DYNAMICS

A branch of mechanics that studies the

motion of objects taking into consideration
their mass shape and the forces that caused
them to move
 MASS

• Mass is the measure of the amount of matter

in an object
• Consequently, this is the property of an object
that resists change in motion-Inertia
• The greater the mass of a body, the smaller
the change produced by an applied force
• The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg)
 WEIGHT

• Weight is the effect of a gravitational field on a mass

• Since it is a force on an object due to the pull of gravity, it is
measured in Newtons (N) and is a vector quantity
• The weight of a body is equal to the product of its mass (m)
and the acceleration of free fall (g)
• g is the acceleration due to gravity or the gravitational field
strength
• On Earth, this is 9.81 m s−2 (or N kg−1)
 Free fall
• An object in free fall is falling solely under
the influence of gravity
• On Earth, all free-falling objects accelerate
towards Earth at a rate of 9.81 m s−2
• In the absence of air resistance, all bodies
near the Earth fall with the same
acceleration regardless of their mass
 Mass v Weight

• An object’s mass always remains the same,

however, its weight will differ depending on
the strength of the gravitational field on
different planets
• For example, the gravitational field strength
on the Moon is 1.63 N kg-1, meaning an
object’s weight will be about 6 times less
than on Earth
•
 Air Resistance

• Air resistance is an example of a drag force which objects

experience when moving through the air
• At a walking pace, a person rarely experiences the effects of air
resistance
• However, a person swimming at the same pace uses up much more
energy - this is because air is 800 times less dense than water
• Air resistance depends on the shape of the body (object) and
the speed it’s travelling
• Since drag force increases with speed, air resistance becomes
important when objects move faster
 Free falling in air
A=constant acceleration
B=decreasing acceleration
C=constant speed (terminal
velocity

B C

Terminal velocity occurs when air resistance is equal to

the force of gravity
 Newton's Three Laws of Motion
• Newton’s First Law: A body will remain at rest or move with
constant velocity unless acted on by a resultant force. Also
known as the law of inertia
• Newton’s Second Law: A resultant force acting on a
body will cause a change in momentum in the direction
of the force. The rate of change in momentum is
proportional to the magnitude of the force.This can also
be written as F = ma
• Newton’s Third Law: If body A exerts a force on
body B, then body B will exert a force on body A of
equal magnitude but in the opposite directionNewton’s
Third Law force pairs must act on different objects
• Newton’s Third Law force pairs must also be of the same
type e.g. gravitational or frictional
 Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work . S.I . Unite
joule (J)
• Types of Energy
FORM DEFINITION
KINETIC ENERGY POSSESED BY OBJECTS IN MOTION
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL POSSED BY OBJECTS BY VIRTUE OF
POSITION IN A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
ELASTIC POSSED BY OBJECTS BY VIRTUE OF
POSITION IN A N ELASTIC MEDIUM
CHEMICAL CONTAINED IN CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
LIGHT CONYTAINED IN ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
HEAT DUE TO TEMPERATURE OF AN OBJECT
 ENERGY CONSERVATION
• The Principle of Conservation of Energy states that:
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change
from one form to another
• This means the total amount of energy in a closed system
remains constant, although how much of each form there is
may change
• Common examples of energy transfers are:
• A falling object (in a vacuum): gravitational potential energy ➝
kinetic energy
• A battery: chemical energy ➝ electrical energy ➝ light energy (if
connected to a bulb)
• Horizontal mass on a spring: elastic potential energy ➝ kinetic
energy
•
 EQUATIONS OF DYNAMICS
• MULTIPLY THE EQUATION OF KINEMATICS
WITH MASS
• 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 re-arranging we obtain
• 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢2 = 𝐹. 𝑠
1
2
2 1
2
• Change in Kinetic energy=work done
• Work is done whenever there is a change in
energy or when a force F moves an object a
distance s along the direction of the force.
 EQUATIONS OF DYNAMICS
• MULTIPLY THE EQUATION OF KINEMATICS
WITH MASS
• 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 re-arranging we obtain
𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
• = 𝑚𝑎 = 𝐹
𝑡
• Rate of change in momentum =Force
• A force causes a change in momentum in the
direction of action of the force.
 POWER
• Power is the rate of doing work. S.I unit watts
(W)
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
• 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