PART-A

1.Write a shell script to find the factorial of a given number

Sol1:

echo "Enter a number"

read num

fact=1

for((i=2;i<=num;i++))
{
fact=$((fact * i))
}

echo $fact

2.Write a shell script to print all the prime numbers between M to N (M<N).
Sol:
echo "Enter the range (M and N):"
read M N
for ((num=M; num<=N; num++)); do
is_prime=1
if (( num < 2 )); then
is_prime=0
else
for ((i=2; i*i<=num; i++)); do
if (( num % i == 0 )); then
is_prime=0
break
fi
done
fi
if (( is_prime )); then
echo -n "$num "
fi
done
echo
3.Write a shell script to reverse a given number and check whether it is a palindrome.
Sol:
echo "Enter a number: "
read number

reverse=0
original=$number

while [ $number -ne 0 ]

do
remainder=$(( $number % 10 ))
reverse=$(( $reverse * 10 + $remainder ))
number=$(( $number / 10 ))
done

if [ $original -eq $reverse ]

then
echo "$original is a palindrome."
else
echo "$original is not a palindrome."
fi

4.Write a shell script to count the number of vowels in a given string.

Sol:
echo "Enter a string:"
read input_string

vowel_count=0

for (( i=0; i<${#input_string}; i++ )); do

char=${input_string:$i:1}
case $char in
( [aeiou]) ((vowel_count++)) ;;
esac
done

echo "Number of vowels in the given string: $vowel_count"

5.Write a shell script to find the sum of digits of a given number using loops
Sol:
sum_with_loop() {
num=$1
sum=0
while [ $num -gt 0 ]; do
digit=$((num % 10))
sum=$((sum + digit))
num=$((num / 10))
done
echo "Sum of digits (using loop): $sum"
}

echo "Enter a number:"

read number

sum_with_loop "$number"

6.Write a shell script to read and print a matrix of order m x n.

Sol:
echo "Enter number of rows (m):"
read m
echo "Enter number of columns (n):"
read n
​
declare -A matrix​ ​ ​ ​ ​
echo "Enter the elements of the matrix:"
for ((i = 0; i < m; i++)); do
for ((j = 0; j < n; j++)); do
read matrix[$i,$j]
done
done

echo -n
echo "The entered matrix is:"
for ((i = 0; i < m; i++)); do
for ((j = 0; j < n; j++)); do
echo -n "${matrix[$i,$j]} "
done
echo
done

7.Write a shell script to implement 10 Linux commands using case.

Sol:
while true; do
echo "Choose a command to execute:"
echo "1. Show current directory"
echo "2. List files"
echo "3. Show date and time"
echo "4. Show logged-in users"
echo "5. Show system uptime"
echo "6. Show disk usage"
echo "7. Show memory usage"
echo "8. Show current user"
echo "9. Show running processes"
echo "10. Exit"
read -p "Enter your choice (1-10): " choice

case $choice in
1) pwd ;;
2) ls -l ;;
3) date ;;
4) who ;;
5) uptime ;;
6) df -h ;;
7) free -m ;;
8) whoami ;;
9) ps aux ;;
10) echo "Exiting..."; break ;;
*) echo "Invalid choice, please try again." ;;
esac
echo ""
done

8.Write a Shell script that displays list of all the files in the current directory to which the
user has read, write and execute permissions?
Sol:
echo "Files with read, write, and execute permissions in the current directory:"

for file in *; do
 if [ -f "$file" ] && [ -r "$file" ] && [ -w "$file" ] && [ -x "$file" ]; then
echo "$file"
fi
done

9.Write a shell script to copy a file within current directory

Sol:
echo "Enter the name of the file to copy:"
read source_file

echo "Enter the destination file name:"

read destination_file

if [ -f "$source_file" ]; then
cp "$source_file" "$destination_file"
echo "File copied successfully as $destination_file."
else
echo "Error: Source file does not exist."
fi

10.Write a shell script to copy file between two directories.

Sol:
echo "Enter the source directory:"
read source_dir

echo "Enter the file name to copy:"

read file_name

echo "Enter the destination directory:"

read destination_dir

# Check if source file exists

if [ -f "$source_dir/$file_name" ]; then
# Check if destination directory exists, create if not
if [ ! -d "$destination_dir" ]; then
echo "Destination directory does not exist. Creating it..."
mkdir -p "$destination_dir"
fi

# Copy the file

 cp "$source_dir/$file_name" "$destination_dir/"
echo "File copied successfully to $destination_dir."
else
echo "Error: Source file does not exist."
fi

​ ​ ​ Part-B

11.Write a shell script to find whether a given year is leap year or not.
Sol:
clear
echo "Enter Year:"

read y

year=$y

y=$(( $y % 4 ))

if [ $y -eq 0 ]

then

echo "$year is Leap Year!"

else

echo "$year is not a Leap Year!"

fi

12.Write a shell script to check whether a given number is even or odd.

Sol:
clear
echo "Enter a number : "
read n
rem=$(( $n % 2 ))
if [ $rem -eq 0 ]
then
echo "$n is even number"
else
echo "$n is odd number"
fi

13.Write a shell script to generate Fibonacci series.

