Basic Concepts [yj Elementary Algebra 1. 2. Powers and Roots @) a’ =1;a20 (i) (iii a =a" iv) (aby = ato” ©) y us - (vi) (at)? =a (vil) a" =—— (viii) Yab=Yavb a’ (9) at =a" =(a)" Logarithms Definition: y = log, (x) if and only if a” =x where a, x > Oanda 41. Natural logarithm: e = x if and only if y=log, (x) = Inv) Where e=lim 1 +) = 2.71828182846..., Pats @) log,1=0 (ii) log,e=1 (iii) tog, (mn)=1og,m+log,n (Iv) tog,( %}=tog, log, nn (9) log, (m")=nlog, m (vi) L800 a (vii) 10g, (m)= Fog, m (viii) log, m=log,, m-log, b where b > Oand b 1 log, a Joga = ylBet log,a @) x = (ix) log, m=3, 4, Binomial Theorem (i) Factorials (a) m!=1x2x3x..x(n=1)xn (b) Ol=1!=1 a cp en (ii) Binomial Coefficient "C, FGI (iii) Binomial Theorem (xty)" ="Cox" #"Cix" "y+ "Ca (iv) Product Formulas (a) (a+b) =a? +2ab+b* (b) (a-by =a? -20b+6* ©) (a+b) =a° +307b+3ab? +b" (d) (a—b)' =a -307b+3ab? -b° (v) Factoring Formulas (a) a? -b? =(a-b)(a+b) (b) a? -b? =(a—b)(a* +ab+b*) © w+ =(a+b)(a? —ab+ v) =(a"—b")(a" +b") (a) 2 (© a’ -b" =(a-b)(a" +a" b+ a" 0? +...4 ab" +b") Example: (1-x")=(1-x)(1+x+37 +27 +..42"") () Ifmis odd then, a! +b" =(a+b)(a"!— a b+ al abi"? +p!) Example: (g) 2-05 =(a—b) (ab ++ 07h? + ab? + v’) (h) P+ = (a+b)(a* © b+ b? -ab + b) Sequences (i) Arithmetic sequence a,a+d,a+2d,a+3d,...(a) Principal axis: A straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. 4 Conte i is symmetrical about Principal axis. (b) viet axis. 2 The peints 6b} intersection of a onic ‘and ils principal g A conic has at most two vertices, (?) Centre: The point wistely bisects every react oka conte passi ng through it. M [faconie ehasonly one vertex then its centre coincides with’ the vertex. @ Focal chord: Achord passing through the focus. (e) Latus rectum: The focal chord which is perpendicular to principal axis. (§ Double ordinate: A chord of the conic which is perpendicular to principal axis. 4, Parabola The locus of a point (P) whose distance from a fixed point (5) bears a constant ratio (¢ =1) to its distance from a fixed line (KZ) is called a parabola. (i) The standard formula of a parabola: v =4ax Focus: S(a, 0) Center: A(0), 0) Principal axis: y = 0 (v-axis)Eecentricity:¢= 1 Length of Latus rectum: LL“=40 Equation of the directrix: x +0 =0 (ii) Parametric equations of the parabola:y=aP jy =2at 5. Ellipse ‘The locus of a point (P) whose distance from a fixed point (S$ and S’) bears a constant ratio (¢ < 1) to its distance from a fixed line ((KZ and K’2’/ is called an ellipse. Major axis: The line joining the two vertices A’ and A Minor axis: The line passing through the centre perpendicular to the major axi BY Principal axis: Major axis and Minor axis Length of Major axis: 20 Length of Minor axis: 2b Eccentricity: ¢ Foci: S‘(-ae, 0) and A’ (a, 0) Vertices: A(-a, 0) and A’(a, 0) 2 Length of Latus rectum: LL’= 2 Equation of the directrix: x=" (i) Parametric equations of the ellipse: y=acost. ;_y=bsint 6. Hyperbola The locus of a point (P) whose distance from a fixed point (F, and F,) bears a constant ratio (e > 1) to its distance from a fixed line is called a hyperbola.Ly Analytic Geometry 1, 2D-Coordinate system (i) Distance between Two points (x,, y,) and (xy, 3) (ii) The point of division of the line joining (x, y,) and (x, y,) in the ratio noms MXy+NX, MY. +N; ( men , m+n (iii) Midpoint of the line joining (x,, y,) and (x5, ys) is hee =e = 2 2 (iv) Area of triangle formed the vertices (x,, y,), (vy y,) and (xy y,), is 4 Mm om 1 has Ha Y 1 sy yy 1 Ute 1 Thesignis chosen so that the area is nonnegative. Ifthe area is zero, then three points A, B and Care collinear (lie on same line) ‘v) Distance between two points (r,, 0,) and (r,, 0.) isin polar coordinates is Po Wy i Hap Sin pe d=rp +13 —2nr cos(0y-0, ) (vi) Equations