UNIT I - Basics of Java & Control Structures

1. What are the four main principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

Answer: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.

2. Define type casting in Java.

Answer: Converting one data type into another (e.g., int to float).

3. List any three tokens in Java.

Answer: Keywords, Identifiers, Literals.

4. What is the purpose of the break statement in loops?

Answer: Exits the current loop or switch block immediately.

5. How is user input handled in Java?

Answer: Using Scanner class (e.g., Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);).

6. What is the significance of command-line arguments in Java?

Answer: Pass input values to the main method using String[] args.

7. Differentiate between while and do-while loops.

Answer: while checks condition first; do-while runs once before checking.

8. Explain the use of escape sequences in Java with an example.

Answer: Special characters in strings. Example: \n for newline ("Hello\nWorld").

9. What are the types of comments in Java?

Answer: Single-line (//), Multi-line (/* */), Documentation (/** */).

10. Why is programming style important in Java development?

Answer: Improves readability, maintainability, and debugging.

UNIT II - Classes, Objects, and Constructors

Answer: Initializes objects when they are created.

2. Define access control in Java classes.

Answer: Determines visibility using modifiers like private, public, protected.

3. What is the difference between a class and an object?

4. What does the static keyword do in a Java class?

Answer: Makes variables or methods belong to the class, not instances.

5. How do you declare a nested class in Java?

Answer: class Outer { class Inner { } }

6. What is the role of the this keyword in Java?

Answer: Refers to the current object of a class.

7. Differentiate between method overloading and constructor overloading.

Answer: Both have same name but different parameters; constructors initialize objects.

8. What is the significance of the final keyword in Java classes and methods?

Answer: Prevents method overriding, inheritance, or value reassignment.

9. How are arguments passed in Java: by value or by reference?

Answer: Java passes all arguments by value (object references are passed by value).

10. What are recursive methods? Give an example.

Answer: A method that calls itself.

int factorial(int n) {

if(n == 1) return 1;

return n * factorial(n - 1);

UNIT III - Inheritance and Polymorphism

Answer: A data structure to store multiple values of same type in a single variable.

2. How do you declare and initialize a one-dimensional array in Java?

Answer: int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};

3. What is method overriding in Java?

Answer: Redefining a superclass method in a subclass.

4. Define inheritance and its importance in Java.

5. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces?

Answer: Abstract classes can have method bodies; interfaces only have abstract methods (before

Java 8).

6. What is the super keyword used for in inheritance?

Answer: Refers to superclass constructor or method.

7. List the types of inheritance supported in Java.

Answer: Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical (Java doesn't support multiple inheritance with classes).

8. How does polymorphism work in Java?

Answer: Same method behaves differently based on the object (via overloading and overriding).

9. What is an interface, and how is it different from a class?

Answer: Interface has only abstract methods; class has fields and methods with implementation.

10. Can an interface extend another interface? If yes, how?

Answer: Yes. interface B extends A {}

UNIT IV - Packages and Exception Handling

Answer: A namespace that organizes classes and interfaces.

2. How do you import a package in Java?

Answer: import java.util.Scanner;

3. What are access modifiers, and how do they affect member access in a package?

Answer: They control visibility of class members: public, private, protected, default.

4. What is the difference between throws and throw in Java?

Answer: throw is used to throw exception, throws declares it in method signature.

5. Define exception handling and its importance in Java.

Answer: Manages runtime errors, improves program stability.

6. What are the different types of exceptions in Java?

Answer: Checked and Unchecked exceptions.

Answer: Executes code regardless of exception occurrence.

8. How does multiple catch block handling work in Java?

Answer: Allows handling multiple exception types individually.

9. What is the difference between byte stream classes and character stream classes?

Answer: Byte stream handles binary data, character stream handles text data.

10. How do you create a user-defined exception in Java?

Answer: class MyException extends Exception {}

UNIT V - Strings and Multithreading

Answer: String is immutable, StringBuffer is mutable and thread-safe.

2. How can you compare two strings in Java?

Answer: Using equals() method.

3. What is the purpose of the CharSequence interface?

Answer: Represents a sequence of characters used by String, StringBuilder, etc.

4. How do you extract a substring from a given string in Java?

Answer: Using substring(start, end) method.

5. What is multithreading, and why is it important?

Answer: Concurrent execution of two or more threads to improve performance.

6. What are the different states of a thread in Java?

Answer: New, Runnable, Running, Blocked, Waiting, Timed Waiting, Terminated.

7. How do you create a new thread in Java using the Thread class?

Answer: Extend Thread class and override run() method.

8. What is inter-thread communication, and why is it needed?

Answer: Allows threads to communicate using wait(), notify() etc.

9. What is synchronization in multithreading?

Answer: Ensures only one thread accesses a critical section at a time.

Answer: Framework for creating standalone, production-grade Spring applications easily.