1. What is Java?

 Answer: Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed

by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle). It is platform-independent,
meaning Java programs can run on any platform that supports Java without
modification. The slogan "Write Once, Run Anywhere" describes its portability
across systems.

2. What are the features of Java?

 Answer:
o Platform Independent: Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can
be executed on any device with a JVM (Java Virtual Machine).
o Object-Oriented: Java is based on the OOP principles like inheritance,
polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
o Multithreaded: Java provides built-in support for multithreading, enabling
efficient CPU usage.
o Secure: Java provides a secure environment using the bytecode verifier
and the sandbox model.
o Robust: Java has strong memory management, exception handling, and
type checking, which reduce errors.
o Distributed Computing: Java makes it easier to develop networked and
distributed applications.

3. What is the JVM?

 Answer: The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the engine that runs Java
bytecode. It provides platform independence by converting the bytecode into
machine code specific to the system it is running on. JVM is responsible for
memory management, garbage collection, and providing a runtime environment
for Java programs.

4. What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

 Answer:
o JDK (Java Development Kit): It is a full-featured software development
kit that includes the JRE, compilers, debuggers, and other tools necessary
for Java development.
o JRE (Java Runtime Environment): It provides libraries and the JVM
needed to run Java applications. It does not contain development tools.
o JVM (Java Virtual Machine): It is part of the JRE and is responsible for
executing Java bytecode. JVM makes Java platform-independent.
5. What are the primitive data types in Java?

 Answer: Java has 8 primitive data types:

o byte (8-bit)
o short (16-bit)
o int (32-bit)
o long (64-bit)
o float (32-bit, single-precision)
o double (64-bit, double-precision)
o char (16-bit, Unicode character)
o boolean (true or false)

6. What is the difference between == and .equals() in Java?

 Answer:
o ==: Compares the memory addresses (references) of two objects. It checks
if two variables point to the same object in memory.
o .equals(): Compares the actual content of two objects. It is defined in the
Object class and can be overridden for custom comparison logic.

7. What is a constructor in Java?

 Answer: A constructor is a special method that is automatically called when an

object of a class is created. It initializes the newly created object. A constructor
has the same name as the class and does not have a return type.
o Types of constructors:
 Default Constructor: A constructor that takes no arguments and
provides default values to the object.
 Parameterized Constructor: A constructor that takes arguments to
initialize an object with specific values.

8. What is inheritance in Java?

 Answer: Inheritance is a mechanism in Java where one class (subclass/child)

inherits the properties and behaviors (fields and methods) of another class
(superclass/parent). This promotes code reusability and method overriding.
Inheritance is implemented using the extends keyword.

Example:

class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes sound");
}
}
 class Dog extends Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

9. What is polymorphism in Java?

 Answer: Polymorphism allows one entity (method, class) to take many forms.
In Java, it is achieved through:
o Method Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism): Multiple methods
with the same name but different parameters in a class.
o Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism): Subclass provides a
specific implementation of a method that is already defined in the
superclass.

10. What is the difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer?

 Answer:
o String: Immutable. Once a string object is created, its value cannot be
changed.
o StringBuilder: Mutable, but not thread-safe. Suitable for single-threaded
environments.
o StringBuffer: Mutable and thread-safe. Suitable for multi-threaded
environments where string manipulation is needed.

11. What is exception handling in Java?

 Answer: Exception handling in Java is a mechanism to handle runtime errors,

allowing the program to continue its execution. It is done using try, catch,
finally, and throw/throws.
o try: Contains code that may throw an exception.
o catch: Catches and handles the exception.
o finally: A block of code that always executes after the try and catch
blocks, even if an exception occurs.
o throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
o throws: Declares an exception that might be thrown by a method.

12. What is an abstract class in Java?

 Answer: An abstract class in Java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its

own and must be subclassed. It can have abstract methods (methods without
implementation) and non-abstract methods (methods with implementation). The
abstract methods must be implemented by subclasses.
13. What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?

 Answer:
o ArrayList: Resizes dynamically and provides fast random access with
constant-time retrieval. It uses a contiguous block of memory.
o LinkedList: A doubly-linked list with slower random access, but provides
faster insertion and removal of elements, especially in the middle.

14. What is the purpose of the super keyword in Java?

 Answer: The super keyword refers to the superclass of the current object. It is
used to:
o Call a superclass constructor.
o Access superclass methods or fields that are overridden in the subclass.

Example:

class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() {
super.sound(); // Call Animal's sound method
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

15. What is a final keyword in Java?

 Answer: The final keyword can be used in several contexts:

o Final variable: The value cannot be changed once initialized.
o Final method: The method cannot be overridden in subclasses.
o Final class: The class cannot be subclassed (inherited).