Sol:
clear
echo "Enter the value of N: "
read N
a=0
b=1
echo -e "the Fibonacci series is :\n "
for((i=0;i<N;i++))
do
echo "$a"
fn=$((a+b))
a=$b
b=$fn
done

14.Write a Shell script to create two data files and compare them to display unique and common
Entries.
Sol:
echo “welcome” > file1.txt
echo “to” >> file1.txt
echo “the” >> file1.txt
echo “lab” > > file1.txt

echo “welcome” > file2.txt

echo “to” >> file2.txt
echo “the” > > file2.txt
echo “college” >>
file2.txt

Sort file1.txt -o file1.txt

Sort file2.txt -o file2.txt

echo “”

echo “common entries:”

comm -12 file1.txt file2.txt

echo “”

echo “unique entries in file1:”

comm -23 file1.txt file2.txt
echo “”
echo “unique entries in file2:”
comm -13 file1.txt file2.txt

15.Write a shell script that compresses and decompresses a file using gzip and gunzip.
Sol:
# Check for the correct number of arguments
if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 [compress|decompress] filename"
exit 1
fi

ACTION=$1
FILE=$2

# Perform the appropriate action

case $ACTION in
compress)
if [ -f "$FILE" ]; then
gzip "$FILE"
echo "File compressed to $FILE.gz"
else
echo "Error: File '$FILE' does not exist."
exit 2
fi
;;
decompress)
if [ -f "$FILE" ]; then
gunzip "$FILE"
echo "File decompressed from $FILE"
else
echo "Error: File '$FILE' does not exist."
exit 2
fi
;;
*)
echo "Invalid action. Use 'compress' or 'decompress'."
exit 3
;;
esac
​ ​ ****

Output:
To compress a file
./programname.sh compress <filename.txt>
<filename.txt.gz> will gets create as a zip file

To decompress a file
./programname.sh decompress <filename.txt.gz> will unzip the zip file created

16.Write a shell script to find a given pattern in a list of files of current directory using grep and
fgrep commands.
Sol:
# Check for correct number of arguments
if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 <pattern> <grep|fgrep>"
exit 1
fi

PATTERN=$1
METHOD=$2

# Loop through all files in the current directory

for FILE in *; do
if [ -f "$FILE" ]; then
case $METHOD in
grep)
grep "$PATTERN" "$FILE" && echo "Pattern found in: $FILE"
;;
fgrep)
fgrep "$PATTERN" "$FILE" && echo "Pattern found in: $FILE"
;;
*)
echo "Invalid method. Use 'grep' or 'fgrep'."
exit 2
;;
esac
fi

done
​ ​ ***
Output:
After changing executable mod
./programname.sh “pattern” grep
If finds gives out which line pattern found else nothing shows output.

17.Write a shell script to execute a command at scheduled time.

Sol:

Before running, make sure the at command is installed and the atd service is running:

# Install 'at' (if not already installed)

sudo apt install at # Debian/Ubuntu

# Start the at daemon

sudo service atd start

18.Write a shell script to convert uppercase characters to lowercase and vice versa.
Sol:

if [ "$#" -eq 1 ] && [ -f "$1" ]; then

tr 'a-zA-Z' 'A-Za-z' < "$1"​ ​ ​

​ ​ #translate command
else
echo "Usage: $0 <filename>"
echo "Or type input manually and press Ctrl+D to finish:"
# Read from standard input
tr 'a-zA-Z' 'A-Za-z'
fi
​ ***
Output:
method1:
After executable mode
./programname.sh
Welcome tO LAB give any put string
wELCOME To lab shows the output

Press ctrl+D to come out to the command prompt

Method2:
./programname.sh <filename>
Shows the content of filename by changing lower/upper cases

19.Write a shell script to accept a word and perform pattern matching in a given file.
Sol:
read -p "Enter the word to search: " word

# Prompt the user to enter the file name

read -p "Enter the file name: " filename

# Check if the file exists

if [[ ! -f "$filename" ]]; then
echo "Error: File '$filename' does not exist."
exit 1
fi

# Perform pattern matching using grep

echo "Searching for '$word' in file '$filename'..."
grep --color=always -n "$word" "$filename"

# Check if grep found a match

if [[ $? -ne 0 ]]; then
echo "No matches found for '$word' in '$filename'."
fi

20.Write a Menu driven program to demonstrate zombie process and orphan process.
Sol:
while true; do
echo "----------------------------------"
echo " Process Demonstration Menu"
echo "----------------------------------"
echo "1. Demonstrate Zombie Process"
echo "2. Demonstrate Orphan Process"
echo "3. Exit"
echo "----------------------------------"
read -p "Enter your choice: " choice

case $choice in
1)
echo -e "\n--- Zombie Process Demo ---"
(
# Child process
echo "Child process (PID $$) exiting..."
exit 0
 )&
# Parent process sleeps to keep itself alive after child dies
pid=$!
echo "Parent process waiting (PID $$), child PID: $pid"
sleep 5
echo "Use 'ps -l' to see zombie process before parent exits"
ps -l | grep "$pid"
echo "Now parent exits..."
;;
2)
echo -e "\n--- Orphan Process Demo ---"
(
sleep 5
echo "Orphan process now adopted by init (PID $$)"
)&
echo "Parent process (PID $$) exiting, orphaning the child"
exit 0
;;
3)
echo "Exiting program."
exit 0
;;
*)
echo "Invalid choice. Please enter 1, 2, or 3."
;;
esac
echo ""
read -p "Press Enter to continue..."
done