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54 views13 pagesAlternating Current
The document discusses alternating voltage and current, defining them as quantities that change direction and magnitude over time, typically represented by sinusoidal waveforms. Key concepts include the relationship between time period and frequency, the average and effective values of alternating current, and the phase difference between voltage and current. It also introduces phasor representation as a method to visualize alternating quantities in electrical engineering.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
54 views13 pagesAlternating Current
The document discusses alternating voltage and current, defining them as quantities that change direction and magnitude over time, typically represented by sinusoidal waveforms. Key concepts include the relationship between time period and frequency, the average and effective values of alternating current, and the phase difference between voltage and current. It also introduces phasor representation as a method to visualize alternating quantities in electrical engineering.
Uploaded by
kifayatjanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
> ALTERNATING CuRReNts
Sd}
SHAHAMINAA,
| Chapter Sustaee, |
1. Alternating Voltage and Current
Hethe polarity of valtiaye changes with tine, itis known as an alternating voliage, Th
Anat at a wotnge cases to flow repeatedly changes its direction and is called alicrating
@ Nivwsohlal aMernating voltage. The mos! commonly encountered type of alton
vrotuage vation atnowoktlly with tine, A sinusoidal alternating voltage ean be produced by en
4 coil with constant gular velosity (say co rmd/ses) in « Uniform magnetic field, The syne te
-attomating Voltage oan be expressed by the equation ; Woda
y= Fain or
where y = value of alternating voltage at time ¢ (called instanta
vale nes
¥,, = maximum value of alternating voltage
© = angular velocity of the coil
ig. 11.1 @ shows the waveform of sinusoidal alternating voltage, Note that voltage varie,
from zero to a positive peak (+ ,), then back via zero to a negative peak (~ V,) and so on
1H Kime period 7 the wave completes one cycle, It is clear that
Angular frequency, 00 = a = an (:s-3]
‘Note that o determines the rate of change of voltage,
Fig. 1.1 R ee ___Altemating Currents = 299
> Sinusoidal alternating current. A sinusoidal alternating voltage
% o. ‘a sinusoidal altemating current, Therefore, u sinusoidal alternating current can be
in the same way as voltage i.c.,
i= sinor
» where i = value of alternating current at time # (called instantaneous
value)
J,, = maximum value of altemating current
Fig. 11.1 (@) shows the waveform of sinusoidal alternating current. Note that sinusoidal
voltage of current not only changes direction at regular intervals but the magnitude is also
Changing continuously.
‘Note. Altemating voltage and current mean sinusoidal alternating voltage and current unless stated
jee. Therefore, we shall omit the word ‘sinusoidal’ in our further discussion,
2, Flow of Alternating Current
Fig. 11.2 (0 shows an alternating voltage source connected to a resistor R. In Fig. 11.2 (A),
the upper terminal of alternating voliage source is positive and the lower terminal negative so
that current flows in the circuit as shown, After time equal to 7/2 (where T is the time period
ff alternating voltage), the polarities of the voltage source are reversed [See Fig. 11.2 (ii)] so
“that current now flows in the opposite direction. This is called alternating current because the
flows in alternate directions in the circuit.
i=|,sinot i=, sinat
i Z
¥=V,sinet A v=V_sinet R
h +
f
=
a @ Ww
n2
2 Fig
‘Note that alternating current has the same frequency /(@ = 2 nf) as the alternating voltage
"hat produces it. Therefore, when an alternating voltage is applied in a circuit, the resulting
aliemating current has the same frequency as that of applied voltage.
2 Important A.C Terminology
___ The important a.c. terminology is defined below :
__{@ Waveform. The shape of the curve obtained by plotting the instantaneous values of
‘Voltage or current as ordinate against *time as abcissa is called its waveform ot waveshape.
‘Fig. 113 shows the waveform of an alternating voltage varying sinusoidally.
(@ Instantaneous value. The value of an alternating quantity at any instant is called its
instantancous value. The instantaneous values of altemating voltage and current are represented
‘by v and / respectively. As an example, the instantaneous values of voltage (See Fig. 11.3) at
©, 90° and 270° are 0, + V_, and -V,, respectively.
0
© Weknow 8 = ¢. Since « is constant, 8 = 1 Hence we may take time 1 or 8 or at along X-axis. 300 = Objective Electrical Technology
Gili) [Link] complete set of positive and negative values of an alternating
known as a cycle, Fig. 11,3 shows one cycle of an alternating voltage, 4
A cycle can also be defined in terms of angular measure. One cycle correspong,
‘
clectrical or 2 radians, The voltage or current generated in & conductor will span x6." 34y
(or complete one cyele) when the conductor moves past # north and south pole. tig
ua
Fig. 11.3
(i) Alternation One-halfcycle of an alternating quantity is called an alternation, Aq
tion spans 180° electrical, Thus in Fig. 11.3, the positive or negative half of alternating
is the alteration. lage
(0) Time period:The time taken in seconds to complete one cycle of an alternating quan
is called its time period, It is generally represented by 7. iy
(vi) [Link] number of cycles that occur in one second is called the frequensy iy
of the alternating quantity, It is measured in cycles/see (C/s) or Hertz (Hz). One Hertz is egal
to | Cs,
The frequency of power system is low; the most common being SO C/s or 50 Hz, It mea
that alternating voltage or current completes 50 cycles in one second, The 50 Hz frequency is he
‘most popular because it gives the best results when used for operating both lights and machine
(7) Amplitude-The maximum value (positive or negative) attained by an alternating qu.
tity is called its amplitude or peak value. The amplitude of an altemating voltage or cura i
designated by V, (or E,) oF Jy,
4. Important Relations
Having become familiar with a.
relations.