16. What is garbage collection in Java?

 Answer: Garbage collection in Java is the automatic process of reclaiming

memory from objects that are no longer in use. It is managed by the JVM to
prevent memory leaks and free up memory for new objects. The most common
garbage collector in Java is the Mark-and-Sweep algorithm.

17. What is multithreading in Java?

  Answer: Multithreading in Java allows the execution of multiple threads
(independent units of execution) simultaneously. It enables better CPU
utilization and performance, especially in tasks like parallel processing. Java
provides the Thread class and Runnable interface to implement multithreading.

18. What is the Java API?

 Answer: The Java API (Application Programming Interface) is a collection

of pre-written classes, libraries, and interfaces that provide various
functionalities like data manipulation, network communication, file I/O, database
connectivity, and more. It is a part of the Java Standard Library and is used to
build Java applications. Common Java APIs include java.util, java.io, java.sql,
and more.

19. What is the use of java.sql package in Java?

 Answer: The java.sql package provides the API for database connectivity and
interaction. It includes classes and interfaces such as Connection, Statement,
PreparedStatement, ResultSet, and DriverManager for working with relational
databases like MySQL, Oracle, and others.

20. JAVA-MYSQL Connection Points?

 DriverManager: This is a part of the java.sql package and manages a list of

database drivers. It attempts to select an appropriate driver from the set of
registered drivers based on the database URL.
 getConnection(url, username, password): This method of DriverManager is
used to establish a connection to the database. It takes three arguments:

1. url: The connection URL, which specifies the location of the database. It also
includes the type of database (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.) and other connection
details (hostname, port number, database name).
2. username: The username used to authenticate with the database.
3. password: The password associated with the username to authenticate and
establish the connection.

21. What is the JDBC?

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a standard API (Application Programming

Interface) in Java that allows Java applications to interact with databases. It provides a
set of interfaces and classes that enable Java programs to connect to, query, update,
and manage data in relational databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL
Server, etc.

Here’s a breakdown of key points about JDBC:

Purpose of JDBC:

 Database Connection: JDBC allows Java applications to connect to a database

to retrieve or modify data.
 Data Retrieval and Manipulation: It provides methods to run SQL queries
(like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) and retrieve results from a
database.
 Error Handling: It also provides tools for handling database-related exceptions
and errors.

How JDBC Works:

JDBC acts as a bridge between Java applications and a database. Here's how it
generally works:

 A JDBC driver is used to establish a connection between your Java program

and a database.
 Once connected, you can use SQL statements to interact with the database.
 The result is returned as a ResultSet, which can be processed in your Java
application.

JDBC Components:

 DriverManager: Manages a list of database drivers. It attempts to connect to the

appropriate database driver based on the connection URL.
 Connection: This interface provides methods to establish and manage a database
connection.
 Statement: This interface is used to execute SQL queries against the database.
 PreparedStatement: A subclass of Statement that is used for executing
precompiled SQL queries with parameters, making it more efficient and secure.
 ResultSet: Represents the result of a query, containing rows and columns from
the database.
 SQLException: A class that handles errors and exceptions that occur when
interacting with a database.

22. What is Database Driver?

A database driver is a software component that allows an application to interact with

a database management system (DBMS). It acts as a bridge between the application
(such as a Java program) and the database, enabling the application to send SQL
queries and retrieve data from the database.
Key Functions of a Database Driver:

1. Translates Database Requests: The driver translates the application's requests

into database-specific commands.
2. Establishes Connections: It establishes and manages the connection between
the application and the database.
3. Sends Queries and Receives Data: The driver sends SQL queries from the
application to the database, and retrieves the results (or errors) back to the
application.
4. Manages Communication: The driver handles the low-level communication
and data formatting between the application and the database, ensuring the
correct exchange of data.

How it Works: The Type-4 driver translates JDBC calls directly into the database's
native protocol (such as MySQL's native protocol) and communicates with the
database over the network.

Example: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver (for MySQL),

(cj stands for Connector/J, which is the MySQL JDBC driver for Java.).
 Simple JAVA MYSQL CONNECTION

import java.sql.*;

public class SimpleJDBCConnection {

public static void main(String[] args) {

String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/cjits";

String username = "root";
String password = "";
Connection conn = null;

try {
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
System.out.println("Connection successful!");

} catch (SQLException e) {

System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());

} finally {
try {
if (conn != null) {
conn.close();
System.out.println("Connection closed.");
}
} catch (SQLException e) {
System.out.println("Error while closing the connection: " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}
}