apply()' invoke a function with a given 'this' context. 'bind()' returns a new function

with bound 'this'.

Q13: What is event delegation?

A13: Event delegation is a technique of handling events at a higher level in the DOM to manage

events for multiple child elements.

Q14: What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous code?

A14: Synchronous code is executed sequentially, while asynchronous code can be executed without

blocking subsequent code.

Q15: What is the purpose of the async/await keywords?

A15: 'async' declares a function that returns a promise. 'await' pauses execution until the promise is

resolved.

Q16: What are arrow functions?

A16: Arrow functions are a shorter syntax for writing functions, and they do not have their own 'this'.

Q17: What is destructuring in JavaScript?

variables.

Q18: What is the spread operator?

A18: The spread operator (...) allows an iterable to be expanded in places where zero or more

arguments or elements are expected.

Q19: What is the rest parameter?

A19: The rest parameter allows representing an indefinite number of arguments as an array.

Q20: What is a higher-order function?

A20: A function that takes another function as an argument or returns a function.

Q21: What are template literals?

A21: Template literals allow embedded expressions and multi-line strings using backticks (` `).

Q22: What is a promise chain?

A22: A promise chain is a series of promises chained together using .then().

Q23: What is the purpose of the try/catch block?

A23: try/catch is used to handle errors gracefully in JavaScript.

Q24: What is the difference between forEach and map?

A24: 'forEach' executes a function for each array element. 'map' returns a new array with results.

Q25: What is a pure function?

A25: A pure function returns the same result for the same input and does not cause side effects.

Q26: What is immutability?

A26: Immutability means that an object's state cannot be modified after it is created.

Q27: What is the difference between slice and splice?

Q28: What is a shallow copy and deep copy?

A28: Shallow copy copies references to nested objects. Deep copy duplicates all levels.

Q29: What are falsy values in JavaScript?

A29: Falsy values include false, 0, '', null, undefined, and NaN.

Q30: What is NaN in JavaScript?

A30: NaN stands for 'Not-a-Number'. It's a value representing undefined or unrepresentable

mathematical operations.

Q31: How does JavaScript handle memory management?

A31: JavaScript uses automatic garbage collection to reclaim memory occupied by unreachable

objects.

Q32: What are modules in JavaScript?

A32: Modules allow splitting code into reusable pieces. ES6 introduced 'import' and 'export' syntax.

Q33: What is the difference between function declaration and expression?

A33: Function declarations are hoisted. Function expressions are not.

Q34: What is currying in JavaScript?

A34: Currying transforms a function with multiple arguments into a sequence of functions each

taking one argument.

Q35: What is a Symbol in JavaScript?

A35: Symbols are unique and immutable primitive values often used as object property keys.

Q36: What is optional chaining?

A36: Optional chaining (?.) allows reading nested object properties without checking each level
manually.

Q37: What is nullish coalescing?

A37: The nullish coalescing operator (??) returns the right-hand operand when the left is null or

undefined.

Q38: What is debounce in JavaScript?

A38: Debounce limits the rate at which a function is executed by delaying it until after a pause.

Q39: What is throttle in JavaScript?

A39: Throttle limits the execution of a function to once every specified time interval.

Q40: What are Web APIs?

A40: Web APIs are built-in browser APIs for tasks like DOM manipulation, HTTP requests, timers,

etc.

Q41: What is localStorage?

A41: localStorage allows storing key-value pairs in a web browser with no expiration.

Q42: What is sessionStorage?

A42: sessionStorage is similar to localStorage but is cleared when the session ends.

Q43: What is the difference between innerHTML and innerText?

A43: 'innerHTML' gets/sets HTML content, while 'innerText' deals with visible text content only.

Q44: What is the DOM?

A44: DOM (Document Object Model) is a programming interface for HTML and XML documents.

Q45: What is event bubbling and capturing?

A45: Event bubbling propagates events from child to parent, while capturing is from parent to child.

Q46: What is a generator function?

keyword.

Q47: What is a Set in JavaScript?

A47: A Set is a collection of unique values.

Q48: What is a Map in JavaScript?

A48: A Map is a collection of key-value pairs where keys can be of any type.

Q49: What is JSON?

A49: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight format for storing and transporting data.

Q50: What are default parameters?

A50: Default parameters allow function parameters to have default values if no value is passed.

Q51: What is typeof operator?

A51: The 'typeof' operator returns a string indicating the type of the operand.