of transformation (a) Cartesian to polar coordinates is x=rcosO and y=rsinO (6) Polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates =e +y/ and o=tan™ z rayrey’ ; 2. Straightline {i) Slope of line (a) Slope (m) of line passing through the points (x,, y,) and (x,y) is rise _Y2-M run X)—X; m= x, 2x,ci) Inclination of the line; The angle made by the line with the positive direction of x-axis (b) Slope (gradient) (1) of line with inclination 0 is m=tan 0, 0290" a © Slope of line m+ by + c= is ~] Equation of line (a) Point-slope form: (y—y,) =i (x -x,) whereslope=imand (x,,4,) is the point (6) Point-point form: (y-m)=8 (x-x,) where the points Xp -Xy are (x), 4, and (x45) (©) Slope-Intercept Form: y = mix + ¢ where slope = m and yrintercept =c () Intercept form: =lwhere x-intercept = a and y-intercept=b (e) Point-inclination form: 1 =» where inclination = 0 cos sin® and (x), y;) is the point (9) Normalform: ——xcost) + ysin) =p * p=Length of the perpendicular (normal) from origin to the line. * 0=Angle of Inclination of normal with the positive direction of x-axis. (g) Vertical line x= 0 (h) Horizontal line y=b (iii) Results (a) ©) © (d) @) Angle between two lines having slopes i, and itis tan” ae z +My tity Two lines are parallel if m, = 11. Two lines are perpendicular if m, . m= -1. General Equation of Line is ax + by + ¢=0. Equation of Line parallel to is ax + by + ¢=0 is ax + by + k = 0.(The length of perpendicular from (x,,y,) to the line ax + by +.¢=0 3. Circle A circle is the setof all points ina plane that are equidistant from a fixed point in the plane. (i) The equation of circle having center (h, k) and radius ris (e-lP + y-kP =P (ii) The equation of circle with center at origin and radius ris.x* + y?= 7 (iii) Parametric equations of cirele x2 +17 = Pare x = reos@and y=rsin® (iv) The general Equation of circle: x2 +? + 2gr + 2fy + c= 0; Center (-g, -f) and radius J/g? + f? -c 4. ConicSections (i) General equation of conic The Equation ax* + bry + cy? + dx + ey + f=0 represents Ellipse if b? -4ac<0 Parabola if b* - 4ac=0 Hyperbolaif * —4ac >0 (ii) Conic sections are the curves obtained by intersecting, a right circular cone by a plane. Xax0 Parabola Circle Ellipse Hyperbole (iii) A conicsection is the locus ofa point P which moves so that its distance froma fixed point [Focus 5] isalwaysin.a constant ratio [eccentricity e] toiits perpendicular distance from a fixed line [Directrix]. The conic is called * Ellipse if e<1 * Parabola ife=1 * Hyperbola ife>1a term= t,=a4(n-1)d Sum to n terms Geometric sequence: Pied 1, AT, AT 5 A pe nh term =f, =ar Sum to # terms= S, = (iii) Sum to infinite terms of geometric sequence 2 a S_=atartar + i, -ler f(n) > f(r). (ii) Bounded Function: m 0 (a41) (i) Logarithmic Function yalogx a>0 (#1) y= log. x=Inx vewet (vii) Properties ‘Function Domain 1. Iedentity =) function or yew alle ally all x BSquaring, tt) 10.) (Oe) (9) Funetion or or Even or or yer aaths yea x0 <0 ‘A. Cubing (==) =) Function or or Oud (t=) ] None ye alle ally TReipncal [(—0)o0=)] = 0)0(0=) (0ju.=) Faction or oe Oud None or at ret) veo reo 5 Square wot [oy (a=) Function a or None None y=vE 20 y20 ‘6. Fixponential (r=) Funetion or (r=) None None art all TeLengarithin r=) ery Funetion or o Nowe Nowe yelne mo ally & Absolute Valine | (+=) 10.—) (9) Fenction or or Even or velit all yet reo Groen near | (=) fe Function or None Nane yemin(afef) | ait | Stetina) (viii) Polynomial Function P(x) = dyx" Hy gx +t yet My(x) Hyperbolic runctions Hyperbolic function 1. sinhx = —— - cos hix= we \ y= see fix soph x = font 6, cothe aioe (—=.0) 0 0.) or re (Nuch) Il (x) Function Transformations Vertical Translation y = f(x) +cShift the graph up c units. y = f(X)-¢Shift the graph down ¢ units,