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Java Core Concepts QA

The document provides an overview of core Java concepts including looping structures, object-oriented programming principles (encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism), string immutability, exception handling, collections framework, and the differences between JDK, JRE, and JVM. It includes examples and explanations for each concept, illustrating their usage and significance in Java programming. Additionally, it touches on garbage collection as an automatic memory management process.

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2 views7 pages

Java Core Concepts QA

The document provides an overview of core Java concepts including looping structures, object-oriented programming principles (encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism), string immutability, exception handling, collections framework, and the differences between JDK, JRE, and JVM. It includes examples and explanations for each concept, illustrating their usage and significance in Java programming. Additionally, it touches on garbage collection as an automatic memory management process.

Uploaded by

2q9pzqr52k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Java Core Concepts: Questions and Answers

1. Basic Looping

Q1: What are the types of loops in Java?

A:

1. For Loop: Used when the number of iterations is known.

Example:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.println(i);

2. While Loop: Used when the number of iterations is not known.

Example:

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

System.out.println(i);

i++;

3. Do-While Loop: Executes at least once regardless of the condition.

Example:

int i = 0;

do {

System.out.println(i);

i++;

} while (i < 5);

Q2: When to use a specific loop?


A:

- For Loop: When the number of iterations is fixed.

- While Loop: When you need to check a condition before execution.

- Do-While Loop: When you need to ensure the loop runs at least once.

2. OOP Concepts

Encapsulation

Q1: What is encapsulation? How do you implement it?

A:

Encapsulation is bundling data (fields) and methods (behavior) into a single unit (class) and

restricting direct access using access modifiers.

Example:

public class BankAccount {

private double balance; // Private variable

// Getter

public double getBalance() {

return balance;

// Setter

public void deposit(double amount) {

if (amount > 0) {

balance += amount;

}
Abstraction

Q2: What is abstraction? How is it achieved?

A:

Abstraction is hiding implementation details and exposing only the functionality. It is achieved using:

1. Abstract Classes:

abstract class Shape {

abstract void draw();

class Circle extends Shape {

void draw() {

System.out.println("Drawing Circle");

2. Interfaces:

interface Vehicle {

void start();

class Car implements Vehicle {

public void start() {

System.out.println("Car starting");

Inheritance

Q3: What is inheritance? Provide an example.

A:
Inheritance allows a class to inherit fields and methods from another class.

Example:

class Animal {

void eat() {

System.out.println("This animal eats food.");

class Dog extends Animal {

void bark() {

System.out.println("Dog barks.");

Polymorphism

Q4: What is polymorphism? How is it implemented?

A:

Polymorphism allows one interface to be used for different data types.

1. Compile-Time (Method Overloading):

class Calculator {

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

double add(double a, double b) {

return a + b;

2. Run-Time (Method Overriding):


class Parent {

void show() {

System.out.println("Parent");

class Child extends Parent {

@Override

void show() {

System.out.println("Child");

3. Strings

Q1: Why are strings immutable in Java?

A:

1. Thread-Safety: Immutability ensures that strings can be shared across threads without

synchronization issues.

2. Security: Immutable strings are used in sensitive operations like passwords and class loading.

3. String Pooling: Saves memory as the same string instance can be reused.

Example:

String s1 = "Hello";

String s2 = "Hello";

System.out.println(s1 == s2); // true, same reference in string pool

4. Exception Handling

Q1: What are the keywords in exception handling, and when are they used?

1. Try-Catch: Handles exceptions.


try {

int result = 10 / 0;

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero.");

2. Finally: Executes code irrespective of exception.

finally {

System.out.println("Always executed.");

3. Throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.

throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid argument");

4. Throws: Declares exceptions a method can throw.

void readFile() throws IOException {

throw new IOException("File not found");

5. Collections Framework

Q1: What are collections in Java?

A:

Collections are a framework for storing and manipulating groups of objects.

Q2: What are the main interfaces?

1. List: Ordered, allows duplicates (e.g., ArrayList, LinkedList).

2. Set: No duplicates (e.g., HashSet, TreeSet).

3. Queue: Follows FIFO (e.g., PriorityQueue).

4. Map: Key-value pairs (e.g., HashMap, TreeMap).


6. JVM, JDK, JRE, and Garbage Collection

Q1: What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

A:

- JVM: Runs Java bytecode and provides the runtime environment.

- JRE: Includes JVM and libraries for running Java programs.

- JDK: Includes JRE, compiler, and tools for developing Java programs.

Q2: What is garbage collection in Java?

A:

Garbage Collection (GC) is an automatic process that removes unused objects from memory.

Example:

System.gc(); // Suggests GC to run, but it is not guaranteed.

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