() Time period and [Link] an alternating quantity having a frequency of)
C/s and time period T second.
Time taken to complete f cycles = | second (By definition)
‘Time taken to complete 1 cycle = 1/f second
But the time taken to complete one cycle is the time period T (by definition).
as oF fet
terminology, we shall now establish, some imporaa bic ——___Altemating Currents
Jar fredquency and frequency, Suppose ti
(i Aitiyes. One cycle produces a oh
301
he angular frequency of alternating volt-
a a ae ‘ange of 2x radians and the time taken to complete
ao? o= 2 Ly 1
‘ nae (-7-7)
é Frequency and speed. Consider a coil rotatin,
; the coil moves past a north and south pote, one complete cyele i ted. Obviously,
Pee revolution of the coil, P/2 cycles will be generated, ee aii
=i Frequency, / = No. of cycles/sec
= (No. of eyeles/revolution) x (No. of revolutions/sec)
= @ (XP Nv
2 60 120
NP
4 t i295
For example, an a.c. generator having 10
nating Yoltage whose frequency is
= NP _10x600_
J> tay =p 750 He
Different Forms of Alternating Voltage
‘The standard form of an alternating voltage is given by ;
2 at a speed of Nrp.m. in the field of P
Poles and running at 600 rp.m. will generate
v= ¥,, sin 0
= Vy sin or
= V,, sin 2x ft (+ @ = 2nf)
=v, sin 22 (: f=
Which of the above form of equations is to be used will depend upon the given data.
The following points may be noted carefully :
(i) The maximum value of alternating voltage is given by the co-efficient of sine of the time
te.
Maximum value of voltage, V,, = Co-efficient of sine of time angle
(i) The frequency f of alternating voltage is given by dividing the co-efficient of time in the
entire Co-cfficient of time in the angle
2n
For example, suppose the equation of an alternating voltage is given by v = 100 sin314)
n the maximum value of voltage, V,, = 100 V ; frequency, f= 314/2n = SO Hz and tim
od T= 1//= 1/50 = 0.02 second.
__ Following similar procedure, maximum value, frequency, time period efc. can be found ot
Om the various forms of current equation.
Average Value of Alternating Current
The average value of altemating current (sinusoidal) is zero over one cycle. It is becau:
itive area exactly cancels the negative area. However, half-cycle average value is not zer
Frequency, f= 302 = Objective Electrical Technology
‘Therefore, whenever the average value of alternating current
or voltage is asked, it is understood for halfeyele.
de 1, sin 8 (0 = a)
Avoraye value of current is given by |
1, = Arai of halfieyele
«Base length of halfeycle
i ;
fido Jtsineao
il Metta te Bley
n n "
Fig. 114
i Ty, * 0.637 Iy
Hence, the halfeycle average value of a.c, is 0.637, times the peak value of a.¢
For positive half-cycle, /,, = + 0.637 ly
For negative half-cycle, /,, = ~ 0.637 Jy,
Clearly, average value of a.c, over a complete
varying sinusoidally, 7, case
eyele in zero, Similarly, for alternating yy
7. [Link]. or Effective Value of Alternating Current
An alternating current (or voltage) varies from instant to instant. A natural question axa
how to express the magnitude of alternating current (or voltage). The best method is to measuy
in terms of direct current, This equivalent direct current js called the root-mean-square (rs)
or effective value of alternating current.
The rms. or effective value of an alternating current is equal to that direct current (de)
which delivers the sume average power lo a resistor (R) as the alternating current. \\ is denote
DY Lows OF Lege
For example, when we say that rm.s. or effective value of an altemating current is 5A
it means that alternating current will do work (or produce hea!) at the same rate as SA diet
current under similar conditions.
Let us sce how the rms, value of altemating current / = /,, sin or can be calculated. If tht
alternating current is passed through a resistance R, then power delivered at any instant is
Instantaneous power, p = AR =P, sin? © « R= fi, R x sin*®
The average power P delivered by the alternating current to A is equal to the average ofp
‘over one cycle.
S P = 12 RX Average of sin’O over one cycle
The average value of sin* @ over one cycle iss 1/2.
oo P= a 0)
‘Tf/,,., is the rms. value of the altémating current, then average power P delivered to Ris
P= Pigg R Wd
%
Pe= [sin?eve-2
of sin’ @ mis ou0=5 = “ Aitemating Currents ™ 303
% 8 ny the: Powers represented by eqs, () and (if) are equal,
2
Fin, Ro ta
Toms. = % ~ 0.707 1,
is relation valid only for simuoldel quantity (currem or vouage
factor and Peak Factor
-qhere exists 4 definite relationship among the peak value,
5 a " ee average value and value
san aternating quantity. This relationship is expressed by twa : a
factors, namely form factor and
a RMS. val
= RMS. value
0 SS erase vats
